We are presented in this case with questions pertaining to findings and recommendations of the Judicial Tenure Commission and the power of this Court as it relates to the discipline of members of the state judiciary. The questions are of first impression and arise because respondent Charles V. Probert, the subject of the proceedings before us, is no longer a judge.

Respondent maintains that his departure from judicial office since the institution of formal disci*222plinary proceedings divested the commission of jurisdiction over him and precludes this Court from imposing effective discipline. It follows, he contends, that we should reject the commission’s recommendation of discipline. We find this argument unpersuasive.

In response to the conduct detailed in Part III of this opinion, the commission has recommended that respondent "be removed from judicial office and permanently enjoined from holding such office in the future”. We conclude that because respondent is presently not a judge and because we are not expressly empowered to enter an injunction of the nature sought here, we cannot implement the specific recommendations of the commission.

We hold further, however, that respondent is not beyond our disciplinary reach and conclude that he should be censured and conditionally suspended for five years, regardless of any possible intervening election or appointment to judicial office.

The facts and procedural history of the case are fully delineated in Part I of Justice Levin’s opinion.

I

In 1968, the people of Michigan amended the state constitution and established the commission.

"(1) A judicial tenure commission is established consisting of nine persons selected for three-year terms as follows: Four members shall be judges elected by the judges of the courts in which they serve; one shall be a court of appeals judge, one a circuit judge, one a probate judge and one a judge of a court of limited jurisdiction. Three shall be members of the state bar who shall be elected by the members of the state bar of whom one *223shall be a judge and two shall not be judges. Two shall be appointed by the governor; the members appointed by the governor shall not be judges, retired judges or members of the state bar. Terms shall be staggered as provided by rule of the supreme court. Vacancies shall be filled by the appointing power.

"(2) On recommendation of the judicial tenure commission, the supreme court may censure, suspend with or without salary, retire or remove a judge for conviction of a felony, physical or mental disability which prevents the performance of judicial duties, misconduct in office, persistent failure to perform his duties, habitual intemperance or conduct that is clearly prejudicial to the administration of justice. The supreme court shall make rules implementing this section and providing for confidentiality and privilege of proceedings.” Const 1963, art 6, § 30 (hereinafter § 30).

Section 30(2) prescribes four kinds of discipline: censure, suspension (with or without salary), retirement, and removal. Respondent avers that once a judge leaves office the question of judicial discipline is rendered moot and the commission’s jurisdiction over him is lost. Implicit in the argument is the view that § 30(2) discipline befits incumbent judges only. This is the position espoused by Justice Levin, who concludes that "§ 30 authorizes the recommendation and imposition of discipline for incumbent judges only”.1 Thus, upon a judge’s resignation or the expiration of his term, our colleague holds, commission proceedings must cease and this Court’s power to discipline that person under § 30(2) evaporates. We do not read that provision so narrowly.

Indeed, it is difficult to conceptualize how one who does not hold judicial office could be suspended, retired, or removed from office. Nevertheless, we have on at least three occasions issued *224conditional suspensions that would have foreclosed the exercise of the prerogatives inhering in any judicial office to which the disciplined party might have been elected or appointed in the future, the condition being, of course, re-election or appointment to judicial office. In the Matter of Mikesell, 396 Mich 517, 549; 243 NW2d 86 (1976); In the Matter of Del Rio, 400 Mich 665, 672, fns 3-4; 256 NW2d 727 (1977); In the Matter of Bennett, 403 Mich 178, 200; 267 NW2d 914 (1978). The effect of those suspensions would have been to disengage the disciplined party from judicial power, but only had that person come to occupy judicial office again during the term of the suspension, and only to the extent that the terms of office and suspension coincided. Clearly, it is immaterial to a suspension of this nature whether or not the disciplined party holds judicial office when the suspension is imposed.2 A conditional suspension, therefore, is not appropriately taken against incumbent judges only.3

Furthermore, it is not at all difficult to conceptualize how one who does not hold judicial office could be censured. Respondent himself concedes the possibility. In light of the purposes of judicial discipline,4 the censure of a former judge may be entirely expedient.

*225When we are confronted with a case of misconduct in office and the question of judicial discipline arises, we are obliged to make a judgment concerning the respondent’s fitness to be a judge in light of his misconduct. Thus, a decision to enter an order of judicial discipline must be responsive to individual considerations. But our concern encompasses more: when one commits judicial misconduct he not only marks himself as a potential subject of judicial discipline, he denigrates an institution.5 Accordingly, a decision on judicial discipline must also be responsive to a significant institutional consideration, "the preservation of the integrity of the judicial system”.6 Institutional integrity, after all, is at the core of institutional effectiveness.

When a judge charged with misconduct removes himself from judicial office to avoid the notoriety and ignominy incident to disciplinary proceedings and the possibility of sanctions, censure, if deserved, may be essential to "the preservation of the integrity of the judicial system”, especially if that integrity has been critically undermined, because the alternative, silence, may be construed by the public as an act of condonation.7

As earlier stated, respondent asserts that because he is no longer a judge the case is moot.

*226Because the possibilities of censure and conditional suspension remain after a judge charged with misconduct steps down or fails to be reelected, a judicial discipline case does not become moot the instant the judge leaves office. Effective relief can still be granted; a controversy still exists. See generally Del Rio, supra, 685-686; McCarthy v Wayne Circuit Judge, 294 Mich 368, 373; 293 NW 683 (1940); Detroit v Killingsworth, 48 Mich App 181, 183; 210 NW2d 249 (1973). Establishment of a rule, therefore, calling for immediate termination of commission proceedings upon a judge’s leaving office is unwarranted.

Such a rule would also be unwise. A judge charged with misconduct should not have the power, simply by leaving office, to short-circuit investigation of the allegations against him, leav*227ing the proceedings incomplete and subject to the abrasion of time.8 Events pertaining to alleged judicial misconduct and the recommendation of the commission with respect to those events should be as close in time as possible. There is good reason, therefore, for commission proceedings to continue until completed, notwithstanding a judge’s resignation or failure to be re-elected after the filing of a complaint.

