Kokkonen v. Wausau Homes, Inc.
Kokkonen v. Wausau Homes, Inc.
Opinion of the Court
This cause involves an action for a breach of contract, negligence and breach of
In the spring of 1978, staining and warping were discovered in the ceiling spaces, whereupon plaintiffs amended their complaint to include a claim against Wausau for a defective roof.
At the conclusion of the trial, which continued from July 31, 1978, until August 4, 1978, the jury returned the following verdict: (1) for the plaintiffs against the defendant Wausau for the roof damage, $2,100; (2) for the plaintiffs against the defendant George Lepisto on the foundation claim, $250; (3) for the defendant Lepisto against the plaintiffs on Lepisto’s counterclaim, $500, with the proviso that the rough grading work was to be completed.
Plaintiffs do not appeal the award for roof damage against Wausau, but Wausau, by way of cross-appeal, appeals the trial court’s failure to grant Wausau’s motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict. Plaintiffs’ motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, or new trial, or additur on plaintiffs’ claim against Lepisto was denied by the trial court on September 28, 1978, and plaintiffs appeal of right. We address the three claims seriatim.
I. Plaintiffs’ Claim Against Wausau
Cross-appellant Wausau argues that there was virtually no evidence that the home had an ice-
Plaintiffs’ expert witness testified that he examined the roof and found partially cracked plywood and improperly placed insulation material obstructing the roof ventilation spaces which allowed heat to penetrate through the roof from inside the house causing snow on the roof to melt, flow down the roof decline, and freeze at the eaves, forming a dam behind which water collected and then seeped through the shingles into the home interior. Though cross-appellant introduced expert testimony that the leakage was moisture loss which occurs in even the most perfectly constructed home, the testimony of plaintiffs’ expert was sufficient to raise a question of fact submissible to the jury. Grand Trunk Western R Co v H W Nelson Co, Inc, 116 F2d 823, 840-841 (CA 6, 1941), reh den 118 F2d 252 (1941). Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party on a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, we find ample evidence to support referring the question to the jury. Ringo v Richardson, 88 Mich App 684; 278 NW2d 717 (1979).
II. Plaintiffs’ Claim Against Lepisto
The breach of contract claim against defendant Lepisto is threefold: (1) $2,179.39 for costs of cor
We have no problem in affirming the trial court on the claim for water leakage in the basement. Just as a question of fact was presented allowing plaintiffs to submit their claim for damages against Wausau to the jury, so too a question of fact is raised on the claim for water damages allowing the defendant to submit that claim to the
A more difficult problem arises in regard to the claim for foundation repairs. The contract between plaintiffs and George Lepisto called for the construction of a foundation in accordance with the Wausau Homes blueprints. The blueprints contained language that the footings should be no less than four feet deep with six blocks on top of the footings. At trial, Lepisto conceded that the wall was only five blocks deep, and because of rock it was impossible to sink footings 48 inches deep. He further testified that he neither informed the owners of the change nor obtained a modification of the building permit. Plaintiffs’ expert, Robert Pap-worth, stated the footings as constructed would be "very much” susceptible to frost damage. Witness Papworth then testified that there were three options available for correcting the breach:
1. A procedure could be followed whereby the foundation would be insulated on the outside with styrofoam, at a cost of $1,873 (Exhibit 16). However, plaintiffs could not leave the home unheated in the winter, should they decide to vacation in Florida.
3. The wood frame portion of the house could be raised or jacked up and additional courses of concrete block laid on top of the existing foundation and then fill could be added around the foundation so as to bring the footing to an appropriate depth at an estimated cost of $6,000 to $7,000.
Option 1 was recommended as the most economical and practical means of minimizing the danger of frost damage. Plaintiffs’ Exhibit 16 showing option 1 costs of $1,873 was duly admitted into evidence. However, after the close of all proofs and all parties had formally rested, counsel for defendant Lepisto called the court’s attention to O’Donnell v Oliver Iron Mining Co, 273 Mich 27; 262 NW 728 (1935), a case in which the Supreme Court held that in actions for structural damage caused by subsidence, damages were not recoverable until the damage had occurred. In the instant case no testimony was introduced that frost damage had in fact occurred, only evidence of a likelihood of it occurring in the future was introduced. Accordingly, the trial court reversed its earlier ruling, excluded Exhibit 16 and charged the jury:
"You are further instructed that you are to disregard the estimates by Mr. Papworth for the cost of remedying any potential frost damage to the foundation and its footings. The exhibit containing this estimate is not allowed by the Court.”
