Plaintiff appeals as of right from the trial court’s order granting summary disposition for defendant pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(4) (lack of subject-matter jurisdiction) and dismissing plaintiff’s third-party no-fault claim. We affirm.

The essential facts are not in dispute. In the early morning of September 22, 1995, the parties were driving separate vehicles when they were involved in a collision in the parking lot of a Ford Motor Company plant. Plaintiff and defendant were employees of *308Ford, both having finished their shifts at the plant just before the collision. Plaintiff brought suit, alleging defendant’s negligence in operating his vehicle caused her serious impairment of body function. See MCL 500.3135(1); MSA 24.13135(1).1 Defendant brought his first motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10), arguing any injury is compensable only under the Worker’s Disability Compensation Act (wdca), MCL 418.101 et seq.; MSA 17.237(101) et seq., because the parties were employees present on their employer’s premises when the collision occurred. As such, defendant argued, plaintiff’s suit is barred by the exclusive remedy provision of the wdca, MCL 418.131; MSA 17.237(131). Plaintiff argued, in response, that defendant had failed to assert the affirmative defense of “immunity granted by law” under MCR 2.111(F)(3)(a) or (b) in his first responsive pleading and, thus, pursuant to MCR 2.111(F)(2), waived any defense based on the exclusive remedy provision of the WDCA. The trial court initially agreed that defendant’s assertion of the exclusive remedy provision constituted an affirmative defense and ruled that defendant waived the defense when he failed to raise it in his answer to plaintiff’s complaint or through amendment. The trial court also denied defendant’s request to amend his answer to include a wdca defense given the late stage of the proceedings. Thereafter, defendant brought a motion for reconsideration and a second motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(G)(4), arguing the trial court *309lacks subject-matter jurisdiction over plaintiffs claim. Defendant asserted that the suit should be characterized as a workplace injury claim that falls within the exclusive jurisdiction of the Bureau of Worker’s Compensation. Plaintiff argued, in response, that the case involves a personal injury claim arising from an automobile accident over which the trial court has subject-matter jurisdiction. The trial court reversed its prior ruling and granted summary disposition for defendant, ruling that the Bureau of Worker’s Compensation has exclusive subject-matter jurisdiction over plaintiff’s claim.

On appeal, plaintiff argues that the trial court erred in concluding that the exclusive remedy provision of the WDCA, when asserted as a defense to a third-party no-fault claim brought in the circuit court, constitutes a challenge to the court’s subject-matter jurisdiction over the claim. Plaintiff claims that defendant’s assertion of the exclusive remedy provision is more properly characterized as a waivable affirmative defense based on immunity granted by law. We review a trial court’s decision on a motion for summary disposition based on MCR 2.116(C)(4) de novo to determine if the moving party was entitled to judgment as a matter of law, or if affidavits or other proofs demonstrate there is an issue of material fact. MCR 2.116(I)(1); Herbolsheimer v SMS Holding Co, Inc, 239 Mich App 236, 240; 608 NW2d 487 (2000). Further, whether a trial court had subject-matter jurisdiction over a claim is a question of law that is reviewed de novo. Specht v Citizens Ins Co of America, 234 Mich App 292, 294; 593 NW2d 670 (1999).

The exclusive remedy provision of the wdca includes, in pertinent part:

*310(1) The right to the recovery of benefits as provided in this act shall be the employee’s exclusive remedy against the employer for a personal injury or occupational disease. The only exception to this exclusive remedy is an intentional tort. [MCL 418.131(1); MSA 17.237(131)(1).]

The underlying rationale for limiting an employee’s remedies is as follows:

Under the wdca, employers provide compensation to employees for injuries suffered in the course of employment, regardless of fault. “In return for this almost automatic liability, employees are limited in the amount of compensation they may collect from their employer, and, except in limited circumstances, may not bring a tort action against the employer.” [Herbolsheimer, supra at 240 (citations omitted).]

