Defendant was convicted by a jury of delivery of heroin contrary to MCL 335.341(l)(a); MSA 18.1070(41)(l)(a). He now appeals as of right. Although defendant raises numerous issues, our disposition of one of them makes consideration of the remaining questions unnecessary.

At trial, the court admitted, over defendant’s objection, a tape recording of a conversation between defendant and a police informant. No search warrant had been obtained authorizing the police to tape the conversation.

In People v Beavers, 393 Mich 554; 227 NW2d 511 (1975), cert den, 423 US 878; 96 S Ct 152; 46 L Ed 2d 111 (1975), the Michigan Supreme Court ruled that participant monitoring1 by police is a search and seizure which must comply with the warrant requirement. In People v Livingston, 64 *328Mich App 247; 236 NW2d 63 (1975), this Court extended the search warrant requirement to instances where the informer/participant recorded the conversation instead of transmitting it.

The dissent disagrees with this latest extension and seeks to differentiate participant monitoring from participant recording by declaring that the former is more intrusive of privacy because the disclosure of the conversation is simultaneous with the conversation itself. It is true that there is no simultaneous disclosure in participant recording; however, there is a countervailing consideration which makes participant monitoring equally intrusive, and that is the fact that with participant recording a permanent record of the conversation is made. See Greenawalt, The Consent Problem in Wiretapping and Eavesdropping: Surreptitious Monitoring With the Consent of a Participant in a Conversation, 68 Col L Rev 189, 225, fn 180 (1968). One does not need to go back too far in the history of this country to find instances where an innocent or innocuous statement when made, takes on grave and sinister overtones 10 or 20 years later when the social climate has changed. The fact that a recording of a conversation could be permanently stored and then produced long after the participants or their monitors forgot about the conversation makes participant recording just as intrusive of privacy as participant monitoring, and subject to the same restrictions on its use.

The rationale for requiring a search warrant in these situations was stated most eloquently by Justice Harlan in United States v White, 401 US 745, 787-789; 91 S Ct 1122; 28 L Ed 2d 453 (1971). Although these statements were directed at participant monitoring, we conclude that their logic *329applies equally as well to the analogous problem of participant recording.2

"The impact of the practice of third-party bugging, must, I think, be considered such as to undermine that confidence and sense of security in dealing with one another that is characteristic of individual relationships between citizens in a free society. * * *

"Authority is hardly required to support the proposition that words would be measured a good deal more carefully and communication inhibited if one suspected his conversations were being transmitted and transcribed. Were third-party bugging a prevalent practice, it might well smother that spontaneity—reflected in frivolous, impetuous, sacrilegious, and defiant discourse —that liberates daily life. Much off-hand exchange is easily forgotten and one may count on the obscurity of his remarks, protected by the very fact of a limited audience, and the likelihood that the listener will either overlook or forget what is said, as well as the listener’s inability to reformulate a conversation without having to contend with a documented record. All these values are sacrificed by a rule of law that permits official monitoring of private discourse limited only by the need to locate a willing assistant.”

*330How different life in this state would be if everyone had to expect that their every conversation, their every careless phrase or ill-advised statement could be captured and preserved for all time. Such a life-style is not what is expected nor desired by the members in a free society. A rule which would allow government officials to record, at their unbridled discretion, the conversations of all citizens with whom they or their informants come into contact would impermissibly invade the individual’s right to privacy and constitute a violation of the Michigan Constitution’s prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures.

Therefore, before the police may lawfully tape a conversation between an individual and a police informant, they must first obtain a search warrant authorizing the recording of the conversation.

The dissent seems to intimate that by requiring a search warrant we will be totally precluding the use of participant recording thus depriving the police of a valuable investigative tool.3 This assessment is not accurate. Under the rule announced here, the use of participant recording will not be precluded but merely limited to situations where the potential benefits to society in fighting crime outweigh the potential detriments to society from stifling free expression. The dissent would allow recording on the mere whim of any government official. It appears to sanction fishing expeditions *331based on no more than the hope that criminal activity can be found. This is unacceptable. Our constitution protects our citizens from the excesses caused by misguided or overzealous government officials. The inconvenience caused by requiring government officials to submit reliable information to a neutral magistrate for a determination that there is probable cause to believe criminal activity is under way will be more than made up by the increased sense of security and freedom such a rule will provide for citizens of this state. As our Supreme Court stated in Beavers:

"By interposing the search warrant requirement prior to engaging in participant monitoring, the risk that one’s conversation is being intercepted is rightfully limited to circumstances involving a party whose conduct has provided probable cause to an independent magistrate to suspect such party’s involvement in illegal activity. The warrant requirement is not a burdensome formality designed to protect those who would engage in illegal activity, but, rather, a procedure which guarantees a measure of privacy and personal security to all citizens. The interests of both society and the individual should not rest upon the exercise of the unerring judgment and self-restraint of law enforcement officials. Our laws must ensure that the ordinary, law-abiding citizen may continue to engage in private discourse, free to speak with the uninhibited spontaneity that is characteristic of our democratic society.” Beavers, at 566.

