Lafarge Midwest, Inc. v. City of Detroit
Lafarge Midwest, Inc. v. City of Detroit
Opinion of the Court
Respondent, the city of Detroit, appeals as of right an order of the Michigan Tax Tribunal granting petitioner’s motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(0(10). We affirm.
Fetitioner, Lafarge Midwest, Inc., was responsible for the payment of ad valorem property taxes on three parcels of land that are the site of its cement plant, which is located within the Delray Renaissance Zone in
Subsequently, petitioner moved for summary disposition, arguing that the property was exempt from the school debt service tax because none of the exceptions to the general exemption set forth in MCL 211.7ff applied to the property. First, petitioner argued, the tax levied was not a special assessment under the exception set forth in MCL 211.7ff(2)(a). Second, because the school debt service tax was not levied by a “local governmental unit,” i.e., a county, city, village, or township, the exception to the general exemption set forth in MCL 211.7ff(2)(b) did not apply. Third, the tax was not levied pursuant to any of the Revised School Code sections listed under the exception set forth in MCL 211.7ff(2)(c). And, fourth, a casino was not being operated on the property, so the exception set forth under MCL 211.7ff(3) did not apply.
More particularly, with regard to the second exception to the exemption, petitioner argued that a “school district” is not considered a “local governmental unit” under the definition provided in the RZA, MCL 125.2683(g).
In response to petitioner’s motion for summary disposition, the city argued that MCL 211.7ff(2)(b) actually contains two separate and independent clauses. The statute provides that property in a renaissance zone is not exempt from the collection of “[a]d valorem property taxes specifically levied for the payment of principal and interest of obligations approved by the electors or obligations pledging the unlimited taxing power of the local governmental unit.” MCL 211.7ff(2)(b) (emphasis added). At issue in the Kinder case was the second clause, not the first clause, and because the first clause was at issue in this case, Kinder provides no guidance. The city claimed that the tax was levied “to satisfy the indebtedness of the School District of the City of Detroit.” Thus, the fact that the school district is not a “local governmental unit” as that term is defined in the RZA is irrelevant; the tax was levied for the repayment of principal and interest of obligations approved by the electors. The city argued that if the “Legislature [had] intended for the limiting term ‘local governmental unit’ to apply to both clauses of MCL 211.7ff(2)(b) it could have easily done so by the simple placement of a couple
The Tax Tribunal agreed with petitioner, holding that the definition of “local governmental unit” does not include school districts and that the city’s “stance of the Legislature’s intent [is] unconvincing.” The tribunal concluded that, in light of the clear definition of “local governmental unit,” as well as the mandate to read the property tax act in conjunction with the RZA, a clerical error or mutual mistake of fact existed and resulted in an error on petitioner’s tax bills. Accordingly, petitioner’s motion for summary disposition was granted, and the city was ordered to remove the school debt tax from the taxes charged to the property and refund any overpaid taxes. This appeal followed.
On appeal, the city argues that the general exemption set forth in MCL 211.7ff(l) did not apply to petitioner’s property; rather, the exception to that exemption set forth in MCL 211.7ff(2)(b) applied because the tax at issue was approved by the school district electors for payment of school debt principal and interest. We disagree.
In the absence of fraud, our review of the Tax Tribunal’s decision is limited to determining whether the tribunal misapplied the law or adopted a wrong principle. Wexford Med Group v City of Cadillac, 474 Mich 192, 201; 713 NW2d 734 (2006). The tribunal’s interpretation of a statute, however, presents a question of law that is reviewed de novo on appeal. Pittsfield Charter Twp v Washtenaw Co, 468 Mich 702, 707; 664 NW2d 193 (2003).
MCL 125.2682 of the RZA provides:
The legislature of this state finds and declares that there exists in this state continuing need for programs to*245 assist certain local governmental units in encouraging economic development, the consequent job creation and retention, and ancillary economic growth in this state. To achieve these purposes, it is necessary to assist and encourage the creation of renaissance zones and provide temporary relief from certain taxes within the renaissance zones.
