While retaining jurisdiction over a pending delayed application for leave to appeal, the Supreme Court has remanded this case to us with instructions to provide “an explanation of the reasons for concluding that defendant’s failure to pursue her appeal in conformity with the court rules was vexatious.” Coburn v Coburn, 456 Mich 918 (1998). Our task is thus to explain in detail the egregious behavior of defendant and her counsel that required our previous order.

The parties were divorced pursuant to a consent judgment on October 23, 1991. That decree provided in pertinent part that the parties would begin with joint physical and legal custody of their only minor child. Subsequently, both parties petitioned for sole physical custody. Plaintiff had remarried and moved to another state. The parties submitted their custody dispute to binding arbitration. Dick v Dick, 210 Mich App 576, 588; 534 NW2d 185 (1995). The arbitrator awarded sole physical custody to plaintiff. After the circuit court confirmed that award by order of August 16, 1996, the matter came to this Court as an appeal of right.

After defendant filed her first brief as appellant, plaintiff filed a motion to strike for failure to conform to the requirements of the court rules. A motion to strike a brief as nonconforming is one of the types of motions that can be adjudicated by the chief judge, or another designated judge, acting alone. MCR 7.211(E)(2)(c). The chief judge pro tempore granted the motion to strike, MCR 7.201(A)(2), in an order that specified the following deficiencies:

The brief as submitted does not comply with MCR 7.212(C)(4), (6) and (7). Appellant shall within 21 days of *121this order submit an appellant’s brief that complies with all those rules.

The referenced subrules require a statement of the basis of the jurisdiction of the Court of Appeals, MCR 7.212(C)(4), a statement of facts that, inter alia, provides “specific page references to the record,” MCR 7.212(C)(6), and, correlatively, that when facts are stated in the argument portion of the brief, such assertions likewise “be supported by specific page references to the record,” MCR 7.212(C)(7). Defendant’s original brief on appeal contained no jurisdictional statement whatsoever, and absolutely no page references to the record either in the statement of facts section of the brief or in the argument portion of the brief as facts were iterated.

Defendant’s substitute brief was then timely filed and again met with a motion to strike. Again, the motion to strike pursuant to MCR 7.211(E)(2)(c) was granted, this time by the chief judge with the following directive:

Appellant shall within 21 days of this order file an appellant’s brief that is limited to documents filed and hearings held in the trial court prior to the claim of appeal being filed on August 16, 1996. Any documents filed, hearings held, or factual allegations made after August 16, 1996 are not properly before the Court in this appeal.

Examination of this second attempt to submit the appellant’s brief reflects, among other patent defects, that defendant had appended to the proposed brief, as exhibits, affidavits that were not part of the lower court record, and orders and transcripts that related to matters that occurred in the trial court after the order from which appeal of right had been claimed. *122Because this was already defendant’s second opportunity to comply with the court rules, it is worth listing the improprieties facially evident within the defect specifications noted in the chief judge’s order:

1. Neither affidavits nor depositions may be presented in this fashion as a means of enlarging the appellate record. Isagholian v Transamerica Ins Corp, 208 Mich App 9, 18; 527 NW2d 13 (1994).

2. Even by stipulation, in the absence of a motion to enlarge the record and the granting of such motion by this Court, MCR 7.216(A)(4), the parties cannot add to the record on appeal anything not considered by the court below in rendering the decision that is the subject of appeal. Lorland, Civic Ass’n v DiMatteo, 10 Mich App 129, 137-138; 157 NW2d 1 (1968).

3. Exhibits offered on appeal that were either not offered to the court below or that were excluded by the lower court from the settled record on appeal are not properly part of the record on appeal. Dora v Lesinski, 351 Mich 579, 581; 88 NW2d 592 (1958); Singer v Hoffman Cake Co, 281 Mich 371, 375; 275 NW 177 (1937).

4. Facts not appearing from the record cannot be considered on appeal. Associates Discount Corp v Gear, 334 Mich 360, 367-368; 54 NW2d 687 (1952). This is a limitation on the power of the appellate court, which is confined to the record in conducting its review. Sims v Sims, 298 Mich 491, 496; 299 NW 158 (1941). The record to be considered on appeal must be made in the trial court. Stephenson v Golden, 279 Mich 710, 732-733; 276 NW 849 (1937).

