Bullard v. Mult-A-Frame Company
Bullard v. Mult-A-Frame Company
Concurring Opinion
(concurring). The plaintiffs have failed to present any evidence that the Legislature used the term “date of injury” in the 1965 amendatory act in a sense different from the meaning ascribed to that term by the Michigan Supreme Court in Grodzicki v. Revere Copper & Brass, Inc. (1934), 268 Mich 143, and Addison v. W. E. Wood Co. (1919), 207 Mich 319, 325. In those cases the Supreme Court construed that term, as used in the Workmen’s Compensation Act, to mean the date of the accident, not the date of the occurrence of a further development of the injury suffered in the accident. See, also, Nieminen v. Isle Royale Copper Co. (1921), 214 Mich 212.
In the light of that decisional law, we could not properly say that the words chosen to reflect the legislative purpose — words of art under the Workmen’s Compensation Act — have a doubtful meaning.
It may be that the Legislature did not focus at all on the atypical further development factual situation when the retroactivity-prospectivity language was written. If there were evidence either in the structure of the act or in the form of legislative history or otherwise to support that supposition or the plaintiff’s claim that the legislative purpose was limited to barring retroactivity in the typical case of temporary total disability, then, indeed, whatever form of words was used in stating the rule of prospectivity in the 1965 amendatory act, the doctrine elucidated in Allen v. Kalamazoo Paraffine Co. (1945), 312 Mich 575, would not have been superseded.
We may not, however, properly substitute a hunch for concrete evidence either that the Legislature did not concern itself with the question or that it intended to ascribe a special meaning in this instance to the term of art “date of injury”.
Opinion of the Court
All four plaintiffs in this consolidated appeal seek this Court’s rejection of the Workmen’s Compensation Appeal Board’s interpretation of Michigan law.
The facts essential for our determination are few and uncomplicated. Plaintiff James Bullard injured his eye on January 7, 1965, and complete loss of vision occurred on February 19, 1966.
In support of their argument they cite the case of Allen v. Kalamazoo Paraffine Co. (1945), 312 Mich 575. In Allen the Michigan Supreme Court determined that when a specific loss occurs subsequent to the original injury the proper rate of payment for the specific loss is that rate in effect at the time the specific loss occurs. The facts in the Allen case are very similar to the situations involved in these cases. The Court in Allen very generously qualified the injured plaintiff for the higher rates on the grounds that the “cause of action for the loss * *■ * accrued when the loss occurred”. Allen, supra, p 577. The Court was free to apply equitable principles in the Allen case; we are not. In clear and unambiguous language the Legislature has rendered the Allen principle inapplicable to the 1965 amendatory act. An “accruing cause of action” is irrelevant when applying the 1965 amendment. The higher rates of the act apply only to those workers who suffer their “personal injuries” on or after September 1, 1965:
“All of the provisions of this 1965 amendatory act shall apply only to personal injuries the date of*683 injury of which occurs on or after the effective date of this act”6 (Emphasis supplied.)
The effective date of this act was September 1, 1965.
All of the personal injuries suffered by plaintiffs antedate September 1, 1965. Plaintiffs contend, however, that their “personal losses”, occurring after the effective date, were “personal injuries” within the meaning of the amendatory act. Although we highly sympathize with plaintiffs’ tragic losses, we are constrained to hold otherwise. Plaintiffs’ post-effective-date physical losses were not “personal injuries”; they were instead the directly-related and unfortunate consequences of their preeffective-date injuries.
We cannot assign to the phrase “personal injury” the unnatural meaning plaintiffs urge us to give it.
The injuries to plaintiffs were inflicted when they were on their jobs and not when they were receiving subsequent medical care.
Plaintiffs, however, point to the words in MCLA § 417.2 (Stat Ann 1968 Rev § 17.221)
Plaintiffs next claim that irrespective of the meaning to be given § 3 of the amendatory act, its constitutional invalidity precludes its application. More specifically they assert that § 3 violates the following provision of the Michigan constitution:
“No law shall embrace more than one object, which shall be expressed in its title. No bill shall be altered or amended on its passage through either House so as to change its original purpose as determined by its total content and not alone by its title.” Const 1963, art 4, § 24.
The purpose of this constitutional provision was succinctly stated by Justice Dethmers in Leininger v. Secretary of State (1947), 316 Mich 644, 649:
“ * * * to protect legislators from passing a law not fully understood, to fairly notify them of its design, and to inform them and interested persons tü'át only provisions germane to the object therein expressed will be enacted.”
The Legislature’s expressed desire as to whom the amendatory act should apply is without question “germane” to the object of the 1965 amendatory act. Section 3 is likewise embraced within the purposes envisioned by the amended act.
Affirmed. No costs.
The facts of these eases are not in dispute. The factual findings as made by the board are supported by the record. We must accept these findings as valid. Scroggins v. Corning Glass Company (1969) 382 Mich 628; Const 1963, art 6, § 28.
The workmen’s compensation act in effect on this date provided that an 80% loss of vision in one eye constituted total loss of that eye. MCLA § 412.10(a) (16) (Stat Ann 1968 Rev § 17.160 [a][16]).
Fn 2, supra.
PA 1965, No 44.
September 1, 1965. PA 1965, No 44, § 4. In addition to the act itself this act may be found in the historical notes associated with the following: MCLA §§ 411.2a, 412.3 (Stat Ann 1968 Rev §§17.142[1], 17.153).
PA 1965, No 44, § 3. Section 3 also contains this expressed legislative intention in relation to the new benefit rates: “It is the intent of the legislature that in all cases where the date of injury is on or after the effective date of this amendatory act * * * such employee shall receive * * * the increased maximum rate”. This expressed legislative desire has been carried over into the Workmen’s Compensation Act of 1969: “To the extent that they are reenacted herein, all the provisions of former act No 44 of the Public Acts of 1965 * * * shall apply only to personal injuries the date of which occurs on or after September 1, 1965.” PA 1969, No 317, § 891(1), MCLA 1971 Cum Supp § 418.891(1) (Stat Ann 1971 Cum Supp § 17.237 [891] [1]).
PA 1965, No 44, § 4.
“All words and phrases shall be construed and understood according to the common and approved usage of the language * * * .” MCLA § 8.3a (Stat Ann 1969 Eev § 2.212[1]). Goethal v. Kent County Supervisors (1960), 361 Mich 104; Grand Rapids Gravel Company v. Department of Treasury (1968), 14 Mich App 677.
“The disablement of an employe resulting from such disease or disability shall be treated as the happening of a personal injury within the meaning of this act * * * .” (Emphasis supplied.)
MOLA § 417.1(a) (Stat Ann 1968 Rev § 17.220[a]) which defines disability as “the state of being disabled from earning full wages at the work in which the employe was last subjected to the conditions resulting in disability”. (Emphasis supplied.)
Disablement is defined as the “event of becoming * * * disabled”. MCLA § 417.1(b) (Stat Ann 1968 Rev § 17.220[b]).
See MCLA title immediately preceding § 411.1 (Stat Ann 1968 Rev title immediately preceding § 17.141). See, also, 1 Sutherland, Statutory Construction (3d ed), § 1908, p 342.
Reference
- Full Case Name
- Bullard v. Mult-A-Frame Company; Skelton v. Chrysler Corporation Bellows v. Acme Industries, Inc.; Hopson v. American Seating Company
- Cited By
- 5 cases
- Status
- Published