In accord, MCL 125.2689(2)(a) of the RZA states that, except as provided in MCL 125.2690, property in a renaissance zone is exempt from the collection of taxes under MCL 211.7ff of the General Property Tax Act. And MCL 211.7ff provides in part as follows:
(1) For taxes levied after 1996, except as otherwise provided in subsections (2) and (3) and except as limited in subsections (4), (5), and (6), real property in a renaissance zone and personal property located in a renaissance zone is exempt from taxes collected under this act to the extent and for the duration provided pursuant to the Michigan renaissance zone act, 1996 PA 376, MCL 125.2681 to 125.2696.
(2) Real and personal property in a renaissance zone is not exempt from collection of the following:
(a) A special assessment levied by the local tax collecting unit in which the property is located.
(h) Ad valorem property taxes specifically levied for the payment of principal and interest of obligations approved by the electors or obligations pledging the unlimited taxing power of the local governmental unit.
(c) A tax levied under section 705, 1211c, or 1212 of the revised school code, 1976 PA 451, MCL 380.705, 380.1211c, and 380.1212.
The dispute between the parties came to be centered on the interpretation of MCL 211.7ff(2)(b). The city argues that this exception to the general exemption applied to petitioner’s property because the taxes were “levied for the payment of principal and interest of obligations approved by the electors.” The taxes were
The primary goal in construing a statute is to discern and give effect to the intent of the Legislature. Murphy v Mich Bell Tel Co, 447 Mich 93, 98; 523 NW2d 310 (1994). The first criterion in determining intent is the specific language of the statute. United States Fidelity & Guaranty Co v Mich Catastrophic Claims Ass’n (On Rehearing), 484 Mich 1, 13; 795 NW2d 101 (2009). The fair and natural import of the terms employed, in view of the subject matter of the law, governs. People v McGraw, 484 Mich 120, 124; 771 NW2d 655 (2009). If the plain and ordinary meaning of the statutory language is clear, i.e., unambiguous, the Legislative intent is clear. Nastal v Henderson & Assoc Investigations, Inc, 471 Mich 712, 720; 691 NW2d 1 (2005); Lansing Mayor v Pub Serv Comm, 470 Mich 154, 157; 680 NW2d 840 (2004). In such a case, the Legislature is presumed to have intended the meaning it plainly expressed; thus,
With regard to the issue of statutory ambiguity, the Lansing Mayor Court held that “a provision of the law is ambiguous only if it ‘irreconcilably conflicts] ’ with another provision, [Klapp v United Ins Group Agency, Inc, 468 Mich 459, 467; 663 NW2d 447 (2003)], or when it is equally susceptible to more than a single meaning.” Lansing Mayor, 470 Mich at 166 (first alteration in Lansing Mayor). When is a provision equally susceptible to more than a single meaning? The Lansing Mayor Court held that a “reasonable disagreement” is not the standard for identifying ambiguity. Id. at 168. That is, “[a] provision is not ambiguous just because ‘reasonable minds can differ regarding’ the meaning of the provision.” People v Gardner, 482 Mich 41, 50 n 12; 753 NW2d 78 (2008), quoting Lansing Mayor, 470 Mich at 165. The Lansing Mayor Court concluded that “a finding of ambiguity is to be reached only after ‘all other conventional means of [ ] interpretation’ have been applied and found wanting.” Lansing Mayor, 470 Mich at 165, quoting Klapp, 468 Mich at 474 (alteration in Lansing Mayor). That is, “ambiguity is a finding of last resort.” Lansing Mayor, 470 Mich at 165 n 6.
The provision at issue in this case is MCL 211.7ff(2)(b), which provides for the collection of
[a]d valorem property taxes specifically levied for the payment of principal and interest of obligations approved by the electors or obligations pledging the unlimited taxing power of the local governmental unit.
