We granted leave to appeal in this case, consolidated on appeal with People v Hamacher, 432 Mich 157; 438 NW2d 43 (1989), to consider the application of the spousal communication privilege set forth in the Revised Judicature Act, § 2162.1 We conclude that the Court of Appeals correctly held that the privilege bars the testimony of the defendant’s wife in this case and affirm.

i

Rja § 21G22 provides two distinct privileges. The *35first, the spousal privilege, is only applicable when the witness and the spouse are married at the time of trial.3

The second privilege, the communication privilege, bars one spouse from testifying "as to any communications made by one to the other during the marriage” without the consent of the other. The communication privilege applies whether the testimony is sought "during the marriage or after-wards” as long as the communication occurred during the marriage. Rja §2162 states no exceptions with respect to the communication privilege.

ii

Vermeulen is charged with the murder of his *36"second”4 wife, Urime Lewis. Approximately one week before her death, Vermeulen spoke to his "first” wife, Sharon Vermeulen, and allegedly said that he would kill Urime Lewis if she left him. The prosecutor seeks to have Sharon Vermeulen testify to the substance of that conversation to refute Vermeulen’s claim that Urime Lewis’ death was an accident arising out of Vermeulen’s attempted suicide.

The prosecutor filed a motion in limine, seeking the admission of Sharon Vermeulen’s testimony. The court granted the motion, stating that "[essentially the marital relationship [with Sharon Vermeulen] had long ceased to exist. Thus, statements made by the Defendant to his first wife, Sharon, concerning his intentions on the life of his second wife, Urime, were and are not confidential.” The court said:

Society’s interest in protecting the confidentiality of the relationships of permanently separated spouses is outweighed by the need to secure evidence in the search for truth that is the essence of a criminal trial, and proof of the permanent separated status at the time of the communication between the Defendant, John Vermeulen, and his first wife, Sharon Vermeulen, renders the communication privilege automatically inapplicable.

The Court of Appeals reversed, holding that statements "defendant made to his wife during the legal existence of the marital relationship” were barred on the authority of People v Hamacher (On Remand), 160 Mich App 759; 408 NW2d 549 (1987). The prosecutor argues on appeal in this Court *37that the protection of the communication privilege may not be invoked because no viable marital relationship existed at the time the statement was made. Vermeulen had filed for divorce and bigamously married Urime Lewis.

The prosecutor relies on United States v Byrd, 750 F2d 585, 593 (CA 7, 1984), where the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit declared that "only communications that take place during a valid marriage between couples still cohabiting pursuant to that marriage are protected by the privilege.” That court was, however, expounding and qualifying the federal common-law privilege, not a statutory privilege. In Michigan, privileges are statutory and, in the absence of a "court rule governing marital privileges, the statute controls.” People v Love, 425 Mich 691, 699; 391 NW2d 738 (1986) (opinion of Cavanagh, J.).

This Court has not undertaken a review of the statutory privileges—whether marital, physician-patient, lawyer-client, or other—since the promulgation of the Michigan Rules of Evidence. The Court declines the invitation that we do so piecemeal.

The statute clearly and unequivocally provides that a spouse may not, "during the marriage or afterwards” (emphasis added) be examined as to any communication made "during the marriage.” Unless and until the statute is amended or a court rule superseding the statute is adopted, the trial courts may not inquire into the viability of the marriage.5 The communication is barred if it was *38made during the marriage. We thus adhere to this Court’s recent statement in People v Hamacher, 428 Mich 884; 402 NW2d 484 (1987), where this Court observed that the statute "contains no exception to the privilege regarding communications between a husband and wife where the husband and wife are separated or are in the process of obtaining a divorce.” Here, as there, Vermeulen and Sharon Vermeulen "remained husband and wife at the time the communication . . . was allegedly made.” Id.

in

The prosecutor relies on People v Zabijak, 285 Mich 164, 182; 280 NW 149 (1938), where this Court concluded that neither the spousal nor the communication privilege barred the wife’s testimony that the defendant entered their home, locked the door and window, showed her a gun, said he was going to kill her and then their baby which she was holding, and as they both began to cry, he pushed her on the bed, "with my baby on the arm, he shoot me twice, two bullets go through baby,” he shot her again and started running to her mother’s home and said, "I am finish with you; I am going outside and going to kill your mother now.” Zabijak proceeded immediately to shoot his mother-in-law, then shot himself but recovered, and was being tried for the murder of his mother-in-law.