*1235. Nothing arising after the order from which appeal has been taken can be considered on appeal.1 Sandusky Grain Co v Borden’s Condensed Milk Co, 214 Mich 306, 323-324; 183 NW 218 (1921); Monyhan v Detroit & Saline Plank Road Co, 129 Mich 549, 552; 89 NW 372 (1902). This is true even of official proceedings subsequently occurring. See Klotz v Chatfield, 163 Mich 86, 87-88; 127 NW 774 (1910).

Defendant’s third effort to file her appellant’s brief generated yet another motion to strike, as well as a motion to dismiss and a motion to affirm. Those motions were submitted to this three-judge panel, MCR 7.211(E)(1), which granted the motion to dismiss, MCR 7.211(C)(2)(b), MCR 7.216(A)(10), and denied the other motions as moot.

Again, the numerous defects in this third brief merit iteration:

1. Although there were some references to the record in the statement of facts, numerous crucial factual assertions therein, and within the argument portion of the brief, had no affiliated record references. The rule in this state is that assertions of fact in a brief that are not supported by references to the record represent an improper attempt to enlarge the record. In re Marx’s Estate, 201 Mich 504, 507; 167 NW 976 (1918). Because this was defendant’s third effort, and because the first brief was stricken for precisely the same defect, among others, this Court had reasonable grounds for concluding that such repeated flouting of the court rules and of a fair pres*124entation was intentional and deliberate, rather than accidental or negligent.

2. Various factual assertions concerned matters previously stricken as outside the record. These included statements of fact that had, in the stricken second appellant’s brief, been supported by the affidavit of defendant’s former attorney and were stricken because they were never part of the record below or were derived from psychological reports also stricken from the second brief as being matters not of record.2 Ironically, although the nonrecord material was no longer attached to the brief as exhibits, it was now incorporated into the body of the brief and constituted a significant part of it. Again, this Court reasonably inferred that defendant’s pleadings were designed to circumvent the requirements of the court rules and the prior rulings of the chief judge and chief judge pro tempore, and that this effort was in no way a good-faith mistake.

3. Such record references as were provided did not support the assertions of fact to which they pertained. Rather, the references often were to defense counsel’s arguments before the trial court for which no supporting evidence was ever adduced or properly proffered, MRE 103(a)(2). Other references may have related generally to the point at issue but did not ver*125ify the essential details that were the basis of the argument for reversal. Once again, this Court could derive no other impression from this method than that defendant was attempting to manufacture the requisite factual support for appellate relief in the absence of the necessary record. See Lemanski v Ford Motor Co, 82 Mich App 244, 250-252; 266 NW2d 775 (1978).

After the appeal was dismissed and a motion for rehearing was denied, plaintiff moved for actual and punitive damages pursuant to MCR 7.216(C). That motion was also granted by this panel, Judge Hoek-STRA dissenting. The order provided:

Plaintiff-Appellee’s motion for actual and punitive damages is granted. MCR 7.216(C)(1)(a), (b).

This matter is hereby remanded to the trial court for a determination of damages as set forth in MCR 7.216(C)(2). These damages are to be assessed jointly and severally against both defendant-appellant and her counsel. [3]

*126In awarding damages pursuant to MCR 7.216(C)(1)(a), this Court found that the appeal was taken for the purposes of hindrance or delay or without any reasonable basis for belief that there was a meritorious issue to be determined on appeal. Given that appellant’s presentation consistently relied on matters not of record as a basis for appellate relief, not once, or twice, but three times, we concluded that where the only basis asserted for appellate relief is outside the record, an appellant cannot entertain a reasonable belief that any issue depending on such nonrecord matters is even arguably meritorious. Cvengros v Farm Bureau Ins, 216 Mich App 261, 269; 548 NW2d 698 (1996). On further review, we adhere to this conclusion. As noted earlier, Michigan jurisprudence bars argument predicated on matters outside the record and deems such tactics “inappropriate.” Wiand v Wiand, 178 Mich App 137, 142-143; 443 NW2d 464 (1989). Moreover, appellant’s counsel was repeatedly warned of this requirement yet persisted in disregarding it. No authority to support an exception to these rules attributable to any unique aspect of this individual case was ever cited by appellant’s counsel.

