People v. Golba
People v. Golba
Opinion of the Court
Defendant was charged with one count of possession of child sexually abusive material, MCL 750.145c(4), and one count of unauthorized access to computers, MCL 752.795. Ajury convicted defendant of unauthorized access to computers. The trial court sentenced defendant to serve 3x/2 years’ probation and 120 days in jail. The court also ordered defendant to register as a sex offender under the Sex Offenders Registration Act (SORA), MCL 28.721 et seq. Defendant appeals by right, arguing that the trial court misapplied SORA and that requiring him to register under the act violates his constitutional rights. We affirm.
Defendant first argues that he was convicted of a computer crime under MCL 752.795, which does not require proof of sexual misconduct. Defendant contends that because his violation of MCL 752.795 does not constitute a sexual offense against an individual who was less than 18 years of age, the trial court erred in ordering him to register under SORA. We disagree. The construction and application of SORA presents a question of law that we review de novo. People v Meyers, 250 Mich App 637, 643; 649 NW2d 123 (2002).
SORA requires an individual who is convicted of a listed offense after October 1, 1995, to register as a sex offender. MCL 28.723(l)(a). “Listed offense,” as defined in MCL 28.722(e), includes this catchall provision: “Any... violation of a law of this state or a local ordinance of a municipality that by its nature constitutes a sexual offense against an individual who is less than 18 years of age.” MCL 28.722(e)(xi).
If the defendant is sentenced for an offense other than a listed offense as defined in section 2(d)(i) to (ix) and (xi) to (xiii) of the sex offenders registration act, 1994 PA 295, MCL 28.722, the court shall determine if the offense is a violation of a law of this state or a local ordinance of a municipality of this state that by its nature constitutes a sexual offense against an individual who is less than 18 years of age. If so, the conviction is for a listed offense as defined in section 2(d)(x)[2 ] of the sex offenders registration act, 1994 PA 295, MCL 28.722, and the court shall include the basis for that determination on the record and include the determination in the judgment of sentence. [MCL 769.1(13).]
Except when an individual is convicted of certain offenses not applicable here, a person required to register as a sex offender must comply with SORA for a period of 25 years following the date of initial registration or for 10 years following the person’s release from a state correctional facility, whichever is longer. MCL 28.725(6).
Defendant was charged with possession of child sexually abusive material, MCL 750.145c(4), which is a listed offense under SORA. MCL 28.722(e)(i). But the jury failed to reach a verdict on this charge, so the trial court declared a mistrial. Thus, defendant was not convicted of the listed offense of possession of child sexually abusive material. Defendant was convicted of unauthorized access to computers in violation of MCL 752.795, which provides in relevant part:
A person shall not intentionally and without authorization or by exceeding valid authorization do any of the following:
*607 (a) Access or cause access to be made to a computer program, computer, computer system, or computer network to acquire, alter, damage, delete, or destroy property or otherwise use the service of a computer program, computer, computer system, or computer network.
A violation of MCL 752.795 is not specifically designated as a listed offense in MCL 28.722, and defendant contends that violation of the statute does not “by its nature constitute^ a sexual offense against an individual who is less than 18 years of age.” MCL 28.722(e)(xi). Thus, defendant argues that the trial court erred by requiring him to register as a sex offender. Defendant’s argument is without merit.
This Court has opined that the plain language of the SORA catchall provision at issue requires the simultaneous existence of three conditions before a person must register as a sex offender: (1) the defendant must have been convicted of a state-law violation or a municipal-ordinance violation, (2) the violation must, “by its nature,” constitute a “sexual offense,” and (3) the victim of the violation must be under 18 years of age. Meyers, supra at 647.
Regarding the first element, defendant does not dispute that he was convicted of the state-law violation of accessing or allowing access to a computer without authorization. MCL 752.795. And the trial court’s entry of an order placing defendant on probation for that offense satisfies the SORA definition of being “convicted.” MCL 28.722(a)(i).