We are advised that as a matter of policy, "the [commission has declined to act further after termination of a respondent’s judicial office by resignation, by failure to be re-elected, or by death”.9 This policy no doubt developed in light of the commission’s estimation of the most effectual allocation of its resources. Once an unfit or incompetent judge is separated from judicial power, the greatest danger has passed. Be that as it may, this Court should not and will not transform that *228policy into a fast, inflexible rule of law that would preclude contrary action when the commission, in its considered judgment and discretion, deems it appropriate.10

Furthermore, to hold that this Court has no power to discipline a former judge would work undue mischief, which would be most apparent, for example, in a case in which a judge leaves office after his case is submitted to us and only the question of discipline remains. Such a holding would mean that at a time when the commission has completed its work and we have before us all the information and materials necessary to render judgment, our power to vindicate the integrity of the judiciary could nonetheless be negated by wholly irrelevant occurrences such as the expira*229tion of the judge’s term of office, his resignation, or the length of time we take to decide the case.

II

The question whether this Court is empowered to permanently enjoin respondent from holding judicial office in the future remains. Our authority to discipline members of the state judiciary flows from two sources, §§ 30 and 4 of article 6 of the Michigan Constitution.

The four types of discipline § 30 empowers this Court to impose — censure, suspension, removal, and retirement — do not appear to comprehend the permanent injunction sought here.11

Section 4 embodies a more general grant of power, the power of superintending control.

"The supreme court shall have general superintending control over all courts; power to issue, hear and determine prerogative and remedial writs; and appellate jurisdiction as provided by rules of the supreme court. The supreme court shall not have the power to remove a judge.” Const 1963, art 6, § 4 (hereinafter § 4).

As explained in In re Huff, 352 Mich 402, 418; 91 NW2d 613 (1958):

"The superintending control conferred by Constitution on this Court is a power separate, independent and distinct from its other original jurisdiction and appellate powers, its purpose being 'to keep the courts themselves "within bounds” and to insure the harmonious *230working of our judicial system.’ Such power having been conferred by Constitution upon this Court, it also received all the power necessary to make that control and its implementing orders and writs effective.” (Citations omitted.)

The Huff Court also outlined the great breadth of the power:

" 'The power of superintending control is an extraordinary power. It is hampered by no specific rules or means for its exercise. It is so general and comprehensive that its complete and full extent and use have practically hitherto not been fully and completely known and exemplified. It is unlimited, being bounded only by the exigencies which call for its exercise. As new instances of these occur, it will be found able to cope with them. Moreover, if required, the tribunals having authority to exercise it will, by virtue of it, possess the power to invent, frame, and formulate new and additional means, writs, and processes whereby it may be exerted. This power is not limited by forms of procedure or by the writ used for its exercise. Furthermore, it is directed primarily to inferior tribunals, and its relation to litigants is only incidental.’ ” Id., 417-418.

It is true that § 4 explicitly prohibits this Court from utilizing its power of superintending control to remove a judge.12 Nevertheless, "for the purpose of protecting the purity of judicial processes and maintaining public confidence in the administration of justice”, we indefinitely enjoined a judge "from exercising the powers and duties of [his] office” pursuant to our power of superintending control. Ransford v Graham, 374 Mich 104, 108; *231131 NW2d 201 (1964); In re Graham, 366 Mich 268, 280-281 fn of Reporter; 114 NW2d 333 (1962) (same case); accord, In re Mussman, 112 NH 99; 289 A2d 403 (1972); In the Matter of DeSaulnier, 360 Mass 787; 279 NE2d 296 (1972).

It is important to stress that our opinion today does not signal a retreat from the sound principles enunciated in Huff, supra, and Graham, supra. As the head of the state judiciary, it is this Court’s duty " 'to keep the [Michigan] courts * * * "within bounds” and to insure the harmonious working of our judicial system’ ”. Huff, supra, 418. That system is only as good as its constituent judges. Accordingly, § 4 invests this Court with the power to determine that a person is unfit for judicial office and to prevent him from ever exercising judicial power in this state for as long as he is, in our judgment, judicially unfit.13

Section 4 does not explicitly bar us from permanently enjoining one from holding judicial office. The provision, however, does declare that we have no power to remove a judge. We do not find in this *232specific prohibition a cognate prohibition against the permanent injunction recommended here. If a permanent injunction were truly a form of "removal”, consistency would compel the judgment that § 30, which authorizes us to "remove” a judge, permits us to enter a permanent injunction, but, clearly, this is not the case.14

The language of § 4 neither permits nor forbids us to issue a permanent injunction against the holding of judicial office. The lack of superintending power to remove does not itself unavoidably entail a similar lack of superintending power to permanently enjoin. Removal deprives the judge of a more significant and tangible interest — his existing judgeship — than the interest impinged upon by a permanent injunction — the potentiality of attaining a judgeship — which is more problematic and uncertain.15

Nonetheless, a permanent injunction might implicate the right of the voters of Michigan to choose those who would hold judicial office. As our Brother Levin correctly observes, the recommended injunction would "prevent the electorate from ever again effectively exercising the franchise in favor of a particular person”.16 That suffrage is bestowed by our constitution. Const 1963, art 2, § 1; art 6, §§ 2, 8, 12, 16. Section 4 should be construed, if possible, to harmonize with other constitutional provisions.17 We agree, therefore, *233that § 4 does not comprehend the power to permanently enjoin a person from holding judicial office.18

Ill

Charles V. Probert no longer holds judicial office. The commission recommends that he "be [(1)] removed from judicial office and [(2)] permanently enjoined from holding such office in the future”.

The first recommendation is moot.

The second recommendation cannot be carried out for the reasons discussed in Part II.

