I

The principal issue in this case is whether a vendor landowner has a common-law duty to subvendees of his vendee to avoid negligent behavior. We hold that this landowner had no such duty and reverse the jury verdict against him of common-law negligence. However, there is an allegation in the plaintiffs’ complaint, well supported by trial proofs, that this landowner violated *688a statutory duty to them. But since that statutory violation was not pleaded, submitted to the jury, or argued on appeal as a separate cause of action, we decline to grant relief on this basis. Instead, a majority of this Court is of the opinion that this case should be remanded to the trial court with leave to amend the complaint to specifically allege this basis of liability and retry the case on that issue alone.

II

On April 11, 1974, plaintiffs, numerous subdivision homeowners, initiated this action alleging that they had incurred property damage, inconvenience, and discomfort because the water supply in their recently purchased new homes was unfit for normal residential use. Named as defendants were Prestige Builders, Inc., which had built the homes, arranged for the drilling of wells that supplied water to them, and conveyed them to plaintiffs; Gary Young, the local office manager for Prestige; Russell Young, one of the three owners of Prestige; Leo and Vivian Glass, spouses who had platted the subdivision in which plaintiffs’ homes were built and had conveyed the property to Prestige; Anderson Well Drilling, Inc., the company that had drilled the water wells; and Art Anderson, president of Anderson Well Drilling, Inc. The complaint asserted that plaintiffs were entitled to recovery on four grounds from each defendant: express warranty, implied warranty, negligence, and fraud.

The jury trial began on October 7, 1977. The record reveals that in 1970, Leo and Vivian Glass owned property in Chocolay Township near Marquette. which they desired to sell. According to *689trial testimony, they entered into an agreement, whose precise terms were not in evidence, with Prestige Builders, Inc., under which the Glasses would plat the property for a subdivision of some 37 lots. After platting, the property was to be conveyed to Prestige which would construct and sell homes and drill wells for their water supply. While Leo Glass was pursuing his obligation to plat, the agreement permitted Prestige to begin constructing homes, drilling wells, and soliciting buyers.

Under this agreement, Prestige built a model home in 1971 and several other homes soon thereafter. The wells drilled for the first five homes built created no water problems for their residents.

While Prestige proceeded to develop the property, Glass, pursuant to the Subdivision Control Act of 1967,1 began the process of seeking approval for the subdivision. One important step in that process was the submission of a preliminary plat to the appropriate health department for approval of the water and sewer arrangements which contemplated a water well and septic tank for each house. The Marquette County Health Department approved his preliminary plat in November, 1971, on the basis of a site report submitted by Glass’ engineer. Subsequent to that approval, Glass changed the preliminary plat, creating two subdivisions instead of one and reducing the total number of lots. The health department was not notified of this change.

In the summer of 1972, during which many of the plaintiffs’ homes were under construction, the *690health department received complaints from residents about water quality in the development. The department wrote twice in August, 1972, to Leo Glass noting complaints about the water’s palatability due to the presence of iron and tannins (organic matter). Copies of these letters were sent to Gary Young of Prestige Builders. The department advised Glass that it would require the drilling of test wells in order to answer the questions raised about the water’s quality. The test wells were never drilled, existing economical methods to alleviate the problems were never used, and construction of homes and platting of the subdivision proceeded unabated.

Chocolay Township gave final approval to the plat on September 19, 1972, and the Glasses conveyed the lots to Prestige on November 17, 1972.

The presence of water quality problems in the subdivision was confirmed on or about November 17, 1972, when Bill Cole, the owner of ABC Well Drilling Co., which had drilled wells for three of the plaintiffs, notified Gary Young that he had encountered a gravel shelf at a depth of about 42 feet while drilling a well. The water that was above the shelf was good but that which was below it was not. Cole was unable to drill all of the wells in the subdivision, but he advised Young to tell future well drillers to drill only so far as was needed to encounter water without breaking through the shelf.

Young employed Anderson Well Drilling, Inc., to sink the remaining wells. Although Young told Anderson that penetrating the gravel shelf would create an odor problem, it soon became apparent that there was not sufficient water above the shelf *691to supply all of the homes, and wells penetrating the shelf were drilled.

Subsequently, plaintiffs moved into their new homes and began having problems with their water supply. Plaintiffs from each complaining household recounted the problems that, in varying degrees, they had experienced: water that stained bathroom fixtures and laundry and that looked, tasted, and smelled so bad that they could not use it for cooking or drinking. When the plaintiffs complained of the water quality, some of them were told by Young of Prestige that filters would remedy the problems. In fact, filtering could not remedy them. Glass made no representations to the plaintiffs. Other testimony established that most of the remaining plaintiffs had some knowledge of the water problem before the plaintiffs moved into their homes.

