People v. King
People v. King
Opinion of the Court
My colleague’s statement of fact is entirely accurate, if somewhat truncated. I feel obligated to add what he apparently considered inconsequential details.
On September 17, 1969 the police of Coleman, Michigan, received a telephone call that a window was broken in the front of the K&D Supermarket in that city and that a man was seen walking close by it. Officer Louis Frankovic of the city police force,
With this sketchy amount of probable cause to believe a crime had been committed, and that the crouchee had committed it, the officers took defendant into custody and started for the police station. They had previously observed an automobile parked close to the building and deemed it advisable to note the license number. Up to this point the defendant had not given his name. Since it was his automobile, registered in his name, he apparently decided en-route to the station to admit his identity. As an incident of what may be regarded as a lawful arrest without a warrant the police searched him and removed from his person some bills and silver and a penknife. (Later, on trial, defendant testified that
At the police station he was again given the “Miranda warnings”. After some three hours of questioning he signed a confession, admitting he broke into the building with the intention of taking property of value therefrom.
On trial it was his defense that the statement he gave at the police station was obtained in violation of his Fifth Amendment rights as defined and refined in Miranda. The defense was not to the point that he did not break the window and enter the store— this he freely admitted — but rather that the part of his statement relating to his intention for breaking into the store was coerced; thus rendering, I suppose, under Miranda, the extrinsic evidence of that intent and the permissible inferences from such evidence, nugatory. For if the confession was erroneously received, the fact of other evidence of intent is unimportant. The erroneous admission of the confession would seem to mandate a new trial with the confession excluded as a matter of law.
Pursuant to our practice, as noted by my colleague, a “Walker hearing”
At the conclusion of that hearing, the trial judge ruled the confession admissible on the basis of the defendant’s own testimony on direct and on cross-examination.
The case then boils down to this: The defendant claims under his testimony that his confession was involuntary because it was the result of questioning
“The Court: Well, Mr. King, you say you were given this statement, the one you signed here, and you say that you read it over, is that correct?
“The Defendant: Yes, your Honor.
“The Court: And you were asked if you understood it, and you said that you did?
“The Defendant: Yes, your Honor.
“The Court: Well, it says here, that you understood you have a right to consult an attorney. You understood that, did you?
“The Defendant: Yes.
“The Court: And, to have your attorney present at this time or at any other time hereafter. You understood that, did you?
“The Defendant: Yes.
“The Court: That, if you couldn’t afford to have an attorney, one would be appointed for you, and be paid for by the county. You read that part of it, didn’t you?
“The Defendant: Yes, your Honor.
“The Court: Well, what is it you are complaining about? This is what I don’t quite understand. What rights were violated? You are saying to me that your rights were violated. What do you mean by that? What rights were violated?
“Mr. Groom [defendant’s attorney]: Your Hon- or, I think, perhaps, Mr. King’s point of view can best be answered by a question from me. Irving, was it your intention, at any time, in your conversations with Detective Whipple, Trooper Lick, or anybody else, to confess to the crime with which you are charged?
*280 “The Defendant: No.
“Mr. Durance [prosecuting attorney]: I don’t know how the answer to that question can help; it is a conclusion on his intent and not what occurred or what he actually did.”
I am not at all sure that I completely understand the legal premise that because the defendant did not “intend” to plead guilty to the crime charged how that intention changes what in fact took place.
On the total issue of credibility in the case, the defendant chose to take the stand. In so doing, he placed his credibility in issue. We quote the cross-examination on this issue as it bears on his declared lack of specific intent.
Credibility (Cross-examination):
[By Mr. Durance]:
“Q. Okay, Mr. King, let’s get acquainted here. Have you ever been arrested and convicted of any crime?
“A. Yes, I have.
“Q. When and where was that?
“A. 1964 in Virginia.
“Q. Would you tell us the exact name of that crime?
“A. Burglary.
“Q. That is what they call breaking and entering, isn’t it?
“A. Yes.
“Q. And, that was in 1964 in West Virginia.
“A. Yes.
“Q. But, you said Virginia, before, which is it?
“A. West Virginia; I misspoke myself.
“Q. Any other offenses?
“A. 1962, in the U. S. Army.
“Q. What was the offense charged then?
“A. Larceny.
*281 “Q. Anything else?
“A. There was one other one in 196(1 or 1961; it was black marketeering.”
Specific Intent (Cross-examination):
“Q. And, you are able to form the intent to say I don’t want to answer your questions. You made that decision, didn’t you?
“A. Yes.
“Q. * * * Why did you break the window?
“A. I don’t know.
^ it
“Q. * * * Now, once you were inside the building, what did you do ?
“A. I walked up the one aisle and started down the other one.
“Q. When did you take the money out of the cash register?
“A. When I walked by the cash register, I seen the change.
“Q. How many stones did you throw through the window?
“A. Two.
* # #
“Q. How long were you in the building before the officers arrived?
“A. Approximately two minutes.
^
“Q. And, your counsel brought out that you had passed a bad check that night at the bar?
“A. Yes.”
Perhaps it is possible to throw two stones through a window, break it, enter through the break and within two minutes take money out of a cash register while too intoxicated to form a specific intent. It would seem that irrespective of the defendant’s protestations to the contrary, there is at least an issue of fact.
