Defendant township appeals from a permanent injunction barring it from interfering with plaintiffs use of its land. This case involves the question of an alleged nonconforming use of real property. The issue is whether an outdoor advertising board on plaintiffs property constituted a nonconforming use on April 6, 1971, the date of the adoption of the 1971 Algoma Township zoning ordinance.

The facts before the trial court and now before this Court have been stipulated by the parties. In *73April of 1970, plaintiff explored the possible availability of a site for a billboard along US 131 Expressway in Algoma Township. After study of the zoning map of the ordinance then in effect and after discussion with Supervisor Long, it was determined that such a billboard could be erected in an area which was zoned commercial at the intersection of 13 Mile Road and US 131. The Algoma Township zoning ordinance then in effect did in fact permit the erection of this type of structure at this location. Plaintiff thereafter entered into a contract to purchase land at this location. On May 15, 1970 plaintiff applied for and received a valid building permit for the erection of an outdoor advertising painted bulletin board with steel-beam construction. The permit was to expire in one year. Plaintiff then entered into negotiations for an advertising contract to employ the use of the board. In July of 1970 plaintiff caused the sign location to be staked. From November 23, 1970 through January 19, 1971, Consumers Power Company engaged in engineering and construction work resulting in the installation on plaintiff’s land of a 40-foot pole to which a transformer and power lines were attached. On April 1, 1971 an advertising contract was signed and plaintiff began construction of the billboard at his place of business in Traverse City, Michigan. On April 6, 1971 a substitute zoning ordinance was adopted by the township board. One effect of this ordinance was to preclude the use of the land in question for the purpose of outdoor advertising. The ordinance was given immediate effect.

It has been further stipulated that the Algoma Township zoning ordinance adopted on April 6, 1971 was properly adopted and is valid, and that the prior ordinance adopted on December 9, 1955 *74was properly adopted and was prior to its repeal a valid ordinance.

On April 28, 1971 plaintiffs crews arrived at the site and began erecting the structure for the painted bulletin board. The work had progressed to a point where the general frame was up, when defendant building inspector arrived at the scene and presented a stop order. It was only at this point that plaintiff had any actual knowledge of the change in the zoning ordinance. Plaintiff timely filed a claim to the Algoma Township Board of Appeals. Having failed in this appeal, plaintiff brought suit seeking an injunction against the township. In granting the injunction, the trial court found "that the plaintiff relied upon the permit, that it incurred substantial costs and that sufficient work was done upon the land by the placing of pole and transformer thereon such as would create a vested property right before the effective date of the 1971 ordinance”.

Since the facts are not in dispute, we now decide whether as a matter of law the issuance by the defendant of the stop order deprived the plaintiff of a vested property right. Recently, this Court was confronted with a similar issue in Rodd v Palmyra Twp, 42 Mich App 434 (1972). We were there guided by language quoted with approval by our Supreme Court in City of Lansing v Dawley, 247 Mich 394, 397 (1929):

" 'Evidently the test in each case as to whether a holder of a permit has acquired vested rights thereunder is, not whether he has spent much or little in reliance upon it, but rather whether there has been any tangible change in the land itself by excavation and construction.’ ”

The above test has the advantage of being at once *75pragmatic and objective and has been followed by our courts in determining whether vested rights in land have been acquired by way of a nonconforming use. De Mull v City of Lowell, 368 Mich 242 (1962); Franchise Realty Interstate Corp v Detroit, 368 Mich 276 (1962).

In this case, plaintiff did expend a substantial sum of money in reliance upon the permit issued and in preparation for the use of its land for advertising purposes. However, whether sums are expended in preparation for construction is not the point on which the issue turns. There must be some "tangible change in the land itself by excavation and construction”, Dawley, supra. Plaintiff draws our attention to two activities that took place upon its land before the effective date of the substitute ordinance. (1) The location of the sign was staked; (2) Consumers Power Company installed at plaintiffs request a 40-foot power pole with transformer and lines attached. It can only be inferred that the costs of staking were minimal since neither plaintiffs brief nor the stipulations make mention of them. Moreover, it is to be noted in Dawley fo&t the landowner also caused a survey to be made of his land and ordered plans based upon the survey. Still the court found that the defendant had acquired no vested rights.