With respect to the second element necessary to invoke the SORA catchall provision, the Meyers Court noted that the Legislature “did not define what it meant by a violation that, ‘by its nature,’ constitutes a ‘sexual offense.’ ” Meyers, supra at 647. The Meyers Court observed that a dictionary definition of the
In Meyers, the 64-year-old defendant accessed an Internet chat room and entered into a discussion with a person he believed to be a 12-year-old girl. Their two-hour discussion concerned oral sex, which the defendant hoped to obtain from the girl. In reality, the defendant was conversing with an adult police officer. Id. at 638-639. The defendant was charged with violating MCL 750.145d, which at the time of the alleged offense provided:
“(1) A person shall not use the internet or a computer, computer program, computer network, or computer system to communicate with any person for the purpose of doing any of the following:
“(b) Committing, attempting to commit, conspiring to commit, or soliciting another person to commit conduct proscribed under section 145a, 157c, 350, 411h, or 411i.” [Meyers, supra at 639, quoting MCL 750.145d, as amended by 1999 PA 235.]
The prosecution’s theory in Meyers was that the defendant had used the Internet to attempt to commit an act in violation of MCL 750.145a.
At first blush, this possibility — that the conduct that each of these statutes prohibits might not require a sexual*610 component — suggests that these are not statutes that encompass inherently sexual offenses. However, by referring to “sexual offenses,” rather than “sexual offense statutes,” the language of MCL 28.722(d)(x)[4 ] directs us to examine the unique nature of the criminal conduct underlying the charge that the defendant violated a state law or municipal ordinance to determine whether the criminal conduct was inherently sexual. Only the facts of the individual “offense” itself will reveal whether the stalking, kidnapping, felony inducement, or accosting offense was inherently sexual, as this second element requires. In this case, there is no question that Meyers’ online discussion was, “by its nature,” sexual in that it specifically involved graphic discussions of oral sex, which Meyers hoped to obtain from the person with whom he was conversing over the Internet. [Id. at 648-649 (emphasis added).]
As in Meyers, we recognize that conduct that is nonsexual in nature may violate MCL 752.795.
In the present case, the evidence introduced at trial supported the trial court’s findings that defendant
Furthermore, the trial court did not clearly err in determining that defendant’s conduct in violation of MCL 752.795 pertained to sex. Meyers, supra at 647. In addition, the trial court did not clearly err in finding that the victim of defendant’s conduct in violating MCL 752.795 was “an individual who is less than 18 years of age.” MCL 28.722(e)Oct). The undisputed evidence in this case establishes that defendant intentionally and without authorization, or by exceeding valid authorization, accessed the school’s computer and sent sexually
We reject defendant’s argument that because the jury did not find him guilty of possession of child sexually abusive material, the trial court erred in considering the evidence regarding the child pornography found on his computer in determining whether the conviction for unauthorized access to computers constituted a sexual offense. Defendant misplaces reliance on Koetje v Kent Co Prosecutor’s Office, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued June 7,2005 (Docket No. 252343). First, Koetje is an unpublished opinion that lacks binding precedential effect under the rule of stare decisis. MCR 7.215(C)(1). Second, Koetje is distinguishable from the instant case. In Koetje, contrary to the instant case, there was no evidence in the record to support the trial court’s finding that the defendant engaged in sexual misconduct.
In addition, the jury in this case did not acquit defendant of the charge of possession of child sexually abusive material. Rather, the jury could not agree on a
We also reject defendant’s argument that the trial court’s determination that he committed a sexual offense was based on an improper assumption of guilt on the charge of possession of child pornography. A sentence is invalid when it is based on improper assumptions of guilt. People v Miles, 454 Mich 90, 96; 559 NW2d 299 (1997). But this is because a sentence must be based on accurate information. Id. A trial court may consider facts concerning uncharged offenses, pending charges, and even acquittals, provided that the defendant is afforded the opportunity to challenge the information and, if challenged, it is substantiated by a preponderance of the evidence. People v Ewing (After Remand), 435 Mich 443, 446; 458 NW2d 880 (1990) (BRICKLEY, J.); id. at 473 (BOYLE, J.); People v Coulter (After Remand), 205 Mich App 453, 456; 517 NW2d 827 (1994). Further, as here, the trial court may consider at sentencing evidence admitted during the trial. People v Compagnari, 233 Mich App 233, 236; 590 NW2d 302 (1998); People v Gould, 225 Mich App 79, 89; 570 NW2d 140 (1997). Moreover, as discussed earlier, there was sufficient evidence, even without considering the allegations that defendant possessed child pornography, to support the trial court’s finding that defendant committed a sexual offense.