It is now contended that because when apprehended in the commission of the offense he indicated he did not care to talk about it, the police could not thereafter ask him anything further.
We cannot but agree with the trial judge: “I do not believe that that is what the Miranda decision says. It hasn’t gone that far yet.”
I would affirm the conviction.
Miranda v. Arizona (1966), 384 US 436 (86 S Ct 1602, 16 L Ed 2d 694, 10 ALR3d 974).
People v. Walker (On Rehearing, 1965), 374 Mich 331.
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting). Defendant, Irving King, was convicted by a jury of breaking and entering with intent to commit larceny. MCLA § 750.110 (Stat Ann 1971 Cum Supp § 28.305). He appeals as of right.
Defendant was arrested at 2 a.m. on September 17,1969 inside a supermarket in Coleman, Michigan. The police officer who made the arrest advised defendant at that time of his constitutional rights pursuant to the requirements of Miranda v. Arizona (1966), 384 US 436 (86 S Ct 1602, 16 L Ed 2d 694, 10 ALR3d 974). Defendant indicated he wished to remain silent. Forty-five minutes later he was put into a police car, advised of his rights again, and on the way to the police station told the arresting officer his name and a few of the details of the crime. Upon arrival at the police station, defendant was
Before trial, defense counsel moved to suppress the confession, alleging that it was the product of police coercion. At the “Walker hearing”
(Direct) :
“Q. Now, you have indicated you were arrested around two o’clock in the morning?
“A. Around that time, yes.
“Q. What happened when you were arrested?
“A. He told me I was charged with a B & E; that I had the right to remain silent; that anything I did say would he held against me; and then, he asked me if I had anything to say.
“Q. And, what did you reply?
“A. I told him I had nothing to say, at that time.
“Q. Then, what happened after that, do you recall?
“A. After sometime, I was put into the police car; and, they started to proceed to the Midland County Jail.
* * *
(Cross):
“Q. You were further advised similarly of these rights after you were in the patrol car headed for Midland, were you not?
*284 “A. I believe it; I believe I was, yes.
“Q. And, in tbe patrol car * * * you told the officers something about the matter. What did you tell them about the matter on the way to Midland, before you got to jail?
“A. I told him my name, which I hadn’t given him before; because he radioed ahead to the Mount Pleasant Post to check on my registration. I told him I might as well tell him my name because he was going to find it out anyway. I do remember this; but, I don’t remember the questions I answered. I think I did answer a couple of more.
“Q. Did you tell them, at that time, about picking up a stone or breaking the window?
“A. I might have; I don’t remember that.
* # #
(Direct):
“Q. Now, * # * after you had arrived here in Midland * * * you did talk to the officers. Now, why, after you had indicated previously you didn’t want to say anything, did you agree to talk to the officers ?
“A. Well, after I was brought into the county jail, and they took my personal property, and they were making out a form, I put my cigarettes in my pocket; and, Trooper Lick asked where there was an office he could use; and, he said he wanted to talk to me before I was put in a cell. And, the jailer or the turnkey told him he could use one of the offices down the hall; and, he said, ‘King, I want to talk to you before you go anywhere. We got paper work to fix up.’
“Q. What did he say to you after he got inside the room and you were in there with him?
“A. He advised me of my rights again; and showed me the printed form.
# * #
“A. He told me to read it; and, if there was any questions, I was to ask them; and, I read it and I*285 said, no, first lie said, ‘Do you understand it?’ And, I said, ‘Yes, I guess so.’ And, lie says, ‘Okay, now, we are going to ask you some questions and we would like to get a statement.’ He said; because, as I understood it, this is what they had to have before I would be put in a cell. He said that that was proper procedure; I mean, that they had to have this statement; so, we went over the things, the same things that I had been discussing. I — at first, 1 didn’t want to answer any questions; but, after a while, I started answering because I didn’t see what difference it made; I just wanted to get to bed.” (Emphasis supplied.)
This Court has interpreted the Miranda decision to mean that, although the accused need not be specifically advised that interrogation will cease at his request, once the individual indicates in any manner, at any time prior to or during questioning, that he wishes to remain silent, the interrogation must cease. People v. Tubbs (1970), 22 Mich App 549. As stated by the Court in Miranda (p 474):
“At this point he has shown that he intends to exercise his Fifth Amendment privilege; any statement taken after the person invokes his privilege cannot be other than the product of compulsion, subtle or otherwise.”
Such an interpretation does not necessarily bar the use of statements volunteered by a defendant who previously invoked the privilege against self-incrimination. Nevertheless, the prosecution has a heavy burden of showing that a defendant, who previously invoked the right to remain silent, has voluntarily decided to waive his Fifth Amendment right. Miranda v. Arizona, supra, at p 478; People v. Hill (1968), 39 Ill 2d 125 (233 NE2d 367); cf. Tucker v. United States (CA 8, 1967), 375 F2d 363.
I am constrained to vote for reversing the conviction and remanding this case for new trial.
People v. Walker (On Rehearing, 1965), 374 Mich 331, requires a hearing out of the presence of the jury before any confession is determined voluntary. See, also, Sims v. Georgia (1967), 385 US 538 (87 S Ot 639, 17 L Ed 2d 593); Jackson v. Denno (1964), 378 US 368 (84 S Ct 1774, 12 L Ed 2d 908, 1 ALR3d 1205).
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