Belton Butler was convicted of carrying a concealed weapon.1 The people’s evidence tended to show that he was riding in an automobile in which a revolver was found. The judge, in instructing the jury, stated the pertinent language of the statute making it an offense to "carry a pistol whether concealed or otherwise, in a vehicle operated or occupied by” the defendant. He said that the elements of the offense were that there was a pistol in the automobile, that Butler owned or operated the automobile, and, that he knew that the weapon was in the automobile. He did not, however, instruct that "carrying” the weapon was an element of the offense.

We hold that the failure to so instruct requires a new trial and reverse and remand therefor.

I

Belton Butler and a companion, Victoria Mc*382Loud, were arrested after two police officers stopped Butler’s automobile as he was driving in Highland Park, Michigan. The police had earlier received a report linking Butler’s automobile to an armed robbery and rape committed the previous day and had placed the automobile under surveillance. An officer testified that after the police stopped the automobile and Butler and his companion complied with an order to leave the automobile, he noticed a revolver resting on the automobile’s floorboard a short distance from the driver’s seat. Butler and his companion were arrested and charged with carrying a concealed weapon.

The officer acknowledged on cross-examination that he had not seen Butler in actual possession of the revolver. This factual gap was bridged by the person who made the report which led to surveillance of Butler’s automobile. That person testified that on the day before Butler’s arrest, he saw him with a "snub-nose” gun identical to the one found in the automobile. The prosecution also introduced a statement made by Butler in which he admitted that he knew the revolver was in the automobile but asserted that his companion, Victoria McLoud, had brought the gun into the automobile and that "she was the one who had the gun”.

At the trial, Butler, the only witness called by the defense, denied knowledge of the gun’s presence in the automobile or any previous possession of the gun.

The trial judge instructed the jury:

"Now, defendant in this case is charged under a statute or a law of the State of Michigan which says insofar as pertinent to this case the person who shall *383carry a pistol whether concealed or otherwise in a vehicle operated or occupied by him, except in his dwelling house or place of business or other land possessed by him without a license to carry the pistol as provided by law, shall be guilty of a felony.

"In other words, the elements of the offense which are very simple, are, number one, that there was a pistol in the motor vehicle which was owned or operated by the defendant, and second, that the defendant knew there was a pistol in the motor vehicle.

"It does not have to be concealed in the vehicle. The elements are the existence of the pistol in the vehicle owned or operated by defendant, and the knowledge of the defendant that the pistol was in the vehicle. In other words, it must be proved, each of these elements must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt that the pistol was in the vehicle, that the vehicle was owned or operated or occupied by the defendant, and the third, that the defendant knew that the pistol was in the vehicle. Those are the elements of the offense. So it is not a complicated offense in any way, as you can see.” (Emphasis supplied.)

The Court of Appeals affirmed in an unpublished opinion. We reverse because the jury was not instructed on an essential element of the offense.

II

The parties disagree concerning the description of the crime of carrying a concealed weapon which would satisfy a trial court’s obligation to charge a jury. The people contend that the elements are that there was a weapon in a vehicle operated or occupied by the defendant and that he knew or was aware of its presence. Butler, who does not contest the legal sufficiency of the evidence against him, contends that such an instruction omits an element of the offense in that a defendant’s knowledge that there is a pistol in an automobile and *384his mere presence in the automobile are not enough. Butler contends that the people must prove, and therefore the trial court must instruct, that no offense is committed unless the defendant "carried” the pistol. We agree.

The statute provides that a "person who shall carry a pistol * * * whether concealed or otherwise, in a vehicle operated or occupied by him” shall be guilty of a felony.2

The language of the statute is unequivocal. The offense is not committed unless the defendant "carries” the forbidden instrument. The normal and ordinary meaning of this word requires something more than the potentially fortuitous intersection of presence and knowledge. Given the wording of the statute and the absence of any evidence that the Legislature did not intend "carrying” to be an independent element of the offense, a court would not be justified in reading this word out of the statute.3

A central tenet of the criminal law is that "guilt is personal”.4 An instruction that the accused can be found guilty only if the jury finds that he was *385carrying a weapon comports with this traditional conception of criminal responsibility. Under the instruction given, which omitted specific reference to carrying as an element, an accused could be convicted if he knew that there was a weapon in direct proximity to him even though he may have had no physical contact with the weapon and no knowledge of its presence in the vehicle until shortly before his arrest.