The exclusive remedy provision limits an employee’s recovery when the employee “receives a personal injury arising out of and in the course of employment by an employer who is subject to this act at the time of the injury.” MCL 418.301(1); MSA 17.237(301)(1).2 It is well settled that the exclusive remedy provision applies when an employee is injured by the negligent acts of his employer or by the negligent acts of a coemployee. Berger v Mead, 127 Mich App 209, 213-214; 338 NW2d 919 (1983), citing Holody v Detroit, 117 Mich App 76, 80-82; 323 NW2d 599 (1982), and Dixon v Sype, 92 Mich App 144, 148; 284 NW2d 514 (1979); see Farrell v Dearborn Mfg Co, 416 Mich 267, 275-278; 330 NW2d 397 (1982).

*311In the present case, plaintiff contends defendant waived the defense that plaintiffs automobile negligence claim is barred by the exclusive remedy provision of the wdca because he failed to raise it as an affirmative defense. MCR 2.111(F) provides, in part:

(F) Defenses; Requirement That Defense Be Pleaded.

* * *

(2) Defenses Must Be Pleaded; Exceptions. A party against whom a cause of action has been asserted by complaint, cross-claim, counterclaim, or third-party claim must assert in a responsive pleading the defenses the party has against the claim. A defense not asserted in the responsive pleading or by motion as provided by these rules is waived, except for the defenses of lack of jurisdiction over the subject matter of the action, and failure to state a claim on which relief can be granted.

* * *

(3) Affirmative Defenses. Affirmative defenses must be stated in a party’s responsive pleading, either as originally filed or as amended in accordance with MCR 2.118. Under a separate and distinct heading, a party must state the facts constituting

(a) an affirmative defense, such as contributory negligence; the existence of an agreement to arbitrate; assumption of risk; payment; release; satisfaction; discharge; license; fraud; duress; estoppel; statute of frauds; statute of limitations; immunity granted by law; want or failure of consideration; or that an instrument or transaction is void, voidable, or cannot be recovered on by reason of statute or nondelivery;

(b) a defense that by reason of other affirmative matter seeks to avoid the legal effect of or defeat the claim of the opposing party, in whole or in part;

(c) a ground of defense that, if not raised in the pleading, would be likely to take the adverse party by surprise.

*312A party that fails to raise an affirmative defense as required by MCR 2.111(F) waives the defense. Travelers Ins Co v Detroit Edison Co, 237 Mich App 485, 494-495; 603 NW2d 317 (1999).

Michigan courts have failed to address specifically the issue whether a party’s assertion of the exclusive remedy provision of the wdca constitutes a challenge to a court’s power to decide a claim in light of the Bureau of Worker’s Compensation exclusive subject-matter jurisdiction over worker’s compensation claims or whether the defense is more properly characterized as a grant of immunity or other type of waivable affirmative defense. We conclude that defendant did not waive any defense based on the exclusive remedy provision when he did not raise it in his responsive pleading. We hold that a party’s assertion of the exclusive remedy provision of the wdca is a direct challenge to the trial court’s subject-matter jurisdiction, not within the scope of the waiver rule in MCR 2.111(F).

As previously stated, the exclusive remedy provision limits an employee’s right to recover against his employer or a coemployee for a personal injury arising out of the course of his employment to the benefits available under the wdca. MCL 418.131; MSA 17.237(131), MCL 418.301; MSA 17.237(301). Significantly, MCL 418.841(1); MSA 17.237(841)(1) confers exclusive jurisdiction of claims under the wdca on the Bureau of Worker’s Compensation.3 Because the *313Bureau of Worker’s Compensation is granted exclusive jurisdiction over the only remedy available as a result of the exclusive remedy provision, we hold that a party’s assertion of the exclusive remedy provision as a defense to a claim necessarily constitutes a challenge to the trial court’s subject-matter jurisdiction over the claim. There are numerous opinions that analyze whether a trial court had subject-matter jurisdiction over a claim in light of a defendant’s assertion of a defense based on the exclusive remedy provision. See Adams v Nat’l Bank of Detroit, 444 Mich 329, 370, 383; 508 NW2d 464 (1993) (Brickley, J.); Herbolsheimer, supra; James v Commercial Carriers, Inc, 230 Mich App 533, 536; 583 NW2d 913 (1998); Winters v Dalton, 207 Mich App 76, 78-79; 523 NW2d 636 (1994) ; Schefsky v Evening News Ass’n, 169 Mich App 223, 225-226, 228; 425 NW2d 768 (1988). Indeed, this Court has stated, “We review questions regarding the exclusive remedy provision of the wdca pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(4) to determine whether the circuit court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction because the plaintiff’s claim was barred by the provision.” Herbolsheimer, supra at 240, citing James, supra, and Bitar v Wakim, 211 Mich App 617, 619; 536 NW2d 583 (1995) , rev’d on other grounds 456 Mich 428; 572 NW2d 191 (1998); see Winters, supra.