The installation of the power pole presents a closer question. Plaintiff argues that here we have a tangible change in the land which satisfies the Dawley test; that "tangible change” is a relative concept which varies in degree according to the character of the use which it is intended to effect; that to erect a billboard, relatively little change need be made in the land. However, it is to be remembered that plaintiff claims and defendant contests that plaintiff has acquired a vested right *76to use its land for outdoor advertising purposes, not to illuminate it. In Dawley, the defendant tore down one structure on his land and had another moved in preparing for construction. No vested rights were found to exist. Moreover, in this case, the installation of the pole, transformer, and lines was done by Consumers Power Company at no expense to the plaintiff.

Plaintiff refers us to the case of De Mull v City of Lowell, supra. That case involved the use of land as a junkyard. There the facts indicate that the landowner had not only purchased land and old automobiles which he placed thereon, but also had begun the construction of a fence and the sale of automobiles before the effective date of the ordinance. We are also asked to consider Detroit Edison Co v City of Wixom, 382 Mich 673 (1969). There the use of the purchased right-of-way was the transmission of electrical power by high-voltage lines. The facts indicate that construction of a high-tension line had been partially completed before the zoning ordinance was amended. In addition, that case involved an investment of well over $6 million in rights-of-way and construction outside the territorial limits of the city and cannot, therefore, be compared to the case at bar.

We are of the opinion that defendant township did not deprive plaintiff of vested rights acquired by way of a nonconforming use. In Franchise Realty Corp v Detroit, supra, the Dawley case was interpreted as follows:

"The City of Lansing Case holds that, even after issuance of permit, construction in pursuance of such permit is enjoinable when, prior to construction or fairly indicative commencement of construction, an ordinance is enacted which validity [validly] bars what was lawfully authorized by the permit.” Franchise *77Realty Interstate Corp v Detroit, 368 Mich 276, 279 (1962).

Construction of plaintiffs bulletin board was not commenced until 22 days after the ordinance in question became effective.

Concerning plaintiffs lack of knowledge of the ordinance change, this matter is disposed of by the stipulation that the ordinance was properly adopted and is valid! Therefore, all the statutory requirements for notice and hearings were satisfied. MCLA 125.272 et seq.; MSA 5.2963(2) et seq. However, we elaborate from the record to show that plaintiffs complaint regarding lack of knowledge is without merit. The township planning commission published the proposed text of the ordinance on two occasions before submitting it to the Kent County Planning Commission for review. These publications on March 26, 1970 and April 16, 1970 were made roughly a year before adoption of the ordinance by the township board. After adoption of the ordinance on April 6, 1971, it was published on April 15, 1971 — almost two weeks before plaintiffs construction crew arrived at the site.

Reversed and remanded with directions to enter an order that plaintiff restore the site to its former condition and that the property be used for the purpose and uses conforming to the 1971 Algoma Township zoning ordinance within 30 days of the date of said order. No costs, a public question being involved.

(dissenting). I think plaintiffs case lies within the exception expressed in City of Lansing v Dawley, 247 Mich 394 (1929). The stated *78rule, which is pragmatic and objective, is also tailored to the Dawley facts. The property owner’s purpose in Dawley was the construction of a building; thus razing of old structures with no further action was insufficient to vest rights. In that case, no tangible change in the character of the land by excavation and construction had taken place. City of Lansing v Dawley, supra, citing Rice v Van Vranken, 132 Misc 82; 229 NY Supp 32 (1928).

I believe the proper application of Dawley is first to inquire about the character of use to which the land will be put before asking whether tangible change has occurred. I agree with plaintiff; tangible change of a substantial nature is a relative question. De Mull v City of Lowell, 368 Mich 242 (1962), applied the Dawley test; the Court found that initiating construction of a 7-foot fence* was sufficient to vest property rights in a junkyard prior to enactment of a new zoning ordinance. The Court focused on the substantial work performed by plaintiff in utilizing the property in accordance with the permit.

I think De Mull v City of Lowell, supra, is analogous to this case. The only tangible changes in the property were the staking of the sign and the erection of the power pole. However, plaintiff had performed substantial work in utilizing the property in accordance with the existing zoning ordinance and permit issued to him for erection of a billboard. He had purchased the land, executed a land contract, obtained a building permit, negotiated and completed an advertising contract, staked the location, caused a pole and transformer to be placed on the land, and began construction of the *79sign at his shop in Traverse City, expending $2,-645. According to these facts, following De Mull, plaintiff has a vested property interest and a valid nonconforming use.

A substantial issue in this case was the problem of notice. Defendants assert actual notice was unnecessary. In Dawley the property owner had been notified of the revocation of his building permit three months prior to the commencement of construction. In this case, notice was first received when the stop order was served on the construction crew.

I would, therefore, vote to affirm the trial court.