Moon v. Ballinger
Moon v. Ballinger
Opinion of the Court
Plaintiff, Kathy Aneta Moon, filed this action under the Paternity Act, MCL 722.711 et seq.; MSA 25.491 et seq., alleging that defendant, Jerry Ballinger, is the father of her son. Defendant denied paternity. Pursuant to plaintiff’s request and in accordance with § 6 of the Paternity Act, the court ordered plaintiff, defendant and the child to submit to blood tests. MCL 722.716; MSA 25.496. Upon defendant’s refusal to submit to the ordered blood test, plaintiff filed a motion for entry of default judgment. The court ordered that default judgment would be entered against defendant unless he submitted to a blood test within sixty days of the order or, if he appealed the order, within sixty days of the final appellate order upholding the order. Defendant appeals by leave granted.
Defendant argues that entry of a default judgment is not a permissible sanction against a person who refuses to submit to a blood test ordered by a trial court under MCL 722.716; MSA 25.496. We disagree.
MCL 722.716; MSA 25.496 provides in pertinent part:
(1) In a proceeding under this act before trial,*678 the court, upon application made by or on behalf of either party, or on its own motion, shall order that the mother, child, and alleged father submit to blood or tissue typing tests which may include, but are not limited to, tests of red cell antigens, red cell isoenzymes, human leukocyte antigens, and serum proteins to determine whether the alleged father is likely to be, or is not,the father of the child. A blood or tissue typing test of a child shall not be taken before the child reaches the age of 6 months. If the court orders any blood or tissue typing test to be taken and any party refuses to submit to the test, in addition to any other remedies available, the fact of the refusal shall be disclosed at the trial unless good cause is shown for not disclosing the fact of refusal.
(4) The result of a blood or tissue typing test, and if a determination of exclusion of paternity cannot be made, a calculation of the probability of paternity made by a person the court determines is qualified as an examiner of blood or tissue types based on the result of a blood or tissue typing test shall be admissible in evidence in the trial of the case. [Emphasis added.][1 ]
The statute mandates a minimum level of response to a paternity defendant’s refusal to participate in a court-ordered blood or tissue typing test. In the event of a trial following such refusal, the fact of refusal must be disclosed to the trier of fact unless good cause for nondisclosure is shown. The Legislature also, however, clearly manifested its intent not to delimit the range of judicial response to such violations of discovery orders. Trial courts are authorized to invoke "any other remedies available.”
Procedure in paternity actions is governed by
The decision to impose discovery sanctions is addressed to the trial court’s discretion. Johnson v Patmon, Young & Kirk, PC, 119 Mich App 362, 368; 326 NW2d 511 (1982). Defendant in this case has made a bare denial of paternity and has offered no reason why he should not be required to submit to the testing of his blood. The fact that plaintiff filed a previous paternity action against another man and that that action was dismissed after the defendant in that case submitted to a blood test provides no justification for noncompliance with the court order in this case. The trial judge’s response to plaintiff’s motion for entry of default judgment was well within his discretionary authority.
Affirmed.
This section was significantly amended by 1982 PA 129.
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting). I respectfully dissent.
Plaintiff, Kathy Aneta Moon, filed this action under the Paternity Act, MCL 722.711 et seq.; MSA 25.491 et seq., alleging that defendant, Jerry Ballinger, was the father of her child. Subsequently, plaintiff filed a motion to compel defendant to submit to a blood test. Pursuant to MCL
On appeal, defendant argues that a default judgment is not a permissible sanction against a defendant who refuses to submit to a blood test ordered by a trial court under MCL 722.716; MSA 25.496. Defendant bases his argument on the relationship between the provisions of the Paternity Act and the Michigan Court Rules and the language of the statute.
MCR 3.212(A), formerly GCR 1963, 730.1, provides:
Procedure in actions under the Paternity Act (MCL 722.711 et seq.; MSA 25.491 et seq.) is governed by. the rules applicable to other civil actions except as modified by this rule and the Paternity Act.
It is clear that MCR 2.313(B)(2)(c) provides the trial judge with the authority to impose, among various other sanctions, a default judgment upon a party who refuses to submit to a blood test ordered by the court pursuant to MCR 2.311, formerly GCR 1963, 311. However, MCL 722.716; MSA 25.496 appears to modify the court rule in the paternity action situation. The statute provides in pertinent part:
If the court orders any blood or tissue typing test to be taken and any party refuses to submit to the test, in addition to any other remedies available, the fact of the refusal shall be disclosed at the trial unless good cause is shown for not disclosing the fact of refusal.
This language appears to reveal the Legislature’s intent that a defendant’s refusal to submit to a court-ordered blood test will not preclude a trial on the issue of paternity. The only express remedy provided in such a situation is that the defendant’s refusal to submit to the blood test shall be revealed at the trial. The statutory language, when taken alone, clearly indicates that a trial will take place despite a defendant’s refusal and, thus, appears to preclude a default judgment in this type of paternity action situation.
Plaintiff, on appeal, and the trial judge, in grant
Plaintiffs reliance on this Court’s decision in Butler v Cann
As previously indicated, MCL 722.716; MSA 25.496 was recently amended by the Legislature in 1982 in order to allow the trial court to order a defendant in a paternity action to submit to a blood test. Prior to this amendment, only the plaintiff and the child could be ordered to submit to a blood test. I am convinced that the Legislature, in making this substantial amendment to prior procedures concerning court-ordered blood
Therefore, I would conclude that the trial judge erred in entering a default judgment against defendant for his refusal to submit to a blood test in this paternity action and would reverse and remand.
This statute was amended by 1982 PA 129, § 1, effective April 20, which expressly recognized the human leukocyte antigen (hla) tissue tests, providing in part:
(4) The result of a blood or tissue typing test, and if a determination of exclusion of paternity cannot be made, a calculation of the probability of paternity made by a person the court determines is qualified as an examiner of blood or tissue types based on the result of a blood or tissue typing test shall be admissible in evidence in the trial of the case. [MCL 722. 716(4); MSA 25.496(4).]
Pridemore v Williams, 90 Mich App 483, 487; 282 NW2d 363 (1979).
62 Mich App 663; 233 NW2d 827 (1975).
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