We are mindful of prior cases that have made reference to the exclusive remedy provision of the wdca as an “affirmative defense” or “immunity.” See Kidder v Miller-Davis Co, 455 Mich 25, 54-55; 564 NW2d 872 (1997) (Kelly, J., dissenting); Benson v Dep’t of Mgt & *314Budget, 168 Mich App 302, 304; 424 NW2d 40 (1988); Berger, supra at 217; Drewes v Grand Valley State Colleges, 106 Mich App 776, 784; 308 NW2d 642 (1981). However, those cases are inapposite to the present issue. Those cases did not squarely determine whether a party’s assertion of the exclusive remedy provision of the wdca constitutes a challenge to the trial court’s subject-matter jurisdiction over a claim or constitutes an affirmative defense to the claim. We do not find the loose references within those cases to the terms “affirmative defense” and “immunity” controlling of the present issue.

Furthermore, we do not deny that the exclusive remedy provision, by generally barring any recovery other than that which is provided under the WDCA, may be viewed as providing “immunity” from suit. The term “immunity” is generally defined to mean “exception from obligation, service, duty, liability, or prosecution.” Random House Webster’s College Dictionary (1997). A party could elect to assert the provision as an “affirmative defense” in its responsive pleading. An affirmative defense being a defense that does not challenge the factual merits of a plaintiff’s prima facie case, but which otherwise denies relief. Stanke v State Farm Mut Automobile Ins Co, 200 Mich App 307, 312; 503 NW2d 758 (1993). Therefore, we recognize that, if timely asserted under MCR 2.111(F), the exclusive remedy provision may serve as a valid affirmative defense to a claim in conjunction with a motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(7). However, because a defense based on the exclusive remedy provision most specifically challenges whether a circuit court has the power to resolve a claim, we conclude that the defense is juris*315dictional and need not be asserted in a responsive pleading to avoid waiver. MCR 2.111(F)(2).

In reaching that conclusion, we draw guidance from the interpretation of worker’s compensation laws from other jurisdictions. Most jurisdictions have not squarely addressed the issue. However, the majority of those that have treat a party’s assertion of the exclusive remedy provision as a challenge to a trial court’s subject-matter jurisdiction. In Walters v Modern Aluminum, 699 NE2d 671, 673 (Ind App, 1998), the court held, “to assert the exclusive remedies provision as a defense is to attack the trial court’s subject matter jurisdiction.” See also Wine-Settergren v Lamey, 716 NE2d 381, 385 (Ind, 1999); Wilson v Unistrut Service Co of St Louis, Inc, 858 SW2d 729, 730 (Mo App, 1993); Bonner v Minico, Inc, 159 Ariz 246, 249; 766 P2d 598 (1988); Messner v Briggs & Stratton Corp, 120 Wis 2d 127, 139; 353 NW2d 363 (1984); but see Gordon v NKC Hosps, Inc, 887 SW2d 360, 363 (Ky, 1994); Ammons v Hood, 288 SC 278, 281; 341 SE2d 816 (1986); Turner Constr Co v Hebner, 276 Pa Super 341, 345-348; 419 A2d 488 (1980). Moreover, in Lanpont v Sawas Cab Corp, Inc, 244 AD2d 208, 211; 664 NYS2d 285 (1997), quoting Murray v New York, 43 NY2d 400, 407; 401 NYS2d 773; 372 NE2d 560 (1977), the court held that a defense based on the exclusive remedy provision of the worker’s compensation act is not waived unless a defendant ignores the issue “to the point of final disposition itself.” See also Lunsford v Schaffner, 184 AD2d 625, 625-626; 584 NYS2d 909 (1992); McGowan v Warwick Corp, 691 So 2d 265, 266 (La App, 1997); Total Oilfield Services, Inc v Garcia, 711 SW2d 237, 238 (Tex, 1986).