Since the police in this case did not obtain a search warrant authorizing the recording of the conversation, the recording was the result of an illegal search and seizure and the trial court erred in admitting it into evidence.4 The defendant’s conviction must be reversed.

*332Reversed.

(dissenting). On November 24, 1976, after a jury trial, defendant was convicted of delivery of a controlled substance, heroin, in contravention of MCL 335.341(l)(a); MSA 18.1070(41)(l)(a). Defendant was sentenced to a term of one year in prison and appeals as of right. This case arose out of an incident occurring on July 31, 1975, in which defendant allegedly sold heroin to a police informer at a pool hall. The transaction was recorded by a tape recorder which was hidden on the informer’s person. At trial, the informer testified that defendant delivered heroin to him. The tape recording of the transaction was also introduced into evidence.

On appeal, defendant claims that the trial court erred in admitting this tape recording into evidence. He contends that the participant’s recording of the conversation was an unreasonable search and seizure prohibited by Const 1963, art 1, § 11, since there was no search warrant authorizing the recording or any exigent circumstances, see People v Beavers, 393 Mich 554; 227 NW2d 511 (1975). The prosecutor argues that no search warrant is required for a participant’s recording of a conversation, see United States v White, 401 US 745; 91 S Ct 1122; 28 L Ed 2d 453 (1971), People v Drielick, 400 Mich 559; 255 NW2d 619 (1977).

As a matter of Federal constitutional law, US Const, Ams IV, XIV, no search warrant is required for participant recording, Lopez v United States, 373 US 427; 83 S Ct 1381; 10 L Ed 2d 462 (1963), or participant monitoring, United States v White, 401 US 745; 91 S Ct 1122; 28 L Ed 2d 453 (1971). In Beavers, supra, the Michigan Supreme Court *333interpreted the Michigan constitutional provision governing searches and seizures, Const 1963, art 1, § 11, to apply the search warrant requirement to participant monitoring. Participant monitoring was defined to mean the use of an electronic device by a participant to transmit the exchange to a third party. The opinion did not address the constitutionality of participant recordings, Beavers, supra, at 562, fn 2. The issue to be resolved in this case is whether to extend the constitutional rule announced in Beavers to participant recordings.1 In Beavers, supra, the Court held that the Michigan constitution provided additional protections not offered by the Federal constitution. The Court was

"persuaded by the logic of Justice Harlan which recognizes a significant distinction between assuming the risk that communications directed to one party may subsequently be repeated to others and the simultaneous monitoring of a conversation by the uninvited ear of a third party functioning in cooperation with one of the participants yet unknown to the other.” Beavers, supra at 565.2

Applying this reasoning to the facts in this case, I conclude that participant recording is distinguishable from participant monitoring. Participant monitoring involves simultaneous transmissions of *334the conversation to third parties. The participant has no control, other than to turn off the monitor, over whether any disclosures should be made or over what should be disclosed. Everything and anything is automatically, simultaneously disclosed to the uninvited third ear. This is the feature of participant monitoring which makes it particularly offensive. Even if the participant can disengage the monitor, this does not give him effective control over the extent of simultaneous disclosures. Most participants will not know what is going to be said until it is said. However, because participant monitoring involves simultaneous transmissions, any decision to disengage a monitor to limit disclosures must be made before the statement, which the participant does not want disclosed, is made. Since the participant will not know what is going to be said before the other person says it, he does not have effective control over the disclosures.

Participant recording does not involve these same concerns. There is no simultaneous disclosure to third parties.3 Participant recording merely preserves the conversation in a more reliable form. If any disclosures are made, they will be because the participant decided, after hearing the conversation, to make them. The participant is in a position, after hearing the conversation, to decide if any disclosures are made and the extent of any disclosures. For these reasons, participant recording is more analogous to the concept of misplaced confidence than participant monitoring.

The misplaced confidence doctrine applied in *335Hoffa v United States, 385 US 293; 87 S Ct 408; 17 L Ed 2d 374 (1966), means that no matter how strongly one trusts an apparent colleague, his expectations in this respect are not constitutionally protected by the Fourth Amendment when it turns out that the colleague is a government agent regularly communicating with the government. It is undisputed that the undercover officer who was a participant to these conversations due to defendant’s confidence in him could later disclose this transaction to the police or at trial. Neither the agent’s method of securing this information nor his later disclosures of it violated the constitutional prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures, Hoffa, supra. The only difference between Hoffa, supra, and the instant case is that evidence of this conversation was preserved by employing a tape recorder. Therefore, defendant must be claiming that this investigative procedure constituted an unreasonable search and seizure solely because this evidence, legitimately received, was preserved by means of a tape recorder. However, this same argument was rejected in Lopez, supra. Writing for the majority in Lopez, supra, Justice Harlan stated:

"Stripped to its essentials, petitioner’s argument amounts to saying that he has a constitutional right to rely on possible flaws in the agent’s memory, or to challenge the agent’s credibility without being beset by corroborating evidence that is not susceptible of impeachment. For no other argument can justify excluding an accurate version of a conversation that the agent could testify to from memory. We think the risk that petitioner took in offering a bribe to Davis fairly included the risk that the offer would be accurately reproduced in court, whether by faultless memory or mechanical recording.” Lopez, supra at 439.4