Nonetheless, the possibilities of censure and conditional suspension remain,19 and, therefore, our decision to deny the commission’s recommendation does not foreclose the question of discipline.

The commission divided its findings into four general categories:

"(1) Respondent habitually and willfully disregarded statutes, court rules, canons and other ethical responsibilities in the administration of justice;

"(2) Respondent improperly used his judicial office to benefit his friends and court employees;_

*234"(3) Respondent engaged in conduct giving rise to impropriety and the appearance of impropriety; and

"(4) Respondent exhibited a gross lack of judicial temperament and impartiality.”

The commission elaborated its findings as follows:

"(1) As to the first general category, we adopt, as fully supported by the record, the findings that respondent wrongfully: thwarted the right of criminal defendants to appointed counsel; denied defendants the right to reasonable bail and perverted the bail process to unsuitable and improper purposes; denied defendants the right to an appeal bond; routinely denied the clear statutory right of misdemeanants to post a ten percent bond; and habitually abused his contempt power. Respondent’s extrajudicial confiscation of weapons, however well motivated, constituted an act of judicial lawlessness. Under the same general category, respondent’s refusal to obey an order of a superior court was an act of insubordination and conduct clearly prejudicial to the administration of justice. See In the Matter of Bennett, 403 Mich 178; 267 NW2d 914 (1978).

"Concerning the allegation in paragraph 12, the proofs showed respondent’s unlawful acceptance in the Jacobs case of a guilty plea to a felony written on an appearance ticket. This is an action without any jurisdiction or justification and is a serious disregard of proper procedure. It pales by comparison to respondent’s subsequent alteration of court and police records, his perjury in the court records, and his falsification of judicial records, all in an effort to cover up his misconduct.

"We find that the foregoing misconduct evaluated in its totality constitutes conduct clearly prejudicial to the administration of justice, misconduct in office, and persistent failure to perform judicial duties as proscribed by Const 1963, art 6, § 30, and GCR 1963, 932.4.

"(2) With regard to the second general category, we make the following observations: respondent improperly used his judicial office to benefit his friends and court employees. He abused the processes of the court, including his contempt power, to obtain a material benefit for *235the nephew of his court constable. In a similar manner, he procured an employment test for his friend, and assisted her in preparing answers in advance of the test. * * *

"We find that this constitutes misconduct in office and conduct clearly prejudicial to the administration of justice within the purview of Const 1963, art 6, § 30, and GCR 1963, 932.4.

"(3) As to the third general category, conduct giving rise to impropriety and the appearance of impropriety, we find respondent’s public intoxication and associated misconduct to be a grave breach of his responsibilities. * * *

"Respondent’s drunkenness as proven did not involve his activities on the bench. However, his notorious, flagrant, and boorish behavior in the bars around Wyoming, Michigan, created a public spectacle, and doubtless scandalized the community. Thereby, he violated his duty to behave, 'in a sense * * * as though he is always on the bench’. Bennett, supra.

"We find that his behavior failed to avoid impropriety and its appearance and was conduct clearly prejudicial to the administration of justice within the meaning of Const 1963, art 6, § 30, and GCR 1963, 932.4. We find further that respondent’s conduct aforesaid was such as to bring his office into disrepute.

"(4) As to respondent’s gross lack of judicial temperament and impartiality, there are two general areas of misconduct. The first is respondent’s injudicious behavior during arraignments and sentencings. The concrete examples of misconduct are legion and are fully and adequately discussed in the report of the master. Frequently, respondent interjected extraneous matters into the proceeding and made it appear that his determination in the case rested on them. He bullied and badgered defendants. In a number of cases as proven, the judge brandished his peculiar conceptualization of the relationship between the court and the police, referring to 'my police officers’. Particularly shocking conduct appears in People v Joseph Bouwhuis, and its companion cases. There, he told the defendants that there were 'pimps, murderers and homosexuals out at the Kent *236County Jail’ and the defendants would be 'some fresh meat for them’. Respondent’s frequent statements at arraignments, as in that particular case, that the defendants 'don’t need an attorney, but need a miracle worker instead’ necessarily suggested that respondent had prejudged their case.

"In People v Gary Schultz, respondent referred to the defendant as a 'little bastard’ from the bench. In People v Charles Sharpe, respondent’s demeaning, sarcastic remarks about the defendant’s admitted homosexuality made it obvious that Judge Probert sentenced him not for what he did, but for what he was.

"Another aspect of respondent’s partiality and unjudicial temperament manifested itself during the preliminary examinations or trials in People v Gary Bolot, People v Scott Selkirk, People v Thomas McKellar, People v Alan Metzger, and People v Nicholas Busser. In the most crude and overbearing way, respondent interfered with the normal course of these proceedings and sought to obtain the desired result without the formality of a trial. Under these circumstances, respondent, like Judge Del Rio, himself improperly coerced guilty pleas. Del Rio, 702.

"We find this to be misconduct in office and conduct clearly prejudicial to the administration of justice, in contravention of the provisions of Const 1963, art 6, § 30, and GCR 1963, 932.4.”

A review of the record reveals that the findings of the commission are amply supported. Further, respondent has filed no objection to the master’s report upon which they are based. We therefore adopt the findings of fact and conclusions of law in the quoted portions of the commission’s opinion.

To sum up, we find, as did the commission, that respondent’s actions, taken as a whole, constitute conduct clearly prejudicial to the administration of justice, misconduct in office, and persistent failure to perform judicial duties, all proscribed by Const 1963, art 6, § 30, and GCR 1963, 932.4.

*237Certainly, this egregious misconduct and judicial perfidy warrant the imposition of disciplinary measures. This Court cannot ignore respondent’s acts, not only because they violate the laws of this state, but also because, as stated in Del Rio:

"[T]he real issue in this case [is] the preservation of the integrity of the judicial system.