This Court declared that Zabijak had failed to establish that he and the witness were still married at the time of trial, and thus the spousal privilege, which might have barred her from testi*39fying, was inapplicable. Turning to the communication privilege, the Court declared that the statement that he was "going to kill” his mother-in-law "now” was not confidential. The statement was not, said the Court, "in the nature of an admission or confession or an act of which she otherwise might not be cognizant. Nothing was revealed in consequence of the privacy of the marriage relation. The statements testified to were in the nature of threats.” The Court added that the testimony "did not injure the marriage relation of the parties by the betrayal of any confidence reposed in her by defendant.”

Although the statute speaks of "any communication,” it is well-established in this state6 and generally7 that only confidential communications are protected by the communication privilege. It has been said that "a variety of factors, including the nature of the message or the circumstances under which it was delivered, may serve to rebut a claim that confidentiality was intended.”8

We agree that the nature and circumstances of the communication may be considered in determining whether the communication was confidential. The nature of the marriage relationship immediately preceding or immediately after the communication is not, however, a circumstance respecting the communication that may be considered in determining whether it is confidential. To hold otherwise would be contrary to the statutory mandate providing that the witness spouse shall not "during the marriage or afterwards” be examined regarding any communication made during the marriage._

*40The statement allegedly made by Vermeulen to Sharon Vermeulen that he would kill Urime Lewis if she left him, in contrast with the statement in Zabijak, was not made in the course of a murderous assault on the witness spouse. The statement in "the nature of threats” in Zabijak concerned a contemplated assault that was an aspect of the same felonious transaction in which, and was uttered immediately after, the witness spouse had been shot and their baby killed. It was at that point that Zabijak said that he was going to kill the witness spouse’s mother "now,” which he proceeded immediately to do and then shot himself.9 Under the circumstances, it is not remarkable that this Court concluded that Zabijak’s statement concerning the contemplated assault on his mother-in-law was not confidential. While the Court added that the witness’ testimony did not injure the marriage relation, that was not the basis of decision, which appears rather to have been based on the nature of the communication and the circumstances in which it was delivered.

The nature and circumstances of the communication in the instant case do not rebut a claim that the communication was confidential.

IV

We conclude that the Court of Appeals correctly held that the spouse’s testimony was inadmissible. We decline the invitation to judicially amend the communication privilege stated in § 2162 of the RJA.

The decision of the Court of Appeals is affirmed. *41The cause is remanded to the trial court for proceedings consistent with this opinion.

(dissenting). I would conclude that the Court of Appeals erred when it peremptorily reversed the trial court’s ruling in limine on the authority of People v Hamacher (On Remand), 160 Mich App 759; 408 NW2d 549 (1987). The decision of the Court of Appeals in Hamacher did not address the preliminary issue of confidentiality, but rather was concerned only with the proper construction of the exceptions in § 2162. The trial court in this case ruled that the statute was inapplicable, because the statements at issue were not confidential. The trial court did not err. I would reverse the decision of the Court of Appeals and remand this case to the Oakland Circuit Court for trial.