According to the city, the phrase should be read as follows: “Ad valorem property taxes specifically levied for the payment of principal and interest of [(1)] obligations approved by the electors or [(2)] obligations
Petitioner offers the following construction of the statutory provision: “Ad valorem property taxes specifically levied for the payment of principal and interest of [(1)] obligations approved by the electors or [(2)] obligations pledging the unlimited taxing power[,] of the local governmental unit.” The phrase “principal and interest of” would apply to both types of obligations, and the phrase “of the local governmental unit” would apply to both types of obligations. It follows, then, that another possible construction of the statutory provision is the following: “Ad valorem property taxes specifically levied for the payment of [(1)] principal and interest of obligations approved by the electors or [(2)] obligations pledging the unlimited taxing power[,] of the local governmental unit.” The phrase “principal and interest
As set forth earlier, to construe a statute we must first examine its language, according every word and phrase its plain and ordinary meaning and considering the grammatical context. MCL 8.3a; United States Fidelity, 484 Mich at 13. First, we turn to the phrase “principal and interest of.” The issue whether this phrase applies only to “obligations approved by the electors” or whether it also applies to “obligations pledging the unlimited taxing power of the local governmental unit” has not been raised in this case. This issue was raised in Kinder, but the Kinder Court was not required to construe the provision on the facts of that case. Kinder, 277 Mich App at 168-169. Because this issue was not raised by the parties, we need not construe this statutoiy language but will assume for purposes of this case that the phrase applies to both obligations.
Next, we consider whether the phrase “of the local governmental unit” applies to “obligations approved by the electors,” as held by the Tax Tribunal. Guidance is gleaned from the statutory language. The Legislature used the word “the” with respect to “electors.” “The” is a definite article that, when used especially before a noun — like “electors” — has a specifying or particularizing effect. See Robinson v City of Lansing, 486 Mich 1, 14; 782 NW2d 171 (2010). Following the rationale of Robinson, because MCL 211.7ff(2)(b) refers to “the electors,” we must determine to which “specific or particular” electors it refers.
The city argues that, under the rule of the last antecedent, the modifying clause “of the local governmental unit” should only apply to the antecedent “obligations pledging the unlimited taxing power” and not to “obligations approved by the electors.” Clearly, the rule of the last antecedent does not apply when its application results in a construction that is contrary to the plain language of the statute. See Sun Valley Foods, 460 Mich at 237. As discussed earlier, the statutory provision itself refers to “the electors,” not merely “electors” in general.
Real and personal property in a renaissance zone is not exempt from collection of the following:
(a) A special assessment levied by the local tax collecting unit in which the property is located.
(b) Ad valorem property taxes specifically levied for the payment of principal and interest of obligations approved by the electors or obligations pledging the unlimited taxing power of the local governmental unit.
(c) A tax levied under section 705, 1211c, or 1212 of the revised school code, 1976 PA 451, MCL 380.705, 380.1211c, and 380.1212.
The statute clearly states that the exemption does not apply to “[a] special assessment levied by the local tax collecting unit” or to “[a]d valorem property taxes levied for payment of.. . obligations pledging the unlimited taxing power of the local governmental unit” MCL 211.7ff(2)(a) and (b) (emphasis added). It would be inherently inconsistent to construe the statute so as to require the payment of ad valorem property taxes levied for obligations approved by any group of “electors” rather than, consistent with the statutory language and overall scheme, just “the electors” of the local governmental unit. This construction (1) complies with the mandate that “[e]ffect is to be given to every provision, and the whole statute is to be considered in order to achieve a harmonious and consistent result,” Ferguson v Pioneer State Mut Ins Co, 273 Mich App 47, 52; 731 NW2d 94 (2006), and (2) recognizes the fact that the Legislature is under no “obligation to cumbersomely
In summary, we agree with the Tax Tribunal’s conclusion, albeit for different reasons, that the levy of the tax on petitioner’s property was improper in that the taxes were not levied for the payment of “obligations approved by the electors” within the meaning of MCL 211.7ff(2)(b). After applying conventional means of statutory interpretation, we conclude that the phrase “of the local governmental unit” clearly applies to both the “obligations approved by the electors” and the “obligations pledging the unlimited taxing power.” There is no ambiguity. Thus, the Tax Tribunal properly granted petitioner’s motion for summary disposition and properly ordered the removal of the school debt service taxes from the taxes charged to petitioner’s property, as well as a refund of any overpaid taxes.
Affirmed.
This is the current citation. At other times relevant in this case, the definition has appeared in other subdivisions of this section.
The Robinson Court construed the “two-inch rule” set forth in MCL 691.1402a(2) of the governmental tort liability act, MCL 691.1401 et seq. Robinson, 486 Mich at 3, 5.
