People ex rel. Attorney General v. Fairfax Family Fund, Inc.
People ex rel. Attorney General v. Fairfax Family Fund, Inc.
Opinion of the Court
The State of Michigan has an act which was amended by 1971 PA 168, effective March 30, 1972.
It is a long and detailed statute. It provides for specified places of business in the nature of physical structures in Michigan,
Defendants have for sometime been conducting a loan by mail business with residents of Michigan. Defendant Fairfax Family Fund is a Kentucky corporation and is a totally owned subsidiary of defendant Spiegel which is a Delaware corporation. Fairfax does all the loaning to Michigan residents whose business it solicits only by mail. It is not admitted to do business in this state. It owns no property here. It maintains no employees here. The loan agreements are executed in Kentucky. On default, collection in Michigan is attempted by a wholly independent collection agency.
They are, defendants contend, involved solely in interstate commerce and thus protected by the commerce clause of the Federal constitution.
We agree. Even under the minimum contacts doctrine and the rigorous test of International Shoe Co v Washington, 326 US 310; 66 S Ct 154; 90 L Ed 95 (1945), defendants here under the record made do nothing except transact loan business by mail. Fairfax does not, as did International Shoe Company, have salesmen in the state; no samples were exhibited nor orders taken. In fact, no contacts with Michigan residents of any kind were had except by United States mail. It should
This aspect of the case is moot because defendants have conceded on the record and in their briefs that they are subject to the interest rate provisions of the Michigan act.
This left only the one question for the trial judge and the parties so stipulated. Can Michigan require defendants to obtain a license in the manner required by the act in order to continue their loan by mail business? The Attorney General says they must because of the following language in § 18 of the act: "except that loans made by mail to Michigan residents shall be subject to the provisions of this act”.
Not so, said the trial judge.
"It appears that this phrase ['except that loans made by mail to Michigan residents shall be subject to the provisions of this act’.] was added by the Legislature, for the limited purpose of concerning itself with the amount of interest which can be charged by lenders not licensed within the State of Michigan, and to the enforceability within Michigan of loans made by lenders not licensed within the state. The proviso in Section 18 relates only to the interest which may be charged and collected by persons who are licensed outside the State of Michigan, with respect to loans made by mail to Michigan residents. The Court has reached this conclusion through a careful examination of the entire act. To make the alleged licensing requirement clear and explicit would have been very easy for there are other
The trial judge further noted that the act also includes the language "provided that the foregoing shall not apply to loans legally made in any state or country by a licensee under an existing regulatory loan law similar in principle to this act”. As to this proviso he held:
"It is undisputed that the defendant, Fairfax Family Fund, Inc., is licensed under the Kentucky Petty Loan Companies Law and an examination of the Kentucky statutes, KRS 288.410 et seq., reveals that it is basically similar to that of the State of Michigan, 1939 PA 21, as amended by 1971 PA 168.
"No other language in the act would appear to require the licensing of out of state lenders and since the defendant, Fairfax Family Fund, Inc., is in compliance with an existing regulatory loan law similar to the State of Michigan’s as it must be in order to avoid the necessity of obtaining a license from the State of Michigan, this cause of action in quo warranto must be and is hereby dismissed.”
We are in agreement with both conclusions. They are hereby affirmed.
Because of the position of the Attorney General and the possibility of further review of this case by our Supreme Court, and possibly the United States Supreme Court, we feel obligated to add that mere
"The Small Loan Law of California is legislation designed for the public welfare. It is primarily to protect the citizens of this state from fraudulent and unconscionable conduct of those in the lending business an re Fuller, 15 Cal 2d 425; 102 P2d 321 [1940]), and, as such, is a matter of local concern. Californians who deal or negotiate with, or obligate themselves to, appellant should have the same protection as afforded to Californians who deal with local small loan concerns. There is no question of discrimination in this case in that the statutes in question apply to both interstate and intrastate lending agencies alike. There is no barrier erected by the statutes in question to stop an interstate concern from doing its business in California. The licensing is not designed to protect local companies from outside competition. The purpose of the legislation is to protect the members of the public in California from the lenders who would otherwise take advantage of them. The degree of regulation contained in the laws of this state with reference to loan sharks is not disproportionate to the evils which exist if the lenders are left to their own devices without licensing and without any regulation by the state. The charges or expenses imposed by the licensing procedure are no larger in amount than is reasonably necessary to defray the administrative expenses involved and could not in any event be classed as being discriminatory or imposing undue restrictions on interstate commerce. The investigation which is made upon the filing of an application for a license is, on its face, designed to ascertain facts which are necessary and proper under the circumstances.” People v Fairfax Family Fund, 235 Cal App 2d 881, 883-884; 47 Cal Rptr 812, 814 (1964).
If § 18 were administratively construed to require only the payment of the $150 initial investigation fee and the $250 annual license fee called for in the act neither would constitute an unreasonable burden on interstate commerce and could be non-discriminatorily enforced.
According to what is designated as "Exhibit B” an application for a license was made and the requisite fees tendered. The administering agency, the Department of Commerce, rejected the application and returned the fees. We quote from the department’s letter:
"It is the administrative construction * * * that such act requires a license * * * with this license based on a finding of convenience and advantage to the community to be served.
" * * * [T]he application * * * cannot be accepted.”
Such construction presents some practical problems, to say the least, to a company which is
Great is the power of the sovereignty but it does not extend to this degree of regulation of interstate commerce, to say nothing of limiting the use of the United States mail.
For the reasons herein specified the trial judge is affirmed.
No costs, a public question.
MCLA 493.1 etseq;MSA 23.667(1) etseq.
This follows by reasonable implication from a reading of MCLA 493.2; MSA 23.667(2); MCLA 493.4; MSA 23.667(4); MCLA 493.7; MSA 23.667(7); MCLA 493.12; MSA 23.667(12).
MCLA 493.2; MSA 23.667(2).
MCLA 493.2, supra fn 3.
MCLA 493.13; MSA 23.667(13).
MCLA 493.4; MSA 23.667(4).
MCLA 493.2, supra fn 3.
MCLA 493.2, supra in 3.
US Const, art 1, § 8.
MCLA 493.13, supra fn 5.
MCLA 493.18; MSA 23.667(18).
Technically the California action was brought against Fairfax alone and did not name the parent corporation, Spiegel, as a party thereto.
Appeal to the United States Supreme Court dismissed for lack of
Case-law data current through December 31, 2025. Source: CourtListener bulk data.