The court then refused, over plaintiffs’ objection, to give any instruction as to the measure of damages on the claim for improper construction of the foundation. Plaintiffs’ requested instructions Nos. 18-21 set forth the measure of damages if the jury
"THE COURT: The amount of damages, Ladies and Gentlemen of the Jury, the amount is to be left in your sole discretion, I’ll put it that way. Any arguments by counsel as to the figures as to what you should return in the form of damages is not to be taken by you as evidence in this case. All right.”
We conclude that the trial court erred. The court’s ruling, though permitting the jury to award an amount which would fairly compensate plaintiffs, precluded the jury from considering the evidence of damages. Instructions on damages must be related to the evidence in the case. 25A CJS, Damages, § 180; 22 Am Jur 2d, Damages, § 345. When the trial court instructed the jury to
Unfortunately, though under standingly, the court’s reliance on O’Donnell v Oliver Iron Mining Co, supra, was misplaced. That case is inapposite on four grounds. First, unlike the case before us where there was a contract between plaintiffs and defendant, the suit was solely in tort. Second, actions for damages for subsidence, where repeated slides of earth occur, appear to carry their own special rules on damages.
As was stated in O’Donnell, in futuro damages are allowable if bound to occur. For example, if one contracts to buy an automobile with rustproofing and the car is delivered without rustproofing, it is not necessary to wait until the car rusts through before recovering damages. The fact that the car would ultimately rust is so reasonably certain that it is not necessary to wait until the damage occurs. In the case before us the issue was
In this regard, the following statements are instructive:
"As a general rule, where a cause of action is complete a recovery may be had of prospective damages which it is reasonably certain will accrue. * * * Where no subsequent action may be maintained, all damages present and future may be recovered.” 25 CJS, Damages § 29.
*614 "Prospective damages — that is, damages which compensate for future losses reasonably certain to arise from a past breach of a contract promise — can be recovered when there is a total breach of a promise which has formed the consideration for an entire and indivisible contract.” 22 Am Jur 2d, Damages, § 29, p 49.
and, see generally, McCormick, Damages (1971 ed), §§ 13, 28, 161. Therefore, to the extent that plaintiffs in the case at bar have submitted proofs to a reasonable degree of certainty of damages which have not yet accrued at the time of trial, but which in the nature of things must necessarily or most probably will result from defendant’s alleged breach of contract, we conclude that plaintiffs were entitled to submit the question of future damages to the jury. Compare, Tucker v Tucker, 24 Mich 426, 428 (1872), Arnone v Chrysler Corp, 6 Mich App 224, 228-229; 148 NW2d 902 (1967). Accordingly, it is necessary to conclude that the trial court erred in precluding the jury from a proper consideration of the damages alleged by plaintiffs to have been caused by defendant Lepisto’s improper construction of the foundation.
Therefore, plaintiffs’ claim for repairing the foundation to prevent frost damage is remanded to the trial court for retrial. Upon retrial, and assuming plaintiffs’ proofs are substantially similar to the testimony in the present case, the jury shall decide whether defendant Lepisto breached the contract and, if so, whether such breach created a reasonable certainty of damage from frost upheaval.
"The rule is that where the contract is substantially complied with, and the building is such a one as is adapted for the purpose for which it was constructed, and only slight additions or alterations are required to finish the work according to the contract, the defects being remediable at a reasonable expense, and without interfering with the rest of the structure, the measure of damages is such a sum as is necessary to make the building conform to the plans and specifications. But, where the defects are such that they cannot be remedied without the entire demolition of the building, and the building is worth less than it would have been if constructed according to the contract, the measure of damages is the difference between the value of the building actually tendered, and the reasonable value of that which was to be built.” Gutov v Clark, supra, at 387.
Accord, Otto Misch Co v E E Davis Co, 241 Mich 285, 294-296; 217 NW 38 (1928), P & M Construction Co, Inc v Hammond Ventures, Inc, 3 Mich App 306, 315; 142 NW2d 468 (1966), Dierickx v
III. Defendant Lepisto’s Counterclaim
On the counterclaim, the jury returned a verdict as follows: "[F]or George Lepisto against Robert Kokkonen for $500.00, with rough grading to be completed” (emphasis added). Plaintiffs’ counsel did not object to the verdict at the time, but soon thereafter filed a post-trial motion challenging the verdict on grounds that under the decision in J Richardson & Co v Noble, 143 Mich 546; 107 NW 274 (1906), the jury exceeded its authority. Following a hearing, the trial court characterized the emphasized language as mere surplusage and ordered that it be stricken from the judgment.