"The functions and decisions of a judge have an incalculable impact on the community at large. A citizen’s experience with the law is/often confined to contact with the courts. Therefore, it is important not only that the integrity of the judiciary be preserved but that the appearance of that integrity be maintained.” Del Rio, 725.

The foregoing analysis applies with equal force to respondent.

Accordingly, in light of the nature and extent of his misconduct as documented by the commission, and pursuant to GCR 1963, 932.25, we hereby censure Charles V. Probert and impose a five-year conditional suspension without pay effective the date of this decision. Should he regain judicial office during that time, Mr. Probert will nevertheless be debarred from exercising the power and prerogatives of the office until at least the expiration of the suspension. Pursuant to GCR 1963, 866, the clerk of the Court is ordered to issue final process immediately upon release of this opinion.

(dissenting). The Judicial Tenure Commission has recommended that Charles V. Probert, who no longer holds judicial office, "be removed from judicial office and permanently enjoined from holding such office in the future”.

*238We agree with the majority that a person cannot be permanently enjoined from holding judicial office.

The majority "conditionally suspends” Probert for five years from this date and censures him. We dissent because the commission is not empowered to recommend the discipline of, nor is this Court empowered, on the commission’s recommendation, to discipline a person who no longer holds judicial office.

I

On April 17, 1978, the Judicial Tenure Commission filed a formal complaint against Charles V. Probert who was then municipal judge for the City of Wyoming. A supplemental complaint was filed May 24. A master was appointed to hear the charges and public hearings were held intermittently from July 11 to September 21.

The Wyoming Municipal Court was abolished by statute effective January 1, 1979 and replaced by a two-judge district court. Probert was defeated in his efforts at election to one of the new positions in November, 1978. His office expired December 31, 1978, and he has held no judicial office since that time.

The master’s report was filed on January 3, 1979. The master found misconduct.in office.1

*239Probert filed no objection to the master’s report. On January 18, he filed in this Court a motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction and mootness. We denied the motion to dismiss "without prejudice to his raising the question of mootness in a petition to reject or modify the commission’s recommendation under GCR 1963, 932.24(a)”.

Probert was informed by letter that since he had filed no objections to the master’s report, the Judicial Tenure Commission would consider the report without hearing and oral argument.2 On April 9, 1979, a five-member majority of the commission adopted the master’s findings of fact and conclusions of law and recommended that Probert be "removed from judicial office and permanently enjoined from holding such office in the future”.3

Three members of the commission recommended that the complaint be dismissed because the commission’s jurisdiction is limited to recommendations concerning persons holding judicial office when the recommendation is made.

The record was transmitted to this Court in *240accordance with GCR 1963, 932.23, and Probert filed a petition to reject the commission’s recommendation.

II

The 1963 Constitution carried forward prior constitutional provisions granting this Court broad powers of superintending control.4 However,: the power to remove a judge from office was expressly denied;5 a judge could be removed only by action of the Governor and the Legislature or by impeachment.6

The judicial article (art 6) of the 1963 Constitution was amended in 1968 by ratification of § 30, which establishes the Judicial Tenure Commission, sets forth the qualifications and method of selection of its members, and provides:

"On recommendation of the judicial tenure commission, the supreme court may censure, suspend with or without salary, retire or remove a judge for conviction of a felony, physical or mental disability which prevents the performance of judicial duties, misconduct in office, persistent failure to perform his duties, habitual intemperance or conduct that is clearly prejudicial to the administration of justice. The supreme court shall make rules implementing this section and providing for confidentiality and privilege of proceedings.”

This Court promulgated GCR 1963, 932 implementing § 30._

*241A

The function of the Judicial Tenure Commission is to monitor the conduct of persons charged with the administration of justice and to recommend disciplinary action to this Court.

The focus of § 30 is on the discipline of persons with judicial tenure; indeed, the commission is denominated the Judicial Tenure Commission. This suggests that § 30 is concerned with the discipline of persons who have judicial tenure— persons who currently hold judicial office.

Further, the four types of disciplinary action listed in § 30 — censure, suspension, retirement or removal — are stated to be actions in discipline of "a judge”. A person who has left judicial office, by resignation, retirement or failure to gain re-election, is no longer a judge. Accordingly, by reason of the specific language of § 30, disciplinary action cannot be exerted against a person who has left judicial office; only judges are subject to discipline under § 30.

This reading of § 30 is also supported by an analysis of the types of disciplinary action authorized. Suspension, retirement and removal all involve the separation of a person from whatever judicial authority or office he has.7 One may characterize an order which bars a person who is no longer a judge from holding judicial office in the future as a "suspension” (or, for that matter, as a "retirement” or "removal”), but such a characterization is a strained meaning of those words. The *242normal meaning of "suspension”, which we are bound to accept,8 is an act which has the present effect of separating a judge from the judicial authority or office he holds. The "conditional suspension” imposed by the majority would become effective only if the former judge again attains judicial office during the period of "conditional suspension” and is totally ineffective unless he does so — it has no present effect.

A person who has held but no longer holds judicial office may, indeed, be censured if "censure” is given its generic meaning as an utterance of strong disapproval, which can be directed to anyone, ex-judge or not, rather than its more specific meaning under § 30 as a level of discipline which, by identifying misconduct, seeks to cause a judge to correct his behavior in the future. "Censure” should not be read as intended to have a generic meaning when only the more specific meaning — discipline intended to correct the behavior of an incumbent judge — is consistent with the normal meaning of the other three types of discipline and with the accompanying modifying language that any discipline, including censure, be of "a judge”. The meaning of a word may be known from the words accompanying it.9 It is to be construed in context, not in the abstract.10

Censure was intended to be the least severe form of discipline, reserved for situations where, while some disciplinary action is indicated, the judge is expected to correct his conduct with a *243minimum of reprobation. Censure is appropriate where, while the judge has engaged in some misconduct, he is nonetheless fit to continue serving as a judge, and therefore retirement, suspension or removal is not appropriate.