The issue in this case is whether the trial court erred in concluding that the presumption of confidentiality had been rebutted on the facts before it. Therefore, unless it is held as a preliminary matter that any communication, whether confidential or not, is excluded by the statute, the proper focus of our review is whether the communication was intended to be confidential. The majority concludes: "The statute clearly and unequivocally provides that a spouse may not, 'during the marriage or afterwards’ (emphasis added) be examined as to any communication made 'during the marriage.’ ” Ante, p 37. The majority’s paraphrase of the issue suggests that the issue is whether the privilege to bar a marital communication survives dissolution of the marriage. However, the trial court’s holding did not rest on the time of the *42communication, but rather focused on the nature of what was said and the circumstances in which the statement was made. Indeed, in his ruling the trial judge specifically recognized:

The "spousal privilege” germane to this case applies to confidential communications made within the marital relationship, irrespective of the marital status of the parties at the time of the suit.

Thus, the question presented is whether the trial court incorrectly concluded that the defendant’s statement that he intended to kill his second wife was not a confidential communication.

The defendant Vermeulen was charged with the murder of Urime Lewis. The defendant had married Ms. Lewis on November 11, 1985, while still married to Sharon Vermeulen. Prior to his bigamous marriage to Ms. Lewis, the defendant had attempted to secure Sharon Vermeulen’s signature on a document which falsely stated that the two had been divorced for five years. When she refused to sign that statement, the defendant filed for divorce.1 On or about December 19, 1985, approximately five weeks after marrying the victim, the defendant allegedly told Sharon Vermeulen that he intended to kill Ms. Lewis if she left him. Ms. Lewis was shot and killed on or about December 26, 1985, at which time defendant apparently also attempted to shoot himself. Approximately six weeks later, on February 7, 1986, defendant’s divorce from Sharon Vermeulen was granted.

Prior to trial, the prosecutor moved in limine to secure the admission of Sharon Vermeulen’s testi*43mony concerning defendant’s threats upon the life of Ms. Lewis. The trial court held that the communication was not confidential. In concluding that Sharon Vermeulen’s testimony was admissible, the trial judge stated:

The facts[2] show an intention for a permanent separation. The above facts in existence at the time of the communication rebut the presumption of confidentiality that is a requirement of the exercise of the privilege. The purpose for the privilege is not affected or weakened as a result of this decision.

The marriage relationship of John and Sharon Vermeulen had no viability. Essentially the marital relationship had long ceased to exist. Thus, statements made by the Defendant to his first wife, Sharon, concerning his intentions on the life of his second wife, Urime, were and are not confidential.

In addition, the communication had to do with the commission of a crime not with the privacy of the Vermeulen marriage.

Society’s interest in protecting the confidentiality of the relationships of permanently separated spouses is outweighed by the need to secure evidence in the search for truth that is the essence of a criminal trial, and proof of the permanent separated status at the time of the communication between the Defendant, John Vermeulen, and his first wife, Sharon Vermeulen, renders the communications privilege automatically inapplicable.

Despite the use of the word “automatically,” it *44is evident from the trial judge’s careful review of the facts and the law that the ruling was based on the fact thát the alleged communication was not a conñdential communication within the meaning of § 2162, and as such, the privilege was inapplicable. Judge Mester did not base his ruling on an erroneous view that the privileged communication rule does not survive a marriage. Rather, the trial court held that, in light of the fact that the communication occurred after the parties were separated, after the defendant had filed for divorce alleging that the parties were no longer living together and that the objects of matrimony had been destroyed, and after he had bigamously married, the presumption of confidentiality was rebutted.

Contrary to the apparent position of the majority, this Court has recognized that not every communication made during marriage is subject to the privilege. In People v Zabijak, 285 Mich 164, 177; 280 NW 149 (1938), this Court reiterated the accepted rule that "communication” as used in the statute refers only to those communications "recognized by law to be conñdential communications.”3 (Emphasis added.) In concluding that the statements at issue in Zabijak were not confidential within the meaning of the statute, the Court *45looked to several factors. Included in the Court’s considerations were the facts that 1) defendant and his wife were married at the time of the statements but were living separately and in the process of obtaining a divorce, 2) subsequent to the crime, but prior to trial, a decree of divorce was obtained, 3) the communications were not in the nature of an admission of which the defendant’s spouse was not otherwise aware, 4) the communications were in the nature of threats relating to a criminal act, and 5) revelation of the communications did not injure the marriage relation.