On appeal, Lepisto contends that J Richardson & Co, supra, is distinguishable because here, unlike the situation in that case, it is altogether possible that the jury intended that the plaintiffs, not Lepisto, finish the rough grading. In addition, it is argued that plaintiffs waived any error by
We disagree. The rough grading work was never characterized as anyone’s responsibility other than Lepisto’s. Further, it would be totally redundant and unnecessary to add the proviso if the jury had intended that the work be completed by the Kokkonens. If that had been the jury intent, all the jury would have to do is omit the emphasized words.
It is our opinion that if the jury had known it could not combine specific performance with a money judgment, the jury would have granted a greater sum of money. In this respect we find the instant situation similar to Richardson.
Accordingly, the order of the trial court denying plaintiffs’ motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, additur, or a new trial is reversed with respect to the counterclaim. In addition, the judgment entered on the counterclaim is vacated. A new trial is ordered on the counterclaim and on plaintiffs’ claim for repair of the foundation to prevent damage from frost. In all other respects, the order and judgment of the trial court are affirmed.
Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded in accordance with this opinion. Costs to plaintiffs on the claim against Wausau Homes, Inc. No costs between plaintiffs and defendant Lepisto, neither party having prevailed in full.
"On the issue of lot clearing, it is fair to say that the jury returned a verdict for the plaintiffs in the amount of $250, for that portion of the lot clearing they initially did under an oral agreement with Mr. Lepisto that they would get credit for it. Thus, Mr. and Mrs. Kokkonen testified that they spent about 60 hours in clearing the lot, at a time when he was making $4.46 per hour and she was making $3.00 per hour. The plaintiffs’ attorney used a figure of $4.00 per hour for approximately 60 hours as a 'guideline’, and defense counsel did not dispute credit for what the plaintiffs had actually done. On the other hand, defense counsel did dispute the balance of the plaintiffs’ claim for $400 for future rough grading and clearing of the stumps left by the plaintiffs’ wood cutting operation. It is most reasonable to assume that the jury gave the plaintiffs $250 for the work already done, but rejected their claim for an additional $400.” Defendant Lepisto’s brief pp 29-30.
Requested Instruction No. 18: "amount awarded should be measured by the reasonsable expense of necessary repairs”.
Requested Instruction No. 19: "amount awarded should be measured by the difference between the fair market value of the home had the footings been constructed in accordance with the contract and the value of the home with footings as actually constructed”.
Requested Instruction No. 20: "amount awarded should be measured by the reasonable expense of necessary, corrective action on the footings plus the loss in value of the home, if any, between the fair market value of the home had the footings been constructed in accordance with the contract and the value of the home with footings as actually constructed.”
Requested Instruction No. 21: "then you should award such an amount of damages as would place the plaintiffs in the same position as they would have been if the foundation contract had been fully and properly performed”. The court rejected these instructions and gave a generalized instruction that if the jury found defendants breached their contract, "your verdict should be in such an amount that fairly compensates the plaintiffs for the damages which arise naturally from the breach”.
See 9 Michigan Law and Practice, Damages, §§ 22, 23. In § 23, p 36, the O’Donnell decision is mentioned in a separate paragraph discussing damages for "withdrawal of lateral supports through mining operations not subjacent or adjacent to the property, but a considerable distance therefrom”.
"Q. Mr. Papworth, the 48 inch standard that you referred to, that is a minimum standard?
"A. The 48 inch depth of frost is the commonly used engineering figure for the Copper Country area for the depth of footings below the surface of the ground.
"Q. Okay. And is it your testimony that in certain areas the frost would penetrate further than that, and under some circumstances it might be less than that?
"A. That is correct.
"Q. Is it your opinion, sir, that anyone who constructs a foundation and has the bottom of the footing less than 48 inches is taking a considerable chance?
"A. Yes.
"Q. Because if the frost does penetrate, the house could in fact be ruined, isn’t that true, sir?
"A. Yes.”
We note that the question of damages arising from a breach of contract is normally assigned to the jury where such question is based on conflicting evidence. However, since the question of future or prospective damages requires a "reasonable certainty” that the damages will result from the original breach, the trial court is required,
"But it is said that part of the verdict giving plaintiff possession of the shoes may be treated as surplusage and the balance of the verdict be permitted to stand. We cannot assent to this suggestion because we think it clear the money part of the verdict would not have been rendered if the jury had understood they had no authority to decide who was entitled to the possession of the shoes then in the warehouse.” Richardson, supra, at 549-550.
Case-law data current through December 31, 2025. Source: CourtListener bulk data.