It skews the constitutionally prescribed scheme of discipline to construe "censure” as a discipline which may be imposed on a person determined to be unfit to continue serving as a judge. Nor is it consonant with that scheme of discipline to censure a person who, since he no longer holds judicial office, cannot be expected to correct his conduct.

B

We do not agree with the Court that it is within the intent of § 30 for this Court to both censure and impose some other form of discipline at the same time for the same misconduct.

Section 30 provides that this Court may, on recommendation of the Judicial Tenure Commission, "censure, suspend with or without salary, retire or remove a judge”. The disciplines are listed in the alternative, and their gradation in severity indicates that it was contemplated that a choice of discipline would be made according to the severity of the misconduct.11 The majority’s decision to impose both censure and "conditional suspension” is thus at odds with the apparent intent of § 30.

Ill

The commission argues that these proceedings should continue because

*244i) Probert was a judge when the complaint was filed and the commission therefore had jurisdiction over the matter; once jurisdiction attaches it will not be defeated by subsequent events, even of a character which would have prevented it from attaching in the first instance. Thus, the commission and this Court have jurisdiction although Probert is no longer a judge.

ii) The proceedings still have a purpose because a) Probert can be censured and permanently removed from office, b) the Attorney Grievance Commission should have the benefit of this Court’s determination, and c) a decision on the merits would provide guidance regarding proper conduct to the judiciary and the Judicial Tenure Commission.

A

The commission accurately states the general rule regarding loss of jurisdiction. That rule of jurisdiction, however, does not govern this case.

When a person over whom jurisdiction has been properly obtained leaves the state, no question arises whether the court has power to continue to hear the case and enter a judgment binding on the person whose residency has changed because it is well established that a court has power to enter a judgment binding upon a non-resident over whom it has obtained personal jurisdiction. Since the court’s power to enter final judgment is not limited to residents, its jurisdiction, once obtained, is not defeated by a party’s change in status to a non-resident.

In this case, however, the issue is whether the power of the commission and this Court to act is defeated by a change in status from judge to ex-*245judge. Thus it is the premise of the general rule regarding loss of jurisdiction — that the court’s power to enter judgment is not affected by a party’s change in status — which is in question here. The general rule cannot, of course, be cited as authority for its own premise.

Here, the power to recommend discipline and to enter a final order of discipline is defeated because § 30 authorizes the recommendation and imposition of discipline for incumbent judges only. Since the commission has no power to recommend discipline and the Court has no power to order discipline under § 30, neither the commission nor the Court has power to continue to address the merits of the disciplinary proceeding. It is the lack of power to recommend and to order discipline under § 30 which defeats jurisdiction under § 30.

B

Since, as we all agree, this Court has no power to permanently enjoin Probert from holding judicial office (Part IV, infra), and there is no power to otherwise discipline him (Part II, supra), continuing proceedings would serve no purpose other than to punish or make an example of him, or inform the public of his misdeeds.12 These are not independent functions of Judicial Tenure Commission proceedings, but merely consequences of the disciplinary function. Proceedings which should otherwise *246terminate should not be continued simply to effect these ends.

1

The commission urges us to address the merits because "[a] finding in this proceeding that respondent’s conduct was conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice would be highly persuasive in the proceedings before the Attorney Grievance Commission under the doctrine of stare decisis”.

While the Attorney Grievance Commission has power to investigate and recommend discipline for conduct which has been the subject of Judicial Tenure Commission proceedings and the record of Judicial Tenure Commission proceedings is admissible at the hearing,13 the Attorney Grievance Commission must find the facts itself and recommend the discipline it thinks appropriate. This is so even where the basis of discipline is the same kind of misconduct. The two commissions operate independently to protect distinct interests and maintain distinct professional standards.

A judge’s conduct might be prejudicial to the administration of justice while identical conduct by a lawyer might not be. A person’s conduct or temperament might render him unfit to hold judicial office while not substantially affecting his fitness to be a member of the bar.

If Probert is to be found guilty of conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice and that finding is to be the basis of attorney disciplinary action, the finding should be made in the context of attorney disciplinary proceedings so that the focus can be his conduct as a member of the bar and not his fitness for judicial office.

*2472

The commission argues that a disposition on the merits of this case will provide guidance for other judges and the commission itself.

To be sure, when a judge is publicly disciplined for specified misconduct other judges are informed what conduct may result in discipline and they may be deterred from that conduct. But the commission cannot properly conduct proceedings for this purpose alone when it otherwise lacks the power to proceed. A prosecutor cannot continue proceedings against, for example, a person who becomes incompetent or dies during the pendency of the proceedings on the rationale that although the court cannot convict him, other persons will learn what conduct will be the basis of criminal charges and will be deterred from that conduct.

3

The commission stresses that Probert has not disavowed an intent to seek judicial office in the future and that the only reason he is not now a judge is that his old office was abolished and he was not elected to a new position. Proceedings should continue, it is argued, because he might be elected or, as a former elected judge, be assigned to judicial office in the future.

A holding that this Court does not have authority under § 30 to discipline Probert at this time would not, however, absolve him of responsibility for judicial misconduct.

A judge is subject to discipline for conduct prior to his taking office or during a previous tenure.14 Were Probert to regain judicial office after Judicial *248Tenure Commission proceedings terminated without imposition of discipline, he would again be subject to commission proceedings and, if appropriate, discipline might be recommended based in part on the record made in those proceedings.15

There remains the possibility that a resigned or defeated judge will be assigned judicial duties by this Court pursuant to its power under art 6, § 23 to authorize former elected judges to perform judicial duties for limited periods.