Because the trial court clearly made additional findings of fact beyond those made by the jury in ordering defendant to register under SORA, the crux of the issue presented here is whether compliance with SORA is a “penalty” within the meaning of the Apprendi-Blakely rule. In applying this rule, “the relevant inquiry is one not of form, but of effect — does the required [judicial fact-] finding expose the defendant to a greater punishment than that authorized by the jury’s guilty verdict?” Apprendi, supra at 494. The prosecution argues that compliance with SORA is not a punishment and, therefore, does not increase a defendant’s maximum sentence in violation of the Apprendi-Blakely rule. Defendant argues that the prosecution mistakenly relies on caselaw in other contexts holding that compliance with
Both this Court and federal courts have reviewed and rejected a number of constitutional challenges to SORA. In Doe v Kelley, 961 F Supp 1105 (WD Mich, 1997), the United States District Court for the Western District of Michigan determined that SORA did not violate the Ex Post Facto Clause or the Double Jeopardy Clause, deprive persons subject to its requirements of liberty or property without due process of law, or violate privacy rights. Nor did SORA impose cruel and unusual punishment or constitute an unlawful bill of attainder. The United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan rejected similar challenges to SORA and also determined that SORA violates neither the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment nor substantive due process. Lanni v Engler, 994 F Supp 849 (ED Mich, 1998). In analyzing the asserted constitutional claims, these two federal courts were required to examine whether SORA was a form of criminal punishment. For example, in reviewing the double jeopardy claim, the issue was whether compliance with SORA had the effect of imposing multiple criminal punishments for the same offense. Lanni, supra at 852. As Judge McKeague explained, the ex post facto, double jeopardy, cruel and unusual punishment, and bill of attainder constitutional challenges “essentially devolve[] into a determination of one question: whether retroactive application of the [public] notification provisions [of SORA] constitutes ‘punishment.’ ” Kelley, supra 1108. The court noted that in the context of
The first published opinion of this Court to address a constitutional challenge to SORA adopted the reasoning of Kelley and Lanni. Ayers, supra at 18 (“We agree with both Kelley, supra, and Lanni, supra, and adopt their analyses as our own.”). Subsequent panels of this Court also adopted the reasoning of the Kelley and Lanni courts regarding constitutional challenges to SORA. See In re Wentworth, 251 Mich App 560, 565; 651 NW2d 773 (2002) (“We likewise agree with the Lanni court that no due process rights are implicated by the SORA. The SORA did not deprive [the] respondent of liberty.... Injury to a person’s reputation is not a protected liberty or property interest.”), and People v Pennington, 240 Mich App 188, 197; 610 NW2d 608 (2000) (“We agree with the analyses in both Lanni, supra, and Kelley, supra, and adopt their reasoning as our own.”).
In Ayres, a case involving an adjudication of a juvenile for second-degree criminal sexual conduct, the Court considered whether requiring the respondent to register under SORA as a sex offender constituted cruel
In Pennington, this Court addressed whether the requirements of SORA amounted to a criminal punishment within the context of a double jeopardy challenge. The defendant was convicted and sentenced for a listed offense, first-degree criminal sexual conduct, before the effective date of SORA. The defendant contended that requiring him to comply with the act violated the ex post facto clauses of both the Michigan and United States constitutions. Pennington, supra at 191 n 1. In particular, the defendant argued that SORA was an ex
In Wentworth, this Court again addressed a due process challenge to SORA with respect to the adjudication of a juvenile for a listed offense. Wentworth, supra at 561, 563. Although the Court found the application of SORA to juvenile sex offenders to be “draconian,” the Court nevertheless held that the act did not unconstitutionally deprive the respondent of a liberty or privacy interest. Id. at 568. Specifically, the Court
conclude[d] that the requirements of the SORA are not an unconstitutional infringement of respondent’s protected liberty, property, or privacy interests, and that the state is not required to engage in due process beyond that afforded in respondent’s juvenile court proceedings before including information about respondent in the public database of registered sex offenders. [Id. at 567.]