Reading "carrying” out of the statute would risk the conviction of innocents whose only real crime was the proverbial one of being in the wrong place at the wrong time. The criminal law, however, punishes misdeeds, not misjudgment. An accused must author his own guilt. It cannot be ghostwritten by others. The statutory prerequisite that a defendant "carry” a weapon before guilt attaches implements an important principle of the criminal law that should not be yielded except upon truly compelling evidence of a legislative purpose to punish without regard to complicity.5

We adopt the analysis of Justice Fitzgerald, writing for the Court of Appeals, in People v Jerome I Smith, 21 Mich App 717, 722; 176 NW2d 430 (1970):

"The concealed weapons statute does not punish presence in a car where the pistol was found. The statute’s thrust is 'carrying concealed weapons without a license’. In other words, the point of the statute is to punish 'carrying’. Thus, to convict one who is merely present in a car necessarily rests upon two inferences: (a) an inference that he knows a pistol is present; and (b) an inference that he is carrying the pistol. Therefore, even by showing that someone knew a pistol was *386present should not lead automatically to a conclusion that he was 'carrying’ the pistol.”

Ill

The people contend that a review of the "totality of circumstances” indicates that, even if a judge must instruct separately on "carrying” as an element of the offense, the elements of the offense were effectively communicated to the jury. These circumstances include: (1) the judge’s reading of both the information and the pertinent provision of the statute defining the offense, (2) the judge’s statement of the defense theory that the defendant "was not carrying the pistol and that he did not know of its presence in the vehicle”, and (3) the references in counsel’s closing argument to the "carrying” element.

We conclude that these circumstances, neither separately nor in conjunction, supply an effective antidote for a charge which three times stated that the defendant’s knowledge that the pistol was in the vehicle suffices.

The judge’s obligation to instruct the jury regarding the law is not discharged unless he instructs correctly regarding the elements of the offense.6 Though some might say the need for correct instruction by the judge is self-evident, the policies supporting this rule of law deserve emphasis.

The people have an obligation to prove all the *387elements of a crime beyond a reasonable doubt.7 If a judge may omit an instruction concerning a necessary element, the people are permitted to circumvent this burden of persuasion. A factual determination entrusted solely to the jury may be effectively taken from it and decided adversely to the defendant, even though the people have failed to meet its evidentiary burden.

A judge’s incorrect recitation of the law undermines the purpose of jury instructions. Rather than conforming the jury’s factfinding to the law, an incorrect instruction poses the unacceptable risk of convicting a defendant of a crime unknown to the laws of Michigan. It is not, therefore, surprising that this Court will scrutinize the don-tested instruction closely and, upon finding that a judge failed to inform a jury of the true nature of the offense charged, will not countenance claims of "harmless error” but will reverse. People v Reed, 393 Mich 342, 351; 224 NW2d 867 (1975).

This Court has frequently said that a charge to a jury should be viewed in its entirety to determine whether asserted error is prejudicial.8 But it has not adhered to a "totality of circumstances” doctrine which would permit the comments of those other than the judge to remedy a defective charge. The argued-for approach places too much faith in what is said as opposed to the credibility of the person who says it. When counsel correctly states the law in closing argument and the bench follows with an erroneous charge, is it more accurate to say that the former cures the latter or that the jury faces a conflict? And if a jury must choose, can it seriously be maintained that a jury *388will repose its confidence in an advocate rather than a detached referee?

The probable curative effect of counsel’s remarks is further diminished in the context of the charge at issue. As is common practice, the judge insisted that his instructions on the law were definitive. The people’s position is predicated on an assumption that the jury disobeyed the judge’s admonition. Regardless of whether counsel’s remarks adequately explain the offense, we are unwilling to look beyond the instructions actually given for circumstances which might ameliorate their effect.