Continuation of Judicial Tenure Commission proceedings is not necessary to guard against improper exercise of the § 23 power. Judges are *249assigned in the exercise of this Court’s discretion; they have no tenure and no right to discharge judicial functions except as authorized by this Court. Assignments should be made after individual review and only those ex-judges who have enhanced the judiciary in the past and who can be expected to do so in the future should be recalled to the bench. Communication with the Judicial Tenure Commission should be but one step in the assignment process. The court rule which provides for confidentiality of commission records before a complaint is filed also provides that the commission may release information about assigned judges to the State Court Administrator.16

4

It might be argued that the commission should be permitted to proceed against ex-judges to protect the public’s interest in being informed. We are persuaded that continuing proceedings for this purpose would exceed the grant of authority in § 30 and distort the intended function of the Judicial Tenure Commission.

Judicial tenure proceedings are confidential until a complaint is filed and are public thereafter. When a complaint has been filed and hearings have been conducted, as in this case, the public will have access to all information made a part of the record by the commission. Terminating proceedings when a judge resigns or retires or his office expires will only mean that discipline is not imposed — the public will still have access to information concerning his conduct.

When a judge ceases to hold office at an earlier stage in commission proceedings, or before pro*250ceedings commence, less information will be available to the public through the commission. Education of the public, like education of other judges, is, however, merely a con sequence of the disciplinary function. Section 30, creating a commission responsible for recommending discipline for persons holding judicial office, does not suggest that the education of the public is an end in itself, to be pursued after the disciplinary function has ceased.

The Judicial Tenure Commission, created to recommend discipline for judges in order to maintain the quality of the judiciary, was not constituted as a watchdog agency to pursue judges for the purpose of publicizing misconduct. Its function is to recommend corrective discipline or necessary removal. When a judge ceases to hold judicial office, the potential threat to the judiciary, and perforce, to the public, is removed and the authority of the commission to conduct proceedings to remove that threat necessarily ends. Discipline not intended to rehabilitate the judge or protect the judicial office is mere punishment. Judicial Tenure Commission proceedings are intended to be remedial, not penal.

Moreover, the termination of commission proceedings does not mean that the public will be inadequately informed. Other institutions, notably the press, serve the public’s interest in being informed and may be expected to do so regardless of whether official commission proceedings continue.

Indeed, the press often reports on alleged judicial misconduct before the commission files a formal complaint. Rightly or wrongly, the practical reality is that this publicity and the prospect of commission proceedings cause some judges to resign or retire and some judges seeking re-election *251to be defeated. If it is thought that a judge’s resignation or retirement from office or his failure to win re-election does not adequately serve other public interests, the press — the institution primarily responsible for protecting the public interest in information — can continue investigating and reporting.

The public’s interest in judicial discipline is in assuring that justice is administered properly, in preserving the integrity of the courts and the judicial process, and in maintaining public confidence in the judiciary by assuring that judges conduct themselves in a manner befitting their judicial office. The ex-judge holds no such office, does not administer justice and is removed from the courts and the judicial process.

5

Nor does the termination of commission proceedings preclude the operation of attorney disciplinary rules. If the judge’s misdeeds were such as to render him unfit to be a member of the bar, the Attorney Grievance Commission may recommend discipline. Additionally, the ex-judge is subject to the criminal law. And, in an appropriate case, this Court could, in the exercise of its supervisory power, initiate or continue an investigation of its own if it appeared that the public interest required such extraordinary action.17

It should also be remembered, as stated earlier, that a judge who has left office is not thereby absolved of misconduct occurring prior to his election or appointment to office. If a judge who ceases to hold office before disciplinary proceedings run *252their course regains judicial office, the Judicial Tenure Commission may reactivate a previous inquiry into the judge’s conduct and may recommend discipline based on that conduct.

The attorney discipline rules provide that a lawyer against whom a complaint is filed may not resign from the bar without admitting guilt.18 If he does not sign an affidavit to that effect, proceedings will continue until termination.

Such rules were adopted pursuant to this Court’s plenary authority to regulate the legal profession. The Court does not, however, have such plenary authority to expand or alter the requirements or terms of § 30. Such a limitation on the power to resign is not contained in § 30.

6

If the commission has the power to continue proceedings against one who is no longer a judge, it is difficult to discern a reason why it might not initiate proceedings against one who is not a judge for misconduct in office which has only come to light since the judge has left office. The commission then would have the power to require any retired or defeated judge, without regard to whether a complaint had been filed before he left office, to defend against charges of misconduct notwithstanding that these ex-judges may never intend or have the opportunity to hold judicial office in the future.

If the power asserted by the Judicial Tenure Commission in the instant case is recognized, the commission might feel obliged, as it apparently did in this case, to implement what the members of the commission who dissented from the majority’s *253recommendation characterized as "a policy of pursuit into retirement”.

If the power exists, the public clamor caused by the unearthing of misconduct may cause the commission to feel obliged to employ it, with the result that the commission would be acting not to protect the public but to appease it. As a result, the commission’s resources would be diverted from its primary function of protecting judicial office from misconduct to investigating and publicizing alleged misdeeds of persons who no longer hold, and may never again hold, judicial office. The resources of the commission should be dedicated to the essential purpose of § 30: preventing the abuse of judicial power by those who exercise that power.

IV

The commission has recommended that Probert be permanently enjoined from holding judicial office. It argues that the constitution empowers this Court to permanently remove judges from judicial office, and therefore commission proceedings should not be terminated merely because a judge ceases to hold office.

A

The commission contends that this Court needs no express authorization to permanently disqualify a removed judge from judicial office when Const 1963, art 6, § 4, is read in conjunction with § 30.

Art 6, § 4 expresses this Court’s power of superintending control:

"The supreme court shall have general superintending control over all courts; power to issue, hear and determine prerogative and remedial writs; and appel*254late jurisdiction as provided by rules of the supreme court. The supreme court shall not have the power to remove a judge.”

The power of superintending control is separate and distinct from the disciplinary power set forth in § 30. This Court may act pursuant to § 30 only on recommendation of the Judicial Tenure Commission, and may impose no discipline not based on a commission finding of specified cause.19 In contrast, the commission has no role with respect to this Court’s supervisory powers under § 4. That power is exercised without commission recommendation, and the commission has no authority to recommend action. See Part IVB, infra.