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting). I respectfully dissent. I disagree with the majority’s interpretation of the phrase “of the local government unit” in MCL 211.7ff(2)(b) as applying to both “obligations approved by the electors” and “obligations pledging the unlimited taxing power.” Despite its conclusion that the provision is unambiguous, the majority reads additional terms into MCL 211.7ff(2)(b) and, thus, its holding is contrary to the plain language of the statute and also to the rules of statutory construction. In my view, the language of MCL 211.7ff(2)(b) is clear and unambiguous, and judicial construction of its language is not permitted. I would apply the plain and ordinary meaning of the
This Court reviews the Tax Tribunal’s interpretation of a statute de novo. See Pittsfield Charter Twp v Washtenaw Co, 468 Mich 702, 707; 664 NW2d 193 (2003). When interpreting the meaning of a statute, this Court’s goal is to determine and give effect to the Legislature’s intent. The first step is to review the language used. Institute in Basic Life Principles, Inc v Watersmeet Twp (After Remand), 217 Mich App 7, 12; 551 NW2d 199 (1996). The Legislature is presumed to intend the meaning that is plainly expressed by the words written. Id. If the language of a statute is clear and unambiguous, then judicial construction is not necessary, nor is it even permitted, Mt Pleasant v State Tax Comm, 477 Mich 50, 53; 729 NW2d 833 (2007), and this Court must apply as written the language of the statute to the facts at issue, People v Barbee, 470 Mich 283, 286; 681 NW2d 348 (2004), even if it results in an absurd outcome, Decker v Flood, 248 Mich App 75, 84; 638 NW2d 163 (2001). A statutory provision “is ambiguous only if it ‘irreconcilably conflicts]’ with another provision or when it is equally susceptible to more than a single meaning.” Lansing Mayor v Pub Serv Comm, 470 Mich 154, 166; 680 NW2d 840 (2004) (citation omitted; alteration in original). Further, I must emphasize that the reason for these well-established rules of statutory interpretation is to ensure that the courts of this state adhere to their judicial role of applying the law and do not overstep their bounds by acting in a legislative capacity. In other words, the rules of statutory interpretation necessarily mandate judicial restraint in order to ensure the integrity of the separate branches of government. “[I]n our democracy, a legislature is free to make inefficacious or even unwise policy
The facts of this matter are not in dispute. Rather, the central issue is a question of law: Whether petitioner is subject to ad valorem tax liability under the language of MCL 211.7ff(2)(b). The Tax Tribunal answered this question in the negative, determining that the Legislature’s intent under the Michigan Renaissance Zone Act (RZA), MCL 125.2681 et seq., directed this result.
The Legislature enacted the RZA to assist “local governmental units in encouraging economic development” by permitting the creation of renaissance zones within which entities would be provided temporary relief from certain taxes. MCL 125.2682. Consistent with this purpose, MCL 125.2689(2)(a) of the RZA provides, in part, that “property located in a renaissance zone is exempt from the collection of taxes under . .. [s]ection 7ff of the general property tax act [(GPTA)], 1893 PA 206, MCL 211.7ff.” And consistent with this mandate, MCL 211.7ff(l) provides an exemption from taxation under the GPTA:
For taxes levied after 1996, except as otherwise provided in subsection[] (2)..., real property in a renaissance zone and personal property located in a renaissance zone is exempt from taxes collected under this act to the extent and for the duration provided pursuant to the Michigan renaissance zone act, 1996 PA 376, MCL 125.2681 to 125.2696.
Subsection 2 of MCL 211.7ff provides a list of exceptions to this exemption:
*255 Real and personal property in a renaissance zone is not exempt from collection of the following:
(a) A special assessment levied by the local tax collecting unit in which the property is located.
(b) Ad valorem property taxes specifically levied for the payment of principal and interest of obligations approved by the electors or obligations pledging the unlimited taxing power of the local governmental unit.
(c) A tax levied under section 705, 1211c, or 1212 of the revised school code, 1976 PA 451, MCL 380.705, 380.1211c, and 380.1212. [MCL 211.7ff(2) (emphasis added).]
In other words, under these limited circumstances the exemption from taxation under the GPTA, which is mandated by the RZA, does not apply and an entity will be subject to tax liability.