The people urge that People v Noyes, 328 Mich 207, 210; 43 NW2d 331 (1950), establishes that the omission of an element of a crime is not error if the relevant statute containing reference to the element is read to the jury. Though this was indeed the result in Noyes, the only justification there offered are two conclusory sentences which dispose of the case at hand but provide no rule for future cases. This Court has not subsequently relied on Noyes as holding that the quotation of the relevant statute will invariably remedy an otherwise misleading charge. Rather a more searching inquiry has been conducted to assess if the charge taken in its entirety is "fair and sufficiently comprehensive”, People v Kruper, 340 Mich 114, 122-123; 64 NW2d 629 (1954).

The fairness of a jury charge cannot be assessed in a purely mechanical manner.9 Juries are not *389steeped in the law. They do not methodically parse statutes to discern their meaning. Though the quotation of the statute may in theory place all the elements of a crime before the jury, such a recitation may be ignored in favor of the judge’s subsequent and oftentimes more colloquial explanation of the offense.

We are unable to conclude that the judge effectively communicated the element of "carrying” to the jury. While the word "carrying” was mentioned several times in the judge’s charge, its legal significance was never explained to the jury. Moreover, the judge’s explanation of the necessary elements of the offense was calculated to divert the jury from attending to the legal significance of "carrying”. Three times the judge repeated the necessary elements of the offense and on each occasion made no mention of the people’s obligation to prove or of the need for the jury to find the "carrying” of the weapon. A reasonable juror could have concluded that a conviction need not be predicated upon proof or a finding of "carrying”, and that the word was merely a shorthand reference to the other elements instructed upon and not itself a separate element.10 We conclude that the judge did not adequately discharge his obligation to instruct the jury regarding the applicable law of the case._

*390Our insistence on a proper charge does not stem from an overdeveloped sense of procedural nicety. In the instant case there was evidence which, if believed, would have negated the element of "carrying” and may have led to an acquittal.

IV

Though we have decided that the people must prove that the defendant carried the pistol and that the jury must be separately instructed on that element of the offense, the exact contours of this requirement necessarily remain unsettled, left to await the exacting discipline of future cases which directly present the question.11

Reversed and remanded for a new trial.

(concurring). The dissenting opinion of my colleague states that there are two issues in this case. Firstly, whether there was sufficient evidence to convict; and secondly, whether the jury instructions adequately covered the elements of the offense. The opinion concludes that the. evidence supports a jury finding that the statute was violated and that the judge’s instructions were not reversibly erroneous.

There is, however, only one issue. Defendant’s appellate counsel expressly eschewed appellate consideration of the sufficiency of the evidence. The instructions were, indeed, erroneous. The defect is not a matter of little consequence; there is "reversible error”.

The jury was not "adequately” informed that "carrying” was an element of the offense by instructions which thrice excluded any reference to that element of the offense.

A

The only question stated in the application for leave to appeal, in this Court’s order granting leave to appeal and in Butler’s brief on appeal is whether the trial court committed instructional error.1

*392During oral argument, the sufficiency of the evidence was raised by bench questioning. Butler’s appellate counsel, in his response to the questions, said: "I’m not contesting the sufficiency of the evidence here” and "[t]hat would be in my opinion a jury question”, and if "it turns on credibility then it’s going to have to turn on an accurate jury instruction”.2 (Emphasis supplied.)_

*393The dissenting opinion thus injects a new issue into this case. While a discussion of evidentiary sufficiency may be helpful, it would not be precedential. " 'Statements and comments in an opinion concerning some rule of law or legal proposition not necessarily involved nor essential to determination of the case in hand, are, however illuminating, but obiter dicta and lack the force of an adjudication.’ ” Hett v Duffy, 346 Mich 456; 78 NW2d 284 (1956).