Moreover, this Court has no authority under its power of superintending control to permanently enjoin a person from holding judicial office.

This Court has been empowered to exercise general superintending control over all courts since the adoption of the Constitution of 1850.20 The limitation on this power by the express withholding of the power to remove judges was added in the 1963 Constitution. The debates of the constitutional convention preceding the adoption of that constitution show that there was considerable concern that the superintending power as it then existed gave this Court too much power.21 An amendment was offered that would have withheld the power not only to remove but also to suspend.

Delegates speaking in opposition to the amendment emphasized the value of granting broad superintending authority to the Court, and that any limitation was unnecessary in light of the re*255straint shown by the Court during the 112 years it had possessed the "unlimited” power: no judge had ever been removed. Additionally, the power to at least temporarily suspend a judge was seen as essential to the proper superintending of the courts.

As a compromise, the convention adopted an amendment withholding the power to remove, thereby in effect granting the power of temporary suspension. Considerable trust was thus placed in this Court’s restraint: the delegates were willing to take the risk of such a broad grant of power primarily because of their trust in the restraint the Court had shown in exercising it.

A permanent injunction against holding judicial office is not only tantamount to a removal for the term of office but also operates as a permanent removal in futuro.22 To construe what was granted in § 4 — the power temporarily to suspend from the exercise of judicial office — as the equivalent of what was expressly withheld — the power to remove from the office itself — would be to betray that trust, and would violate the understanding on which it was granted. We would not allow another arm of government to so expand its power; more so should we not allow ourselves.23

*256Under § 30, this Court was granted the power, previously expressly reserved, to remove judges from office. Removal was made subject to the safeguards of a two-step process — recommendation by the Judicial Tenure Commission and action by this Court.

Several jurisdictions provide by constitution or statute that a judge who has been removed from *257office is thereafter disqualified from holding judicial office.24 Michigan has no such provision.

*258In those jurisdictions, the electorate has expressed its judgment that one who has been removed from office should never again be invested with the public trust and has, in effect, given up its own power to re-elect such a person after removal. The Michigan electorate has expressed no similar sentiment except with regard to the eligibility for legislative office of persons who have been convicted of subversion or a felony.25 Indeed it has expressed a contrary sentiment in regard to persons removed by impeachment.26

We are asked to hold that in adopting § 30 the electorate intended not only to grant the power to remove their elected judges from office in order to protect their interest in the proper administration *259of justice, but also to give up their power to reelect judges to office after they have been removed.

The power to prevent the electorate from ever again effectively exercising the franchise in favor of a particular person is a much greater power than the granted power to remove or to suspend a judge. This greater power has not been expressly granted in this state, and should not be inferred. The grant should be unambiguous as in. other jurisdictions.

We thus conclude that this Court has no authority under § 4 or § 30 to permanently enjoin Probert from holding judicial office.

B

In light of the commission’s reliance upon this Court’s § 4 power as authority for imposing discipline pursuant to § 30 proceedings, it is necessary to clarify that the powers granted this Court under § 4 are distinct from those granted under § 30. It would be improper for the commission or this Court to view § 4 as expanding the power to investigate and discipline pursuant to § 30 beyond the powers actually granted the commission and this Court by § 30.

This case comes to the Court pursuant to § 30. The commission initiated its investigation pursuant to its authority under that section. The commission’s proceedings were or should have been limited by the disciplines it is empowered to recommend under § 30, not whatever action this Court could properly take under § 4. The power to recommend and impose discipline under § 30 differs from this Court’s power to act under § 4. For example, pursuant to § 30 the Court may remove a judge, although it may not do so under § 4.

*260The Court should not blur the distinction between its superintending authority under § 4 and its authority to act in conjunction with the Judicial Tenure Commission under § 30 by using the commission to discharge this Court’s duties under §4, or by empowering the commission to investigate and recommend how this Court should exercise the discretion entrusted to it under § 4.27

C

The majority concludes that it has the power to "conditionally suspend” because on three previous occasions it has done so. The majority relies on Mikesell,28 Del Rio,29 and Bennett,30 in which incumbent judges were suspended for one and one-half years, five years and one year respectively "regardless of respondent’s possible intervening reelection to office or election to any other state court”.

The majority states that the "effect of those suspensions would have been to disengage the disciplined party from judicial power, but only had that person come to occupy judicial office again during the term of the suspension”. (Emphasis supplied.) This statement omits the pivotal distinction between the cited cases and the instant case.

In each of the cited cases, there was nothing "conditional” about the suspension at the time it was ordered. Each suspension operated to separate *261an incumbent judge from the authority of the judicial office he then held. In each case, the Court was required to act with regard to a sitting judge whose misconduct required that he be separated from the authority of his office. The Court ordered suspension.

The majority in the instant case ignores that the suspensions ordered in the cited cases were all of sitting judges, and focuses on the period of suspension ordered, i.e., that the judges were suspended for periods longer than their terms of office. The only alternative to such an order, however, given that the Court had determined that it was necessary to separate the judge from his office and that the proper period of suspension was in excess of the judge’s term, would have been to suspend the judge for the duration of his term without prejudice to reinstituting proceedings should the judge be re-elected or appointed. Perhaps such bifurcated and duplicative proceedings would have more closely conformed to the limitations of § 30. In any event, there is no indication that the Court considered that possibility or, indeed, that the Court considered the question for which the majority cites the cases as authority: whether § 30 authorizes imposition of a suspension which has no immediate effect.

Having determined that it was necessary to separate the judges in Mikesell, Del Rio and Bennett from the judicial powers or offices they then held, the Court was faced with the question of the appropriate period of suspension. The threshold question in the instant case, in contrast, is not how much discipline is appropriate but whether there is power to discipline at all. How the Court in Mikesell, Del Rio and Bennett resolved the question of how much discipline to impose is not *262authority on the question whether this Court has the power to discipline in the first instance.