*316We note that defendant failed to raise his defense based on the exclusive remedy provision of the WDCA until more than IV2 years after the filing of plaintiffs complaint. We consider such an assertion of the defense dilatory under the circumstances. We also note, however, that Michigan has long recognized that actions for injuries incurred as a result of a coemployee’s negligence and arising out of the scope of employment are barred by the exclusive remedy provision of the WDCA. Berger, supra at 213-214; Dixon, supra. Moreover, a defense of lack of subject-matter jurisdiction may be raised at any time. MCR 2.116(D)(3); Winters, supra; see MCR 2.111(F)(2). Subject-matter jurisdiction cannot be granted by implied or express stipulation of the litigants. Winters, supra at 79. Likewise, a defense of lack of subject-matter jurisdiction cannot be waived by a litigant. Id. Consequently, defendant did not waive his defense based on “the exclusive remedy provision when he failed to include it in his answer to plaintiff’s complaint or by way of amendment.

Given our decision that the assertion of the exclusive remedy provision constitutes a defense of lack of subject-matter jurisdiction, we turn to the question whether the trial court properly dismissed plaintiff’s claim under the no-fault act, MCL 500.3101 et seq.) MSA 24.13101 et seq., for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. Plaintiff contends that his no-fault claim should be viewed as a personal injury claim, over which the circuit court has jurisdiction.4

*317A trial court is not automatically divested of jurisdiction over a no-fault claim under the exclusive remedy provision by virtue of the fact that a plaintiff was injured during the course of his employment. See Great American Ins Co v Queen, 410 Mich 73, 89-91; 300 NW2d 895 (1980); Mathis v Interstate Motor Freight System, 408 Mich 164, 179, 183; 289 NW2d 708 (1980); Specht, supra at 295. This Court has held that, when an employee is injured in a motor vehicle accident during the course of his employment, entitlement to compensation for injuries is governed by the no-fault act and the wdca. Id. In Specht, supra, this Court recognized that the no-fault act and the WDCA exist independently of one another:

“The Worker’s Disability Compensation Act (wdca) [MCL 418.101 et seq.; MSA 17.237(101) et seq.] and the no-fault insurance act [MCL 500.3101 et seq.; MSA 24.13101 et seq.] are complete and self-contained legislative schemes addressing discrete problems. Neither act refers expressly to the other.” Mathis v Interstate Motor Freight System, 408 Mich 164, 179; 289 NW2d 708 (1980). “The WDCA provides a substitute for common-law tort liability founded upon an employer’s negligence . ...” Id. On the other hand, “[t]he no-fault act provides a substitute for common-law tort liability based upon the ownership or operation of a motor vehicle.” Id.Id. [Specht, supra at 294-295.]

See Herbolsheimer, supra at 240, quoting Mathis, supra at 179, and citing Clark v United Technologies Automotive, Inc, 459 Mich 681, 686; 594 NW2d 447 *318(1999). Mathis consolidated four cases, each of which involved claims for no-fault benefits against employers’ no-fault insurers5 for injuries that arose out of the course of the employees’ employment. Mathis, supra at 176-178. In that case, our Supreme Court held that an employee injured in the course of his employment while occupying a motor vehicle owned by his employer is entitled to collect no-fault benefits from his employer’s no-fault insurer and is not limited to worker’s compensation benefits as his sole remedy. Id. at 183. In Great American, supra, the Supreme Court allowed an employee who was injured by a third party who was not his employer or coemployee to recover no-fault benefits from his employer’s no-fault insurer, with a setoff for worker’s compensation benefits received by the employee. Great American, *319supra at 89-91. Specht involved a plaintiff employee’s suit for no-fault benefits against his own no-fault insurer. Specht, supra at 294.