The principle of judicial self-discipline which discourages decision on issues not before the court seeks to economize the time and energy of the court and to avoid erroneous judgment. The adversary system disciplines the judicial inquiry and serves to crystallize the difficult choices with *394which we generally find ourselves confronted. When an issue is not presented in the form of a keenly contested and discrete controversy, a court is denied a valuable resource that contributes both to the legitimacy and wisdom of its judgment.

No compelling reason has been suggested for reaching out to consider the sufficiency of the evidence. The single issue presented on appeal does not concern the sufficiency of the evidence. Nor does it concern what inferences may be drawn in varying factual situations. Nor are we presented with the question whether there is need or justification for formulating a presumption concerning what constitutes a prima facie case.

The view expressed in the dissenting opinion regarding the sufficiency of the evidence constitutes the first expression of views thereon by a member of this Court. In this jurisprudential vacuum, that view, absent an expression from other members of the Court, might be read by some as having our approval. It is for this reason that I feel constrained to make some non-precedential, non-decisional observations of my own which, because they are of that character, will be set forth in a footnote.3

*396B

The dissenting opinion states:

"The first and third of the five quoted paragraphs set forth the charge in the language of the statute which clearly indicates that the principal element, in fact the gravamen, of the crime is carrying a pistol in a vehicle operated by the defendant. The second quoted paragraph particularly emphasizes the carrying element on the charge in such a way that the jury could not fail to understand the importance and necessity of the carrying element.”

The first and third paragraphs4 of the instruc*397tions quoted in the dissenting opinion do not identify "carrying” as an element. They state rather that Butler is charged with carrying a pistol. It was not indicated at all — let alone "clearly” — that the "principal element, in fact the gravamen, of the crime is carrying”.

The second quoted paragraph, which simply repeats that the defendant was charged with "carrying”, does not "particularly emphasize the carrying element”. Neither the first nor the second paragraph makes any reference to what are the elements of the offense or, indeed, to the concept of elements.

The concept that there are elements of an offense is not alluded to in the first and second paragraphs. The jury is composed of laymen. The notion that there are elements of an offense is probably a new concept to jurors. That concept does not appear in the instructions until many paragraphs later. Then for the first time the judge, in the fourth and fifth quoted paragraphs, speaks of the elements of the offense.

*398The judge states that the elements are "very simple”: (i) a pistol, (ii) a motor vehicle owned or operated by the defendant, and (iii) knowledge that the pistol was in the vehicle. The judge then proceeds to repeat those elements two more times and concludes: "Those are the elements of the offense. So it is not a complicated offense in any way, as you can see.”

The dissenting opinion does not discuss the fourth and fifth quoted paragraphs which alone describe the elements of the offense. The conclusion in that opinion that the instructions as a whole clearly informed the jury of all the elements is asserted without acknowledgment that the only elements identified as such to the jury did not include "carrying”.

Nowhere did the judge identify or describe as an element, let alone "clearly indicate”, what the dissenting opinion correctly characterizes as the "principal element”, the "gravamen” of the offense. Nowhere did the judge emphasize "the carrying element on the charge in such a way that the jury could not fail to understand the importance and necessity of the carrying element.”

The statement that jury instructions, "although not as artful as they might have been, adequately informed the jury of the elements of the crime”, may be appropriate in a case where the judge covers the elements in language which, although lacking in elegance, is nevertheless informative. The problem here is not style but substance: The total omission of the carrying element (by thrice omitting it) and its exclusion with the sign-off statement ("Those are the elements of the offense”).

The judge treated "carrying” as a shorthand description (like robbery, breaking and entering, *399arson and murder) of the offense with which the defendant was charged. How could a lay jury be regarded as "adequately” informed if an experienced and knowledgeable judge either did not understand or in a lapse forgot to charge the jury on the principal element, the gravamen of the offense?

Suppose a defendant is charged with breaking and entering. The judge instructs the jury early in his instructions that the defendant is charged with breaking and entering, and, as here, proceeds to discuss the presumption of innocence, the burden of proof, and reasonable doubt. He then purports to describe the elements of the offense; he says nothing further about breaking or entering, only that the charged offense requires, as an element, proof of intent to commit a felony. Such an instruction would be misleading and inaccurate even though the judge had told the jury that the defendant was charged with breaking and entering.