Other courts reviewing the constitutionality of SORA have also upheld the act. SORA does not violate a defendant’s procedural due process rights. Fullmer v Michigan Dep’t of State Police, 360 F3d 579, 582 (CA 6, 2004). A defendant does not have a legitimate privacy interest in preventing the compilation and dissemination of truthful information that is already a matter of public record. Akella v Michigan Dep’t of State Police, 67 F Supp 2d 716, 728-730 (ED Mich, 1999). Further,
From our analysis of SORA and the cases addressing its constitutionality, some principles emerge that apply to our determination whether judicial fact-finding regarding SORA violates the Apprendi-Blakely rule. First, SORA does not impose a penalty in the form in which criminal statutes generally express maximum penalties. That is, SORA does not affect a person’s liberty by imposing additional confinement beyond the statutorily authorized maximum penalty. Nor does SORA improperly deprive a person convicted of a listed offense of property by imposing an additional fine beyond the statutorily authorized maximum penalty. Second, the prior decisions of this Court, which we must follow, and the federal courts’ analyses that this Court has adopted have concluded that SORA does not impose a penalty or punishment as a sanction for a criminal violation, that is, that it is not “the deliberate imposition, by some agency of the state, of some measure intended to chastise, deter or discipline an offender.” Kelley, supra at 1108. Rather, SORA is a remedial regulatory scheme furthering a legitimate state interest of protecting the public; it was not designed to punish sex offenders. Kelley, supra at 1110; Lanni, supra at 854-855. Consequently, we conclude that judicial fact-finding in applying SORA does not violate defendant’s constitutional rights to a jury trial and due process of law as announced by the Supreme Court in Apprendi, supra at 490: “Other than the fact of a prior conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the
We affirm.
At the time of the offense, this catchall provision was found in MCL 28.722(d)W; when defendant was convicted, this same provision was denominated MCL 28.722(e)(x).
MCL 28.722(d)W, now MCL 28.722(e)(xi). See n 1 of this opinion.
MCL 750.145a provided at the time that
See n 1 of this opinion.
See, e.g., Martinez v Mueller, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued April 27, 2006 (Docket No. 266200); People v Schilke, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued May 3, 2005 (Docket No. 253117); People v Helleman, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued September 10, 2001 (Docket No. 217190).
Our conclusion is supported by the decisions of courts in other jurisdictions that have been confronted with Apprendi-Blakely challenges regarding the application of their own sex-offender-registry statutes. Since 1994, federal legislation has required states, on pain of losing certain federal funding for crime prevention, to enact a sex-offender-registration-and-community-notification program. See 42 USC 14071; see also' Lanni, supra at 851. Although the issue we decide today is one of first impression in Michigan, it has been similarly decided by other state courts that have held that Apprendi-Blakely does not apply to judicial fact-finding related to sex-offender registration because compliance with the registration requirements is not a punishment. See, e.g., People v Stead, 66 P3d 117, 120 (Colo App, 2002) (“Because we conclude that the registration and Internet posting provisions of [Colorado’s sex-offender-registration law] do not constitute punishment, Apprendi is inapplicable.”); Young v State, 370 Md 686, 690; 806 A2d 233 (2002) (“Apprendi does not apply, because sex offender registration does not constitute punishment in the constitutional sense, as defined by the United States Supreme Court, and, therefore, the factual predicate finding by the trial court was not a fact that increased the penalty for the crime beyond the statutory maximum within the meaning of Apprendi.”)-, Commonwealth v Kopicz, 840 A2d 342,348 (Pa Super, 2003) (“Because the [Pennsylvania] Supreme Court found that the registration, notification and counseling provisions were nonpunitive, Appellant is not subject to ‘enhanced punishment’ by virtue of his adjudication as a sexually violent predator.”).
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting). I respectfully dissent. I am unable to agree that defendant was properly required to register under the Sex Offenders Registration Act (SORA). The offense of which defendant was convicted —unauthorized access to computers, MCL 752.795 — is not a listed offense. Nor does it fall within the then-applicable catchall provision of MCL 28.722(e)(x).
Regarding the offense of which defendant was convicted, unauthorized access to computers, the offense does not by its nature constitute a sexual offense. Further, unlike the situation in People v Meyers, 250 Mich App 637; 649 NW2d 123 (2002), there was evidence in this case to support that the offense was committed in a manner that had nothing to do with a sexual offense: defendant admitted that he allowed students and another teacher to use his user name and password, which was contrary to the computer use policy, and that he asked the student witness to install a file-sharing program on his computer. While there was testimony from which one could conclude that the offense was committed in a fashion that did involve sexual aspects, it is impossible to determine on which basis the jury concluded that the offense had been committed, especially when the jury was unable to reach agreement on the other charge. Under these circumstances, I am unable to agree that defendant was convicted of an offense that by its nature constitutes a sexual offense and must conclude that the court erred in determining that defendant is required to register under the SORA.
This was the provision applicable at the time defendant was tried. This catchall provision is now found at MCL 28.722(e)(sci).
Reference
- Cited By
- 65 cases
- Status
- Published