Significantly however, no case has allowed a plaintiff employee to recover no-fault benefits against a coemployee or an employer not acting as a no-fault self-insurer6 for personal injury suffered during the course of employment. In fact, the Supreme Court qualified its holding in Great American, supra, to exclude such circumstances, stating, “An employee’s common-law right to proceed in tort against persons other than his employer or co-workers was not altered by the worker’s compensation act.” Id. at 89 (emphasis added). The dissent’s reliance on Great American, supra, Mathis, supra, and Specht, supra, is misplaced. There is a clear distinction between cases involving claims against coemployees or an employer, which are expressly barred by the exclusive remedy provision of the wdca, and cases against non-coemployee third parties or insurers. As noted in the dissent, subject-matter jurisdiction is a court’s right to exercise judicial power over a class of cases. See Bowie v Arder, 441 Mich 23, 39; 490 NW2d 568. (1992), quoting Joy v Two-Bit Corp, 287 Mich 244, 253-254; 283 NW 45 (1938). Subject-matter jurisdiction concerns a court’s abstract power to try a case of the kind or character of the one pending and is not dependent on the particular facts of a case. Id. It is fundamental that the classes of cases over which the circuit courts have subject-matter jurisdiction are defined by this state’s constitution and Legislature. *320See MCL 600.605; MSA 27A.605. By enacting the exclusive remedy provision of the WDCA, the Legislature clearly and unambiguously limited an employee’s right to recover against his employer for injury arising out of the course of his employment to the benefits available under the wdca. MCL 418.131; MSA 17.237(131).7 The Legislature also clearly provided that the Bureau of Worker’s Compensation has exclusive jurisdiction over claims under the wdca. MCL 418.841(1); MSA 17.237(841)(1). Therefore, by legislative mandate, circuit courts do not have power to decide cases involving a plaintiff employee suing a coemployee or his employer for injury arising out of the course of his employment. Our conclusion that a party’s assertion of the exclusive remedy provision of the wdca as a defense to a third-party no-fault claim constitutes a challenge to the circuit court’s subject-matter jurisdiction is properly based on the legislatively defined class of litigants, not the particular facts of this case.8

*321Plaintiff’s present claim against her coemployee defendant is squarely within the category of claims excluded under the plain language of the WDCA.9 It is undisputed that plaintiff and defendant were both employees of Ford Motor Company and that the colli*322sion giving rise to plaintiffs claim occurred on Ford premises, minutes after the parties finished their shifts. MCL 418.301(3); MSA 17.237(301)(3) provides, in part: “An employee going to or from his or her work, while on the premises where the employee’s work is to be performed, and within a reasonable time before and after his or her working hours, is presumed to be in the course of his or her employment.” See Simkins v General Motors Corp (After Remand), 453 Mich 703, 712; 556 NW2d 839 (1996). Given that plaintiff’s alleged injuries were caused by a coemployee and given that there is no issue of fact with respect to whether she suffered the injuries in the course of her employment, the exclusive remedy provision plainly limits plaintiff’s recoveiy to benefits under the wdca. See Ladner v Vander Band, 376 Mich 321, 323-325; 136 NW2d 916 (1965). In the absence of language within the no-fault act or the wdca specifically stating that a no-fault claim is not excluded under the circumstances present in this case, we interpret the Legislature’s plain use of the term “exclusive” in defining the remedy available where an employee is injured in the course of his employment by an employer or coemployee as barring plaintiff’s no-fault claim.

Under the undisputed facts, plaintiff’s claim is barred by the exclusive remedy provision of the wdca. Accordingly, the trial court properly dismissed the claim for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction.10

Affirmed.