It is apparent, upon reading the dissenting opinion, that defining what constitutes "carrying” presents serious and difficult business, but it hardly can be said that this is a "simple” or an "uncomplicated” matter.

Butler’s trial counsel asked for an instruction on "carrying”. The problem that confronts the trial and appellate benches of making intelligible to the lay jury what is meant by "carrying” cannot be solved by permitting a trial judge to ignore the issue and in effect read this troublesome word out of the statute.

(dissenting). There are two issues in this case. The first is whether a jury properly rendered a verdict of guilty under MCL 750.227; MSA 28.424, for carrying "a pistol concealed on or *400about his person, or, whether concealed or otherwise, in a vehicle operated or occupied by him”. The jury must have found beyond a reasonable doubt that there was a pistol on the floor of the vehicle a short distance from the defendant owner who had been operating the vehicle and who knew the pistol was in the car. The second issue is whether the trial judge gave adequate jury instructions covering the elements of the offense. We hold that the facts showed a violation of the statute and that the trial judge did not err in giving his instructions. We affirm the Court of Appeals affirmation of the trial court.

I. Facts

Belton Butler and a companion, Victoria McLoud, were arrested after two police officers stopped Butler’s automobile as he was driving in Highland Park, Michigan. The police had earlier received a report linking Butler’s automobile to an armed robbery and rape committed the previous day and had placed the automobile under surveillance. An officer testified that after the police stopped the automobile and Butler and his companion complied with an order to leave the automobile, he noticed a revolver resting on the automobile’s floorboard a short distance from the driver’s seat. Butler and his companion were arrested and charged with carrying a concealed weapon.

In the Butler trial, the officer testified that a witness told him that the gun found in the automobile looked "like the gun that he [Butler] had” on the day before his arrest. The prosecution also introduced a statement made by Butler in which he admitted that he knew the revolver was in the automobile but asserted that his companion, Victo*401ria McLoud, had brought the gun into the automobile and that "she was the one who had the gun”.

At the trial, Butler, the only witness called by the defense, denied knowledge of the gun’s presence in the automobile or any previous possession of the gun.

The Court of Appeals affirmed in an unpublished opinion. We affirm.

II. Carrying in a Vehicle Operated

A fair inference from the facts recited above is that the police stopped a car carrying the defendant owner-driver, his passenger companion, and a gun on the floor a short distance from the driver. Since the car belonged to defendant and he was driving it, one must logically conclude that he was carrying the pistol in the vehicle just as one must conclude that a man driving a car carrying a load of hay was carrying a load of hay in the vehicle.

However, the mere act of carrying a pistol in a vehicle is not sufficient to come within the proscription of the statute. There must be criminal intent. Therefore, the defendant must have knowingly carried the pistol in the vehicle. Defendant testified that he,had no knowledge that the gun was in the vehicle and that he had not had prior possession of it. However, the prosecution produced evidence that the gun looked like the gun that defendant had had in his possession the day before and that defendant had admitted that the gun was in the vehicle. From the jury’s verdict, it is obvious that it believed the prosecution.

We must conclude, then, that the operative facts *402in this case are that the defendant knowingly carried a pistol in his vehicle which he was operating. There is no question but that in driving the car carrying the pistol defendant participated in carrying the pistol. We must conclude further that such facts come within the proscription of MCL 750.227; MSA 28.424 providing that a person shall be guilty of a felony "who shall carry a pistol * * * in a vehicle operated * * . * by him”.

This conclusion is reinforced by close examination of the pertinent statutory language:

"a person who shall carry a pistol concealed on or about his person, or, whether concealed or otherwise, in a vehicle operated or occupied by him”.