Following the close of plaintiffs’ proofs, all defendants moved for directed verdicts. All motions were denied except that of defendant Russell Young, who was then dismissed as a defendant. At the conclusion of trial, the jury returned verdicts in favor of all plaintiffs against all remaining defendants except Art Anderson in his individual capacity. Prestige Builders and Gary Young were found liable on the basis of express warranty, implied warranty, and negligence. Leo and Vivian Glass and Anderson Well Drilling, Inc., were all held liable for breach of implied warranty and negligence. The jury specifically apportioned responsibility for the damages awarded each plaintiff among the several defendants.

All defendants who had been found by the jury to be liable to plaintiffs filed post-trial motions for *692new trial or judgment notwithstanding the verdict. The trial court denied all of the motions for new trial. In an opinion dated December 13, 1977, the lower court denied Prestige Builders’ motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict in toto. Gary Young’s motion was granted with respect to the express warranty and implied warranty counts, but denied as to the count alleging negligence. The motions by Anderson Well Drilling and Vivian Glass were granted as to both counts on which they had been found liable to plaintiffs, implied warranty and negligence. Leo Glass was granted judgment notwithstanding the verdict only on the implied warranty count.

Of the defendants, only Leo Glass appealed. He challenged the lower court order insofar as it did not grant him judgment notwithstanding the verdict on the count of. negligence, claiming he owed the plaintiffs no duty. The Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court in all respects.2

This Court granted Glass leave to appeal on October 10, 1980, on three issues: 1) did the Court of Appeals err in affirming the trial court’s allowance of a post-trial amendment of the complaint?; 2) should he have been granted judgment notwithstanding the verdict on the negligence count because he owed no duty to these plaintiffs?; and 3) alternatively, did the Court of Appeals err in finding no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s denial of a motion for new trial?

Ill

A

Glass repeats his contention made in the Court *693of Appeals that the trial court erred in permitting plaintiffs’ post-trial amendment of their complaint under GCR 1963, 118.3. After an examination of the record, we agree with the evaluation of the Court of Appeals that the trial judge did not abuse his discretion in granting the amendment.3

B

This Court said in Moning v Alfono, 400 Mich 425; 254 NW2d 759 (1977), that the elements of a common-law action for negligence are:

"(i) duty, (ii) general standard of care, (iii) specific standard of care, (iv) cause in fact, (v) legal or proximate cause, and (vi) damage.”4

The first element, duty, is the pivotal one in this case.

"Duty is essentially a question of whether the relationship between the actor and the injured person gives rise to any legal obligation on the actor’s part for the benefit of the injured person.”5

There are three possible relationships between Glass and these plaintiffs which could have imposed duties on him upon which liability could be premised. The first possible duty-creating relationship would arise simply from the sale of land by Glass, with the plaintiffs as subvendees of his vendee, Prestige. Second, Glass, as platter, could have duties imposed on him by the Subdivision Control Act for the benefit of these plaintiffs. *694Finally, a duty-creating relationship could arise from efforts by Glass to improve the land by, for example, drilling water wells or building homes.

The third relationship, by analogy to the manufacture of chattels, has been held to create strict liability for defects.6 However, this relationship is not established by the facts here, since Glass’ only obligation was to plat the land — all construction, drilling, and so forth were the sole responsibility of Prestige. Even if Glass had improved the land, his liability might only extend to his vendee, Prestige. In all events, he had no duties to these plaintiffs arising from improvement of the land.

The first relationship has unanimously been held by the authorities not to constitute a duty-creating relationship. Under the common law, a land vendor who surrenders title, possession, and control of property shifts all responsibility for the land’s condition to the purchaser. Caveat emptor prevails in land sales, and the vendor, with two exceptions, is not liable for any harm due to defects existing at the time of sale.

The first exception is the vendor’s duty to disclose to the purchaser any concealed condition known to him which involves an unreasonable danger. Failure to make such a disclosure or efforts to actively conceal a dangerous condition render the vendor liable for resulting injuries. The second exception is that a vendor is liable to those outside the land for a dangerous condition on the land after the sale until the purchaser discovers or should have discovered it. Once the purchaser discovers the defect and has had a reasonable opportunity to take precautions, third parties such as subvendees have no further recourse against *695the vendor. Under both exceptions, then, knowledge of the defect on the part of the purchaser relieves the vendor of any duty or liability.7 Be*696cause of this knowledge requirement, neither of the exceptions to the general rule of vendor non-liability exists in this case.

Here Glass’ vendee, Prestige, knew of the water problems. Plaintiffs’ relief as subvendees, if any, is therefore limited to Prestige — they have no recourse against Glass since his vendee knew of the water problems, and it was Prestige who had the duty to inform the plaintiffs of the problems. Further, Glass did not actively conceal the water problem from Prestige, to whom he owed a duty to disclose. Even if Glass had failed to disclose or actively concealed the water problems, his only liability would be to Prestige.

Therefore, Glass had no duty to these plaintiffs as land vendor.

