People v. Rodriguez
People v. Rodriguez
Opinion of the Court
Defendant was charged with possession of marijuana with intent to distribute contrary to MCLA 335.341; MSA 18.1070(41). February 13, 1973, he entered a plea of guilty and, on March 10, was sentenced to one-and-a-half to four years in prison. May 18, 1973, approximately six weeks after sentence, defendant moved to withdraw his plea and for a new trial. The motion was argued May 18, 1973, and on the same day was denied. Defendant’s grounds in support of the motion — the same being the errors alleged in this appeal — are recited and discussed below.
"AN ACT to regulate the control, manufacture, production, compounding, prescribing, disposition, dispensing, sale, possession, use and administering of controlled substances; to prescribe the functions of the state board of pharmacy and department of licensing and regulation in the administration of this act; to prescribe remedies and penalties for violations of this act; and to repeal certain acts and parts of acts.” (Emphasis supplied.)
People v Andrea, 48 Mich App 310, 323; 210 NW2d 474 (1973), held the title of an act need not index all the subsequent provisions, providing these provisions are consistent with the broad purpose expressed in the title. City of Gaylord v Gaylord City Clerk, 378 Mich 273, 288; 144 NW2d 460 (1966), holds that the title of an act is not to be given strained and narrow interpretation. Compatible with these holdings, we find that the title of the Controlled Substances Act indicates a legislative intent to control all trafficking in drugs, and accordingly a proscription on delivery is clearly within the act’s title. Further, we find that the word "disposition” as used in the title is so similar to the word "delivery” as found in the text that only an extraordinarily narrow and strained view would hold the two inconsistent.
Second, at the time of plea-taking, § 41(2) of the Controlled Substances Act provided that possession of more than two ounces, of marijuana was prima facie evidence of possession with intent to deliver.
Settled case law and the record compel us to reject defendant’s claim. The only evidence that defendant’s plea was motivated by the two-ounce presumption is defendant’s affidavit. This Court has frequently held that a single affidavit is insufficient to remand or reverse a plea of guilty.
"Denying the prosecutor the use of this evidentiary crutch should not impede appropriate prosecutions. The substantive crime remains available. Prosecutions involving large amounts of marijuana will not require a presumption to convince a jury that the possessor intended something other than personal use; the inference may follow of its own force.” 55 Mich App 514, 525.
Further, the day defendant pleaded guilty defendant first became aware that one co-defendant,
Third, defendant argues that, entirely separate and apart from issue two discussed above, promises of leniency made by law enforcement officials led him to believe he would receive probation. Since that promise was unfulfilled defendant claims that under Santobello v New York, 404 US 257; 92 S Ct 495; 30 L Ed 2d 427 (1971), he may choose between vacating his plea and specific performance of the promise. Plaintiff argues that this post-conviction claim is totally inconsistent with defendant’s statement at the plea-taking. Additionally, the trial prosecutor submitted an affidavit that no promises of leniency were made by any of the police officers involved in the case and that in any trial prosecutor’s conversations with defense counsel affiant:
"merely stated that the instant case was one which his experience in Recorder’s Court indicated might result in probation and that his experience indicated that judges at the trial level tend to sentence more favorably after a guilty plea than after conviction by trial.”_
"It is difficult to know how a trial judge can protect himself and his record on plea acceptance other than by asking a defendant whether any inducements or promises have been made to him. If the affidavit of defendant and his brother, standing alone, mandates an 'evidentiary hearing’, then no plea negotiated or otherwise is inviolate in our state.” People v Chester Davis, 41 Mich App 224, 225-226; 200 NW2d 109 (1972).
See also People v Smith, supra. On the other hand, this Court has, in selected cases, occasionally remanded to the trial court to ascertain the full facts of the allegation. People v Rogers, 55 Mich App 491, 493; 223 NW2d 20 (1974), People v Zuniga, 56 Mich App 231, 233; 223 NW2d 652 (1974).
Which chain of cases do we follow in the case now before us? Preparatory to his plea of guilty, defendant was given a printed form to fill out. His response to question 13 suggests some kind of promise may have been made.
"13. Have you been promised that if you plead guilty to this charge, that the original charge or N/A any other charge pending against you will be dropped? YES
"If so, what charges?
"(Note: Respondent, together with counsel, must outline any Plea agreement in writing below.)”
Lastly, defendant asserts error in the sentence on the grounds the court failed to distinguish between marijuana and other controlled substances. The sentence imposed, "to a maximum period of 4 years, which is set by law”, in itself shows the trial judge was clearly aware that mari
Remanded to the trial court for the purpose of
See People v Smith, 52 Mich App 731, 736; 218 NW2d 151 (1974), where the Court said:
"Furthermore, we hold that defendant’s affidavit, standing alone, is insufficient to require us to remand this case for an evidentiary hearing on this alleged promise of leniency.”
"However, this plea is being offered this morning in response to a representation made by the Prosecution through Mr. Gilman to the effect that the Prosecution intended to add the present defendant, Gould, as a witness for the Prosecution as a res gestae witness. It is on that basis, on that representation knowing that we — the defendant —would be entitled perhaps to a one or two day adjournment but not to put the case off, that this plea is being made because Mr. Gould is being added or they intend to add him as a witness in this case.”
Reference to Zuniga is to page 233 where, after defendant’s initial appeal, this Court "granted a motion to remand for an evidentiary hearing to determine the voluntariness of the guilty plea.” The trial court found the plea voluntary, and defendant appealed for a second time. The full opinion in Zuniga concerns the second appeal.
"15. Except for what you have already stated, have any promises of any kind been made to induce this plea? _”
MCLA 335.341(l)(c); MSA 18.1070(41)(l)(c), provides for a sentence of up to four years or fined $2,000 or both. Penalties for harder drugs are higher.
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting). I concur with my brothers that this cause should be remanded to the trial court for an evidentiary hearing on the issue of promises of leniency. However, I cannot agree with their position, based upon People v Serra, 55 Mich App 514; 223 NW2d 28 (1974), that the removal of the two-ounce presumption rule is only valuable to a defendant that possesses a small amount of marijuana. It is my opinion that the amount of a controlled substance possessed should play no part in determining whether a defendant had a requisite intent to deliver.
The majority states that since a large amount of marijuana was involved in this case, the removal of the two-ounce presumption rule does not benefit this defendant. In doing so, they embrace the proposition that intent to deliver can be permissibly inferred from the quantity involved. In my dissenting opinion in People v Farris, 61 Mich App 417; 232 NW2d 723 (1975), I pointed out what I considered to be the "shortcomings” of the Serra opinion. There I expressed the view that a defendant cannot be convicted of the charge of possession with intent to deliver by merely showing that he possessed a large amount of a controlled substance. I also pointed out that intent to deliver is an element of this offense which should be proven by the prosecutor just like any other element of any other offense. I still adhere to those views. Since I believe that there is no correlation between the amount of a controlled substance possessed and the requisite intent to deliver, I would hold
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