The only exception to the exemption that is at issue here is MCL 211.7ff(2)(b). Under this provision, an entity with real or personal property in a renaissance zone will be subject to an ad valorem property tax that was “specifically levied for the payment of principal and interest of [(1)] obligations approved by the electors or [(2)] obligations pledging the unlimited taxing power of the local governmental unit.” Id. A plain reading of this provision’s terms reveals no ambiguity. Reasonable minds cannot differ in the conclusion that this provision provides an exception to the RZA exemption if an ad valorem tax is levied for obligations approved by the electors or for obligations pledging the unlimited taxing power of the local governmental unit. Simply put, an ad valorem tax will be applicable if either of these two types of obligations exist.
Despite its conclusion that MCL 211.7ff(2)(b) is unambiguous, the majority somehow concludes that the exception to the exemption found in it only applies if an ad valorem tax is levied for obligations approved by the
The majority further justifies its interpretation by opining that the failure to add the phrase “of a governmental unit” after “obligations approved by the electors” renders the term “the,” as used before “electors,” nugatory. It is true that the article “the” is a definite article that may have a specifying effect in some contexts. However, it does not follow that the term “the” is necessarily rendered surplusage if the phrase “obligations approved by the electors” is not read to mean “obligations approved by the electors [of the local governmental unit].” I would note that the article “the” may also be used to designate a noun “as being used generically,” Random House Webster’s College Dictionary (1997),
I agree with the majority that statutory provisions must not be read in isolation, but in the context of the statutory scheme as a whole. See Robinson, 486 Mich at 15. However, nothing in the language of MCL 211.7ff(2) renders my interpretation “inherently inconsistent” with the statutory language or the overall scheme of the
Real and personal property in a renaissance zone is not exempt from collection of the following:
(a) A special assessment levied by the local tax collecting unit in which the property is located.
(b) Ad valorem property taxes specifically levied for the payment of principal and interest of obligations approved by the electors or obligations pledging the unlimited taxing power of the local governmental unit.
(c) A tax levied under section 705, 1211c, or 1212 of the revised school code, 1976 PA 451, MCL 380.705, 380.1211c, and 380.1212. [Emphasis added.]
The majority implies that because the statute’s “exemption does not apply to ‘[a] special assessment levied by the local tax collecting unit’ or to ‘[a]d valorem property taxes levied for payment of. .. obligations pledging the unlimited taxing power of the local governmental unit,’ ” it must also follow that the ad valorem tax levied under MCL 211.7ff(2)(b) for obligations approved by the electors must be approved by “ ‘the electors’ of the local governmental unit” rather than “any group of ‘electors’ . . .. ” This position is logically untenable; it is based on erroneous deductive reasoning in regard to the relationship between subdivisions (a) and (b) of MCL 211.7ff(2). Moreover, I would also point out that the Legislature’s inclusion in subdivision (c) of MCL 211.7ff(2) of an exception to the RZA exemption for taxes levied under the Revised School Code does not mandate the conclusion that MCL 211.7ff(2)(b) must be construed to preclude an ad valorem tax levied for an obligation approved by electors who happen to be a particular school district’s electors. And it must be noted that a school district can encompass more than
For the foregoing reasons, I disagree with the majority’s construction of MCL 211.7ff(2)(b), which impermissibly interprets that unambiguous provision and concludes that “the phrase ‘of the local governmental unit’ clearly applies to both the ‘obligations approved by the electors’ and the ‘obligations pledging the unlimited taxing power.’ ” Under the circumstances of this case, an ad valorem tax was levied that was a school debt service tax of 13 mills as a result of the school district electors’ approval of $116,156,390 in bonds. This was an “obligationG approved by the electors,” and therefore petitioner is subject to taxation under MCL 211.7ff(2)(b). Petitioner cannot avail itself of the RZA’s exemption because the factual circumstances fall within the exception to the exemption. I would conclude, then, that the taxes were properly levied against petitioner. I would reverse the decision of the Tax Tribunal.
Currently, section 3(g) of the RZA, MCL 125.2683(g), defines “local governmental unit” as “a county, city, village, or township.” At other times relevant to this case, the definition has appeared in different subdivisions of this section.
An example of how the term “the” may be used in this way is the following: “The dog is a quadruped.” Random House Webster’s College Dictionary (1997).
Reference
- Full Case Name
- LAFARGE MIDWEST, INC v. CITY OF DETROIT
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- 16 cases
- Status
- Published