MCR 7.216(C)(1)(b) allows an award of sanctions when a brief is grossly lacking in the requirements of propriety, violates court rules, or grossly disregards the requirements of a fair presentation of the issues to the court. The adverb “grossly” modifies only the *127first and third types of impropriety; hence, sanctions for violation of the court rules may be granted even where the violation is less than “gross.” See, generally, Kales v City of Oak Park, 315 Mich 266, 271-272; 23 NW2d 658 (1946) Nonetheless, it has never been the practice of this Court to invoke MCR 7.216(C) for any but the most egregious and repeated court rule violations. We do not view our decision in this case as changing that practice. On the basis of the particular facts of this case and the unequivocal history of improper briefing by defendant-appellant’s counsel, we harbor no doubt that her violation of the court rules may properly be described as “gross.” The repetitive nature of that conduct, combined with the apparent deliberate attempts at circumvention of the rules and the orders of this Court enforcing those rules and calling such defects to counsel’s attention, fully justifies an award of both actual and punitive damages. Defense counsel was apparently determined that we either rely on or be influenced by improper, extraneous, nonrecord information.

The award of damages will compensate plaintiff, in whole or in part, for his costs in defending the appeal and troubling himself, through counsel, to bring these court rule violations to our attention. The award also serves an institutional function: the deterrence of like tactics by others. Although written in a different context entirely, the following sentiments are particularly apposite here:

Unless we enforce the rules we encourage their violation and add to the burden of the appellate courts. Our frequent strictures against this land of argument mean little unless we are prepared to reverse and require a new trial. A prosecutor who crosses a clearly defined line, and a trial judge *128who makes no effort to stop him, have only themselves, not the appellate courts, to blame if a judgment of conviction is reversed and the case must be retried because of improper argument. [People v Farrar, 36 Mich App 294, 299-300; 193 NW2d 363 (1971).]

We would paraphrase the final two sentences to state that our frequent strictures against ignoring the requirements of the court rules4 mean little unless we are prepared to dismiss an appeal and impose sanctions on attorneys who choose to give our warnings no heed. Because the client properly may be burdened with the consequences of counsel’s improprieties short of abandoning the representation, White v Sadler, 350 Mich 511, 522-523; 87 NW2d 192 (1957), adversely affected parties and their attorneys have no one to blame but themselves if an appeal is dismissed on this basis.

Nonetheless, decisions to sanction are not made easily, lightly, or often, and we do not wish to travel this path again soon. Our order requires defendant-appellant’s counsel to pay plaintiff-appellee actual and punitive damages. We might well be justified in both referring the matter to the Attorney Grievance Administrator for investigation and assessing defense counsel for the needless costs and expenses this Court has incurred in dealing with this misconduct. In re Thurston, 226 Mich App 205, 207-208; 574 NW2d 374 (1997). Just as those whose wrongdoing puts the federal government to expense must reimburse the gov-*129eminent for all consequential costs, e.g., 14 USC 88(c)(3); see United States v James, 986 F2d 441, 442, 444 (CA 11, 1993), appellate litigants and attorneys who drain tax-funded judicial resources by flouting the requirements of the court rules should realize that they too may be properly called upon to make full recompense.

We therefore conclude that our original order granting the motion for sanctions was generally correct, and we would simply modify it as set forth in this opinion.

(dissenting). I respectfully dissent. MCR 7.216(C)(1), the court rule authorizing damages in this case, states that this Court “may . . . assess actual or punitive damages or take other disciplinary action when it determines that an appeal or any of the proceedings in an appeal was vexatious.” The term “may” designates a permissive provision. Jordan v Jarvis, 200 Mich App 445, 451; 505 NW2d 279 (1993). Thus, this Court may assess damages but is not required to do so. Sanctions are authorized in a court’s “discretion, on final review, as the totality of facts and circumstances may require.” In re Mathers, 371 Mich 516, 538; 124 NW2d 878 (1963) (discussing a prior version of the court rule).

In my opinion, the totality of the facts and circumstances of this case does not require this Court to impose sanctions. Defendant has already suffered harm by losing the opportunity to have her case reviewed. See, e.g., In re Dihle Estate, 161 Mich App 150, 160-161; 410 NW2d 303 (1987). Moreover, I perceive no benefit in prolonging this acrimonious litiga*130tion by remanding the matter to the trial court for a determination of damages. See, e.g., Mathers, supra at 538-539 (declining to assess damages in the child custody case).