Mielke v. ANR Freight System, Inc.
Mielke v. ANR Freight System, Inc.
Opinion of the Court
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Before the Court is defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment, April 10, 1989. For the reasons stated below this motion is GRANTED.
This is a Toussaint action that raises a unique issue. It is not whether an employer’s policy can be interpreted as changing the traditional common law relationship of an employee as one of an at-will employment to one of discharge only for just cause, but, rather, whether the alleged policy was ever actually the policy of the employer.
The employee, after many years of employment and after superiors had repeatedly expressed great dissatisfaction with his performance, was advised by a co-employee that he would be discharged very soon. He then went to the local office, looked through the employer’s policy manual, and found a copy of the “policy” upon which he relies in this case.
The defendant denies that the company ever adopted the policy and presents unrebutted testimony of a number of employees establishing overwhelmingly that it never had, in fact, been adopted. Plaintiff, as noted, has presented no evidence in opposition to that of the defendant on this issue and merely relies on his own testimony that he found the policy in the employer’s manual in the Flint office.
It is necessary to note several principles. First, if an actual “just cause” contract provision is established, recovery does not depend on a plaintiff’s awareness of the content thereof. (The most obvious example is that of a collectively bargained contract. An employee is bound by and has the benefits of that agreement regardless of whether he can claim actual reliance upon any particular term or terms thereof).
On the other hand, for a Toussaint contract to be found, it is necessary for the employee to rely on something more than a mere subjective expectancy. The employee asserting a “just cause” contract must show evidence that the employ
In this case we have knowledge of a policy, apparently transmitted in error to the local office, that turns out never to have been adopted by the employer. Neither the defendant employer nor the plaintiff employee can explain how the “policy” came to be in Flint and in the office manual.
The circumstances in this case are that the plaintiff was a long-time employee and, for most of his employment, was not aware of any policy that limited discharge to just cause only, in a business in which he knew there was rapid and frequent turnover and discharge of employees at his supervisory level. Plaintiff had no idea that such a policy existed until after he was advised that he would soon be discharged for deficiencies in his work performance as perceived by his superiors. Only then did he find the “policy” in the local manual.
The facts here are similar to a hypothetical case in which a promissory note inadvertently falls on the floor from one’s desk and the janitor delivers it erroneously to the named payee, when the maker never intended physically to transfer or deliver it. Under the law, the note would have no effect and recovery thereon would be denied, as it was never delivered.
Here, a paper was in a book, where it should not have been, and where it was obviously erroneously placed. If the plaintiff had seen it and relied upon it prior to the employer’s determination to discharge him, or had been led to believe while he was performing his services that this was indeed the policy, then a different result may well be reached, but where he only discovers the non-policy after being informed of his pending discharge, there is no reason to imply a contract provision a la Toussaint. During the performance of his work there was no reliance of any kind upon something the employer generated that would have reasonably led him to believe that he would not be discharged but for just cause. In other words, it seems to the Court that when the employee becomes
SO ORDERED.
.In an affidavit appended to his responsive brief and nowhere else in other prior testimony, plaintiff testified that, early in his employment as Saginaw terminal manager for ANR's predecessor, he had been responsible for maintaining the company procedures manual. He testified that, from his experience at that time, he remembered that there had been policies governing terminations in place as of then. Close to the time that he was fired, plaintiff asserted, it was that memory that prompted him to search out the current manual and its contested "policy." The Court rejects this affidavit, however, for the reasons set forth in defendant’s Reply at 5-9 and as stated in Reid v. Sears, Roebuck and Co., 790 F.2d 453, 460 (6th Cir. 1986).
. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986).
. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986).
Reference
- Full Case Name
- Andrew D. MIELKE v. ANR FREIGHT SYSTEM, INC.
- Status
- Published