In this case, similar factors were noted by the trial judge in finding that the presumption of confidentiality was rebutted. First, the defendant was separated from his wife at the time of the communication and had attempted to falsify a document indicating a legal divorce from her. Also, the defendant had filed for divorce and bigamously married the victim at the time of the communication. Second, subsequent to the communication, but prior to the trial, defendant obtained a divorce decree. Third, the communication was in the nature of threats wholly unrelated to the Vermeulen marriage. Fourth, the policy underlying the privilege was not affected by admission of the testimony in this case. Finally, the trial judge specifically found that society’s interest in protecting the confidentiality of relationships of permanently separated spouses is outweighed by the need to secure this evidence.

The majority attempts to distinguish Zabijak on the grounds that the defendant’s statement in this case "was not made in the course of a murderous assault on the witness spouse.” Ante, p 40. The statements in Zabijak, the majority points out, concerned a contemplated assault that was part of the same felonious activity in which the witness *46spouse was involved. Under such circumstances, it argues, the Court’s determination that the communication was not privileged is "not remarkable.”

A careful reading of the Court’s analysis in Zabijak, however, shows that neither the closeness in time of the attack on the witness spouse and the communication, nor the fact that the statements by the defendant were part of the "same felonious transaction” as involved the witness, was considered to be a primary factor in its conclusion that the communication in that case was not confidential. Indeed, there is no mention of those facts anywhere in the Court’s analysis of the confidentiality issue. That discussion focuses rather on the nature of the statements themselves, which the Court characterizes as "threats,” the circumstances under which the statements were made, and the possible injury to the "marriage relation” between the defendant and the witness.

The majority also attacks the reliance of the Court in Zabijak on the fact that the "marriage relation” between the defendant and the witness was less than harmonious. The majority contends that "[t]he nature of the marriage relationship immediately preceding or immediately after the communication is not ... a circumstance respecting the communication that may be considered in determining whether it is confidential.” Ante, p 39.

The question of societal protection of the marital relationship in general aside, it seems to me that the nature of the particular relationship between a defendant and a witness spouse is, as the Zabijak Court recognized,4 a legitimate factor in determin*47ing whether a communication is confidential, because in the end such a determination depends on the intention of the communicator, which in turn depends on his relationship with the one with whom he is communicating and the circumstances in which the communication was made. Would the defendant here have communicated something he truly intended to be confidential to a woman from whom he was permanently separated and against whom he had filed for divorce? I think it was reasonable for the trial court to conclude on the basis of these circumstances, including the nonexistent marriage relationship, that the statements the defendant made to his permanently separated wife were not confidential and therefore were admissible.

The Court of Appeals, however, clearly erred when it ruled that the proffered testimony of Sharon Vermeulen was barred on the authority of People v Hamacher (On Remand), supra. The Court of Appeals in that case did not have occasion to test the confidentiality of the statements made by the defendant. The arguments offered by the defendant, and the discussion by the majority, concluding that the trial judge has crafted an exception to § 2162 for communications on the basis of the strength of an otherwise legal marriage are unfounded. The trial judge did not amend the statute. He held that the statute was inapplicable in this case._

*48While it is as important in today’s society as it has been throughout the history of our jurisprudence to promote a secure haven for marital confidences, applying the rule in these circumstances to bar the first Mrs. Vermeulen’s testimony regarding the homicide of the second Mrs. Vermeulen employs an anachronistic obstacle to truth whose justification can only be traced to the ancient notion that husband and wife are one.

I would reverse the decision of the Court of Appeals on the basis that the Court of Appeals incorrectly concluded that the spouse’s testimony was inadmissible as a confidential communication and remand this case to the Oakland Circuit Court for trial.