The Court of Appeals apparently held that Glass had a "general duty 'to conform to the legal standard of reasonable conduct in the light of the apparent risk’ ”, citing Moning.8 However, in so doing, the Court made the error Moning warned against: confusing the existence of a duty with the standard of conduct applied if a duty exists.9 The *697quoted phrase from Moning does not create a duty, but defines the scope of the obligation created by an existing duty.10

The trial court should have granted Glass judgment notwithstanding the verdict on the negligence count.11

IV

The possibility that Glass had a duty as land platter in this case is raised in the third count of the plaintiffs’ complaint, where they alleged common-law negligence. One instance of negligence charged is violation of the "statutes, rules and regulations promulgated by the State of Michigan and the Department of Public Health”.

Much of the testimony at trial had to do with the obligation of Glass as platter to ensure an adequate quantity and quality of water under the 1967 Subdivision Control Act.12 However, the question whether Glass violated the act was subsumed in the issue of common-law negligence throughout this case. The alleged statutory violation was presented only as some proof of common-law negligence. The plaintiffs did not attempt to prove liability based solely on this alleged statutory violation and, of course, the trial court did not rule *698on the many legal issues surrounding such liability, nor did the jury expressly decide whether the facts warranted relief on this basis. It follows that none of the many legal and factual issues surrounding this question were briefed or argued before this Court.

Since the issues surrounding this basis of liability were not briefed or argued before us and because our review of the record reveals that many factual and legal questions were not addressed at trial,13 we cannot justifiably order relief on this basis.

Given the central role the alleged statutory violations played in the plaintiffs’ case, the jury might well have based its negligence verdict at least in part on a finding of a statutory violation. Our holding that Glass owed no common-law duty to these plaintiffs as a vendor landowner removes the legal force of any such finding. However, the existence of a statutory duty would give that finding legal force. Thus the plaintiffs may be entitled to relief, but on a basis that has not been sufficiently clear in the case until now. Permitting amendment and a new trial will allow full development of the legal and factual issues, and will not prejudice Glass.

Accordingly, we reverse and remand for proceedings consistent with this opinion.

(concurring in part and dissenting in part). This tort action presents the novel question whether a vendor landowner may be held liable on a common-law negligence theory to the vendees of the landowner’s vendee. I concur separately because I disagree with my brother Levin’s treatment of the issue of duty.

Justice Levin hypothesizes three possible duty-creating relationships. The third, even if accepted as correct, is not supported by the facts of the instant case. The second, with which I concur, is the basis for a remand for a new trial. The first (a sale of land to defendant, Prestige Builders, plaintiffs’ vendor, and thence to plaintiffs) is said to be avoided by operation of the doctrine of caveat emptor. I am not persuaded by this logic.

Caveat emptor is a doctrine of long standing in Michigan. It owes its genesis to the idea that a buyer of real property, dealing at arm’s length with the vendor, would physically inspect the land before consummating the transaction. Such a buyer would not later be heard to complain that the land was not as expected.

The harshness of this rule encouraged limited exceptions. Quoting Prosser as authority, Justice Levin cites two exceptions, but neglects to include their policy rationale: "an increased regard for human safety, and a sadly needed improvement in bargaining business ethics * * *”. Prosser, Torts (4th ed), § 64, p 412. Although "human safety” cases have typically involved dangerous conditions on the land, read broadly human safety could certainly be construed to include water unfit for human consumption and normal human use, as here.

Even concluding, as I do, that the doctrine of caveat emptor does not resolve the duty issue in *700this case, it does not follow that the defendant landowner should be liable in negligence to the vendees of his vendee. On the unusual facts of this case, title to the land did not pass to the builder until development had progressed significantly. In addition, at the time of the conveyance to the builder, defendant landowner had known for at least two months that the water was bad. Thus, these plaintiffs certainly meet the loose test of duty in Moning v Alfono, 400 Mich 425; 254 NW2d 759 (1977), and the stricter test recently articulated in Antcliff v State Employees Credit Union, 414 Mich 624; 327 NW2d 814 (1982).

I would not impose liability in negligence because of competing and, I believe, superior policy considerations which oppose unwarranted restrictions on the sale of land. When defendant landowner sold the land, he was aware of potential problems with the water. Even though it was apparent that the builder intended to develop the land, it certainly could not be said that the builder might not or would not cure the water problem before reselling. And if the problem proved insoluble, it could not be said that the builder would continue subdividing. Despite these uncertainties, the Court of Appeals held that this prior vendor had a common-law duty to the vendees of his vendee. Such a holding adversely affects all landowners, particularly farmers, who would sell to a developer. I do not support such an expansion of liability due to its predictably negative effect on the sale of land for development purposes.

I concur in my colleague’s opinion except Part IV, to which I dissent. The remand is based on an "arguable” legal theory, see fn 12, *701that plaintiffs have not raised. The role of this Court is to decide cases, not create them.