D

The majority’s treatment of the Mikesell-Del Rio-Bennett cases is critical because it is the only aspect of its argument which approximates authoritative support for its conclusion that, although § 30 provides only for discipline "of a judge”, it also authorizes discipline of a person who is not a judge when disciplined. The other arguments of the majority are in the nature of what § 30 should authorize, as a matter of policy and wisdom, rather than what § 30 as adopted by the people does authorize, as a matter of construction of the language used and of the intent of the amendment.

Thus the majority asserts that to end commission proceedings when a judge leaves office would be "unwise” because a judge "should not have the power” to end commission proceedings "simply by leaving office”. Such policy arguments are properly addressed to the framers of § 30. They cannot properly be the sole basis for a construction of § 30 which is opposed to the normal meaning of its language unless the Court can say without doubt that the normal meaning is so absurd or unreasonable as to preclude its having been intended.

We do not think it absurd, unreasonable or even "unwise” to terminate commission proceedings when, as stated by the majority, "the essential purpose of the commission — keeping unfit judges off the bench” has been achieved by the judge’s "simply * * * leaving office”.31

In this regard, we note that the American Bar *263Association appears to have adopted just such an "unwise” position in its Standards Relating to Judicial Discipline and Disability Retirement.32 Standard 3.1, titled "Jurisdiction Over Sitting Judge”, provides that the judicial disciplinary commission should have exclusive jurisdiction over the conduct of sitting judges.33 Standard 3.2, titled "Jurisdiction Over Former Judge”, provides that the lawyer disciplinary agency should have jurisdiction over a lawyer who is no longer a judge for conduct during his judicial tenure, unless the judicial discipline proceeding has resulted in a final determination.34

The situation presented by the instant case— that of a judge who ceases to hold office before a final determination has been reached in the judicial discipline proceedings — appears to be addressed by the commentary to Standard 3.2:

"Action by the commission or the court resulting in voluntary resignation or retirement should not be a bar to further action by the lawyer disciplinary agency involving the same conduct. This is true unless, on the court’s own motion or application of the judge, and after notice and opportunity to be heard is given to the *264lawyer disciplinary agency, the court orders that the lawyer disciplinary agency not proceed further.”

Thus, under the ABA Standards, the judicial disciplinary commission is concerned with judges and the lawyer disciplinary agency with lawyers, including lawyers who were judges at the time of the alleged misconduct, even if judicial discipline proceedings had been commenced. Although the majority labels such a division of authority "unwise” and "unwarranted”, it impresses us as simple and appropriate and, what is more important, seems to be precisely the division of authority intended by § 30, as appears from both the language of the section, which speaks of discipline "of a judge”, and from an understanding of, in the majority’s words, "the essential purpose of the commission — keeping unfit judges off the bench”.

As indicated in the one reference to the ABA Standards made by the majority, the purpose of judicial discipline is not to punish but, rather, to correct:

"[T]he major purpose of judicial discipline is not to punish judges, but to protect the public, preserve the integrity of the judicial process, maintain public confidence in the judiciary, and create a greater awareness of proper judicial behavior on the part of judges themselves.” ABA Standards, supra, p 2.

The public is protected and the integrity of the judicial process is preserved by preventing the abuse of judicial authority. Public confidence in the judiciary and "institutional integrity” are maintained by fostering the belief and expectation that those appearing before the courts will be treated with fairness and that the judges before whom they appear will not abuse their office. That *265belief and expectation is fostered by preventive action against persons who are in a position to abuse judicial power. Disciplining a defeated judge neither protects the public or the "institution” (the justice system) nor does it foster that belief and expectation. Action against one who has no judicial power to abuse does not promote the public’s confidence that those who do have judicial power will not abuse it.

The "discipline” ordered by the majority is punishment, not discipline. Its primary purpose is not to prevent the abuse of judicial authority but to react to abuse that has occurred. While we may agree that what the majority denominates the "egregious misconduct and judicial perfidy” of Probert warrants punishment, § 30 authorizes only discipline. We cannot agree that the suspension from judicial office of one who is not a judge and censure which cannot correct judicial conduct is, in any proper sense, judicial discipline. The procedure of § 30 should not be employed to provide a means to proclaim displeasure, however, justified, with judicial misconduct.

The Judicial Tenure Commission dissenters in this case said:

"Historically, both during the pendency of formal complaints and immediately preceding their issuance, the commission has declined to act further after termination of a respondent’s judicial office by resignation, by failure to be re-elected or by death. E.g., Matter of Grimm, Formal Complaint No. 22; Matter of Kapcia, Formal Complaint No. 17; Matter of Gruenburg, Formal Complaint No. 14; Matter of Riebel, Formal Complaint No. 13; Matter of Maras, Formal Complaint No. 3. In fact, the final commission resolution in Riebel, supra, unanimously dismissed the proceedings because the commission 'lost jurisdiction’ by virtue of the respondent’s resignation.

*266"Consistency and good reason both require that this policy continue. The public interest and the interest in maintaining the good name of the judiciary are not served by further public airings of allegations and proofs of judicial misconduct. Continuation of this proceeding is in the true sense of the phrase 'beating a dead horse.’ Clearly, once the judgeship is terminated the fundamental jurisdictional element ceases to exist.”

V

Charles Probert is no longer a judge and therefore there is no present need to discipline him. The chances of Probert ever again becoming a judge in Michigan appear to be virtually nil. We have, however, a full record replete with the details of his conduct. Should he ever regain office, this record will be available for evaluation by the Judicial Tenure Commission along with evidence pertaining to his interim conduct.

We would grant Probert’s motion to dismiss without prejudice to the Judicial Tenure Commission’s authority to recommend discipline based in part on the instant record should Probert ever regain judicial office.