Opinion by

The defendants in error replevied of Wetherbee a quantity of hoops which he made from timber cut upon their land. Wetherbee defended the replevin suit' upon these gi’ounds : First, he claimed to have cut the timber under a license from one Sumner, who was formerly tenant in common of the land with Green, and had been authorized by Green to give such license. Before tho license was given, however, Sumner had sold his interest to Camp and Brooks, the co-plaintiffs with Green, and had conveyed the same by warranty deed; but Wet-heibee claimed and offered to show by parol evidence that the sole purpose of this conveyance was to secure a pre-existing debt from Sumner? to Camp and Brooks, and that consequently it amounted to a mortgage, leaving in Sumner under our statute the usual right of a mortgagor to occupy and control the laud until foreclosure. He also claimed that the authority given to Green by Sumner had never been revoked, and that the license given would be good against Green and constitute an effectual bar against the suit in replevin, which would fail if any one of the plaintiffs was precluded from maintaining it.

But if the Court should he against him on this branch of the case, Wetherbee claimed further that replevin should not be maintained for the hoops, because he had cut the timber in good faith, relying upon a promise which lie had supposed proceeded from the parties having the lawful right to give it, and had by the expenditure of his labor and money converted the trees into chattels ini*85smensely more valuable than they were as they stood in the forest, and thereby he had tpade such chattels his own. And he offered to show that the timber was worth $25, while the hoops were worth some $700. He also claimed to have known nothing of the Sumner assignment. The evidence offered to show these facts was rejected by the Court and plaintiffs obtained judgment.

The principal question involved in the case was : Has a party who has taken the property of another in good faith, and in reliance upon a supposed right, without any intention to commit wrong, has by the expenditure of his money or labor, worked upon it so great a transformation as that which this timber underwent in being transformed from trees to hoops, acquired such a property therein that it oanuotbe followed into his hands and reclaimed by the owner of the trees in its improved condition.

The authorities were examined at length, and the Court concluded that the Judge below had erred in rejecting the testimony offered. That the defendant had a right to show that he had manufactured the hoops in good faith and in the belief that he had the proper authority to do so; and, if he should succeed in making that showing, he was entitled to have the jury iustrueted that the title to the timber was changed by a substantial change of identity, and that the remedy of the plaintiff was an action to recover damages tor the unintentional trespass.

On the other points the Court did not entirely agree with the plaintiff in error. It was not deemed important that the deed from Sumner was intended as a mere security. Sumner would have a right of redemption, but it does not follow that he would have been entitled to possession and to all the other rights of mortgagor in courts of law. Whore the deed is absolute in form the purpose generally is to vest in the grantor a larger power of control and disposition than he would have by statute under an ordinary mortgage. Perhaps the statute, which forbids ejectment by mortgage before .foreclosure, .was not intended to reach a case of this description.— The Court thought that the mere circumstance of the sale of Sumner’s interest did not operate in law as a reservation of the authority previously given to Sumner to sell the timber. Nor was it necessary that the license given to Sumner by Wetherbee should be in any particular form. A mere license to enter' upon land and cut *86timber docs not confer a legal right to do so; but it nevertheless protects the licensee so far as he has acted under it before revocation, and the protection does not depend upon the form, but upon what has been done, having proceeded by consent. However informal the consent may have been, the land owner cannot be allowed, by after-wards recalling it, to make the licensee a trespasser for what ho has done in reliance upon it.

Judgment reversed and a new trial ordered.