People v. Jackson
People v. Jackson
Opinion of the Court
Defendants Jackson and Henderson were charged along with a third person, Detreich Burris, with two counts of criminal sexual conduct (CSC) in the first degree. MCL 750.520b; MSA 28.788(2). Henderson was bound over on one count only. After a joint jury trial with Henderson, Jackson was convicted of one count of first-degree CSC and one count of third-degree CSC and sentenced to concurrent prison terms of 4 to 15 years for each count. Henderson was convicted of first-degree CSC and sentenced to a prison term of 18 months to five years. Both defendants appeal as of right, and their appeals have been consolidated.
Kim Lewis, the complainant, testified that on July 18, 1981, at about 3 a.m. two men in a car pulled up and asked her if she needed a ride while she was walking to catch a bus. After she refused
Lewis testified that after this she tried to escape out a window but, once on the roof, found that the only exit was through another open window. Clothed only in a housecoat, she entered the window and woke defendant Henderson, who was sleeping in the room, and asked him for help. He told Burris and Jackson, who were knocking and pushing on his door, that Lewis was not in his room. Burris pushed his way into the room and forced Lewis back to his room. She was forced to submit to further sexual acts with all three men and then to take a bath. Burris left the apartment to go to the store and to make a telephone call. He took the key to the room in which Lewis’s clothes were locked. Lewis, again, clothed only in a housecoat, managed to climb out a window which overlooked the main street and onto a sign which hung next to the window and yell for help until a passing Detroit police patrol car stopped. After talking with defendants, who had remained in the apartment, and Lewis, the officers placed defendants under arrest. Burris was not at the apartment when the police arrived and has apparently fled the jurisdiction.
During the direct examination of Lewis, the prosecutor referred to Burris as "the man who’s not here”. Neither defense counsel objected to this characterization. Prior to his closing argument and outside the presence of the jury, the prosecutor
In his closing argument, counsel for Henderson argued that there were serious flaws in the case as presented by the prosecution including the fact that Henderson had not fled when the police arrived. In his rebuttal argument, the prosecution responded to the Henderson argument and again referred to Burris’s flight.
Now, on appeal, defendant Jackson argues that the multiple references to Burris’s flight caused reversible error. We disagree. In this case the references to "the man who’s not here” were necessary to avoid confusion and were used as an aid to help the complainant keep her testimony in order. Further, Burris’s flight is so closely connected with the transaction as to be admissible as res gestae.
"It cannot be shown, as against accused on trial, that an accomplice or a co-conspirator has fled or escaped since the commission of the crime, except when so closely connected with the transaction as to be admissible as res gestae, * * * or where both accused and his codefendant made their escape and fled at the same time.” (Emphasis added; footnotes omitted.) 22A CJS, Criminal Law, § 767(g), p 1152.
An examination of the facts and the courts’ analyses in the cases cited under § 767(g) leads us to conclude that the res gestae exception to the general prohibition of the admission of evidence of
We also find no reversible error in defendant Jackson’s second argument. Unlike the case of People v Erb, 48 Mich App 622; 211 NW2d 51 (1973), the prosecutor did not attempt to vouch for the complainant’s veracity based on the prestige of his office. The prosecutor merely stated his belief that the complainant had no motive to fabricate, that she was entitled to be believed and that the evidence in the case supported her testimony. Neither defense counsel objected to the prosecutor’s statements. Further, both defense counsel expressed their disbelief in the complainant’s testimony during their closing arguments.
We also reject defendant Henderson’s allega
Henderson also contends that his counsel’s failure to move for a new trial on the ground that the verdict was against the great weight of the evidence denied him effective assistance of counsel. "An objection going to the weight of the evidence can be raised only by a motion for a new trial.” (Emphasis in original.) People v Mattison, 26 Mich App 453, 459; 182 NW2d 604 (1970). Under the test set forth in People v Garcia, 398 Mich 250; 247 NW2d 547 (1976), a mistake made by defense counsel must be of such magnitude that, but for the mistake, the defendant might not have been convicted. Because a motion for new trial on the ground that the verdict is against the great weight of the evidence must be made after the verdict is rendered, it cannot be held that but for defense counsel’s failure to so move defendant might not have been convicted.
Affirmed.
State v Martin, 175 Kan 373; 265 P2d 297 (1953).
Fairris v State, 287 P2d 708 (Okla Crim App, 1955).
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting). This case raises a
As the people admit, such evidence is generally inadmissible. Some jurisdictions, however, recognize an exception where the flight is "so closely connected with the transaction as to be admissible as res gestae”. 22A CJS, Criminal Law, § 767(g), p 1152.
Michigan has dealt with the analogous area of the admission of evidence of acts and declarations of one co-conspirator against another. The rule is codified in MRE 801(d)(2)(E):
"(d) Statements which are not hearsay. A statement is not hearsay if — ■* * *
"(2) Admission by party-opponent. The statement is offered against a party and is * * * (E) a statement by a coconspirator of a party during the course and in furtherance of the conspiracy on independent proof of the conspiracy.”
Evidence of the flight of defendants’ alleged accomplice, Detreich Burris, is not admissible. It is not admissible under MRE 801(d)(2)(E) because it is not a "statement” as defined in MRE 801(a). Burris’s flight was not "nonverbal conduct * * * intended by him as an assertion”.
The evidence is similarly inadmissible under the res gestae exception. It is at this point that I and Judge Cynar part company. Judge Cynar finds that the flight was part of the res gestae because when Burris left to make a phone call the complainant was still forcibly restrained. Burris, however, did not "flee” when he departed for a nearby phone booth. Judge Cynar has misidentified his
In his rebuttal argument, the prosecutor argued in part:
"Is there any way to change the fact that Mr. Burris cannot be found, that he has just left? Use your reason and common sense on that one, ladies and gentlemen. Mr. Burris is coming back and he sees police cars perhaps, and then he’s nowhere to be found. Isn’t that at least an indication of something going on, something that’s not entirely innocent?”
The prosecutor improperly used evidence of Burris’s flight to impute guilt to defendants. The resulting prejudice could not have been cured by a timely requested instruction. I would reverse the convictions of both defendants._
I note that there was no direct evidence of Burris’s flight. His flight can only be inferred from his failure to return to the apartment.
Reference
- Full Case Name
- People v. Jackson; People v. Henderson
- Cited By
- 3 cases
- Status
- Published