*336In terms of risk analysis, participant monitoring subjects people to greater risks than participant recording and the concept of misplaced confidence. Both participant monitoring and participant recording are variants of assuming the risk of misplaced confidence, but the risks of participant monitoring are greater. Allowing participant monitoring subjects one to the risk that his confidence may be betrayed even before the conversation occurs. It subjects him to the risk that the participant may have decided, a priori, to simultaneously disclose the conversation to third parties without effective means to control the extent of disclosure. For this reason, participant monitoring is distinguishable from the concept of misplaced confidence.

Participant recording does not subject one to these risks of simultaneous disclosure without effective means to control the extent of disclosure. The only difference between participant recording and the traditional concept of misplaced confidence is that evidence of the conversation is preserved. For this reason, the risks involved in participant recording are more analogous to the risks of misplaced confidence than the risks involved in participant monitoring. Although allowing participant recording, as contrasted with the traditional *337concept of misplaced confidence, exposes the speaker to the additional risk that his conversation may be accurately reproduced, this risk is not so substantial as to warrant constitutional significance.

This analysis which leads to the conclusion that participant recording is distinguishable from participant monitoring is consistent with Justice Harlan’s analysis. He also distinguishes participant recording from participant monitoring.5 He authored the majority opinion in Lopez, supra, which upheld participant recording. He dissented in White, supra, which approved of participant monitoring. In distinguishing these two cases, Justice Harlan noted that in Lopez, supra, the tape was only used to corroborate the agent’s testimony and that participant recording did not subject the speaker to any risks he had not fairly assumed, see White, supra, at 776. Justice Harlan also noted that there was no uninvited third ear in participant recording, White, supra, at 784.

Another factor which distinguishes this case from Beavers, supra, is that the monitoring in Beavers, supra was of a conversation which took place in the defendant’s home. This fact was emphasized twice in Beavers, supra, at 563, 565-6. Although the right to privacy protects people, not places, see Katz v United States, 389 US 347; 88 S Ct 507; 19 L Ed 2d 576 (1967), the right to privacy takes on special significance when one is in his own home. This is where a person’s justifiable expectation of privacy is the greatest. This signifi*338canee is recognized in our state constitution.6 The conversation in the instant case occurred in a pool hall open to the public. Defendant’s justifiable expectation of privacy was not as great in this situation as compared to conversations which are conducted in the privacy of one’s own home.

Recognizing that the participant recording in this case is distinguishable from the participant monitoring in Beavers, supra, in a number of respects, the issue remains as to whether this investigative technique violated the constitutional prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures because there was no search warrant authorizing this recording. In Justice Harlan’s words:

"The critical question, therefore, is whether under our system of government, as reflected in the Constitution, we should impose on our citizens the risks of the electronic listener or observer without at least the protection of a warrant requirement.

"This question must, in my view, be answered by assessing the nature of a particular practice and the likely extent of its impact on the individual’s sense of security balanced against the utility of the conduct as a technique of law enforcement.” White, supra, at 786.

The fact that participant recording has great utility as a technique of law enforcement is well recognized, see, Beavers, supra, at 566, 571. The recording of conversations which the police participate in can assist the police in many ways. This is especially true in investigations into the trafficking of narcotics, see Beavers, supra, at 571. The recording and preservation of constitutionally ac*339quired information not only helps the government prepare for trial but it can also ensure that ongoing investigations are not hindered by inaccurate perceptions or faulty memories.7 The recordings cannot only corroborate an officer’s testimony when a defendant denies the truth of that testimony but they can also be useful in rebutting charges of recent fabrication, entrapment or improper influence. The recordings might also protect officers from unjustifiable claims of harassment, brutality, taking bribes or other improper conduct.

The recognized utility of this investigative technique must be balanced against its impact on the security and privacy of the individuals in our society. I realize that allowing participant recording without a warrant subjects not only criminals and people contemplating criminal activities but all citizens to the possibility that a participant might be recording their conversation without imposing the protections offered by the search warrant requirement. However, it must be emphasized that the issue in this case involves only a participant’s recording of a conversation directed towards him. In regard to its impact on society, participant recording is distinguishable from the concept of misplaced confidence only by the fact that the conversation being disclosed is preserved on tape. Although the majority proceeds on the *340assumption that the preservation of conversations will chill spontaneous discussions, see, White, supra, at 762-763, and Lopez, supra, at 449, I conclude that any possible chilling of free expression is not unjustifiable. Since the officer received this information by engaging defendant in a conversation without violating any of his constitutional rights, I would hold that the officer’s preservation of this information by simultaneously recording it on a tape recorder did not violate the constitutional prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures, US Const, Ams IV, XVI; Const 1963, art 1, § 11. Accordingly, I respectfully dissent.

The other issues raised by defendant do not warrant reversal or discussion. Defendant’s conviction should be affirmed.