The Legislature must be credited with careful and purposeful use of language. The contrasting wordage of the clause "concealed on or about his person” with the succeeding clause "whether concealed or otherwise, in a vehicle operated or occupied by him” is therefore significant. The Legislature, by the choice of these words, was clearly contrasting "concealed” with "concealed or otherwise”, and "on or about his person” with "in a vehicle”. This contrast clearly indicates a much looser nexus between the defendant in the "in a vehicle” phrase than in the "on or about his person” phrase. However, in the instant case, the facts establish a substantial nexus, because the pistol was in the car on the floorboard between defendant’s feet.

This decision is obviously limited to the person who "operated” the vehicle. We are not required to, and we do not, decide whether the proscription of the statute under these facts would apply to a *403person who "occupied” the vehicle other than as the operator.

III. Correctness of Jury Instructions

The second issue in this case is the correctness of the jury instructions. The applicable instructions follow:

"Now, in this case the defendant, Belton Butler, is charged in an information brought by the people of the State of Michigan which alleges that on the 28th day of January, 1976, at John R and Chandler, City of Highland Park, the defendant did then and there carry a pistol, to wit, a .32 caliber, blue steel revolver, seven shot Regent, serial G06594, in a certain vehicle operated or occupied by the defendant, to wit, a Chrysler Imperial bearing 1975 Michigan license number TRK 367, at the above location, which was not a dwelling house or place of business or other land possessed by said defendant without a license to carry the pistol contrary to the statute.

"In other words, the charge is carrying a pistol in a motor vehicle, and to this charge the defendant has pleaded not guilty. Of course it is up to you, ladies and gentlemen, out of these instructions to resolve that issue.

"Now, the defendant in this case is charged under a statute or a law of the State of Michigan which says insofar as pertinent to this case that a person who shall carry a pistol whether concealed or otherwise in a vehicle operated or occupied by him, except in his dwelling house or place of business or other land possessed by him without a license to carry the pistol as provided by law shall be guilty of a felony.

"In other words, the elements of the offense, which are very simple, are, number one, that there was a pistol in the motor vehicle which was owned or operated by the defendant, and second, that the defendant knew there was a pistol in the motor vehicle.

*404"It does not have to be concealed in the vehicle. The elements are the existence of the pistol in the vehicle owned or operated by the defendant, and the knowledge of the defendant that the pistol was in the vehicle. In other words, it must be proved, each of those elements must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt that the pistol was in the vehicle, that the vehicle was owned or operated or occupied by the defendant, and the third, that the defendant knew the pistol was in the vehicle. Those are the elements of the offense. So it is not a complicated offense in any way, as you can see.” (Emphasis added.)

Defendant objects that the judge did not instruct the jury on all the elements of the crime of MCL 750.227; MSA 28.424 in that he failed to specify that he had' to carry a pistol in a vehicle. This argument is based on the fact the word "carry” does not appear in the last two paragraphs of the charge quoted above. Defendant’s argument is accurate as far as it goes, but it fails to recognize the instructions as a whole. The first and third of the five quoted paragraphs set forth the charge in the language of the statute which clearly indicates that the principal element, in fact the gravamen, of the crime is carrying a pistol in a vehicle operated by the defendant. The second quoted paragraph particularly emphasizes the carrying element on the charge in such a way that the jury could not fail to understand the importance and necessity of the carrying element.

As a consequence, since the instructions included a reading of the charge with the applicable statutory language, People v Kruper, 340 Mich 114, 122-123; 64 NW2d 629 (1954), and emphasized the carrying element in the first, second and third paragraphs, and because the instructions when taken as a whole clearly informed the jury of all the elements, People v Dye, 356 Mich 271, 279; 96 *405NW2d 788 (1959), cert den 361 US 935; 80 S Ct 367; 4 L Ed 2d 355 (1960), we cannot hold that the trial judge and Court of Appeals erred.

Conclusion

We hold that the facts that the defendant drove his car in which a pistol was carried and that he knew that the pistol was in the car come within the proscription of MCL 750.277; MSA 28.424. We further hold that the trial court did not err in instructing the jury. The instructions, although not as artful as they might have been, adequately informed the jury of the elements of the crime.