Leave to Appeal Denied June 5, 2009:

Court of Appeals No. 244553.

(concurring). I concur in the decision to deny leave to appeal and write to respond to what I believe is Justice Markman’s artificially narrow definition of “conduct” — one that ultimately and ironically would give rape victims fewer privacy interests than prostitutes under the rape shield statute. I do not believe that the statute requires this result. I also write to respond to Chief Justice Kelly’s constitutional argument.

I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Because the dissenting statements offered by Chief Justice Kelly and Justice Markman contain significant gaps that fail to capture the ambulatory nature of the defendant’s claims of error, I offer the following complete and chronological recitation of the facts and the relevant procedural history of this case.

The complainant child, D.W, has experienced a troubled childhood. When she was three or four years old, her step-grandfather allegedly sexually abused her by fondling her and requiring her to perform fellatio on him. When she was five years old, she moved to Michigan to live with her mother and stepfather (defendant Ricky Allen Parks). There, she admitted to them that she had been sexually abused by her step-grandfather. Defendant recalled:

She had told us the stories about how her grandfather would have her in his bed at night and how he would touch her vaginal areas and then how he would make her touch his — what she called the weenie and how he had ... her put it in her mouth and talked about it getting sick on her belly and giving her medicines ....

D.W’s mother immediately contacted the Family Independence Agency (FLA)1 in Owosso, which referred her to a physician. The physical examination conducted by the physician did not rule out fondling. The FIA investigator concluded that D.W “has either been exposed to an extreme amount of sexual activity or that she has been abused in the past, possibly with threats of physical harm were she to reveal what has taken place.” No charges were ever brought against D.W’s step-grandfather.

By November 2001, DW was 10 years old and living with defendant, his then-girlfriend, and five other children.2 After DW exhibited age-*1041inappropriate sexual knowledge and behavior at school, the school’s social worker interviewed her. During that interview, D.W stated that defendant had touched her in her vaginal area. The social worker then contacted Child Protective Services (CPS) regarding the allegations of sexual abuse. Although defendant denied the allegations, CPS placed D.W. in foster care. Further investigation led to additional details: D.W claimed that defendant twice followed her into the bathroom at their house and penetrated her, once with one of his fingers into her vagina and the other time with his penis into her mouth. Pursuant to MCL 750.520b, defendant was subsequently charged with two counts of first-degree criminal sexual conduct (CSC-I).3

At a motion in limine hearing, the prosecution sought to exclude evidence of the prior allegation that D.W. made against her step-grandfather. Defense counsel opposed the prosecutor’s motion, but on narrow grounds- — he sought to use the prior allegation “solely for impeachment purposes.” He explained that he anticipated asking D.W. whether “she had ever made any reports of any other types of activity .. . .” He expected “that [D.W] would say no,” as she did at a preliminary hearing, and he would then call other witnesses to testify that she had, in fact, previously made an allegation of sexual abuse. Thus, the then-ll-year-old complainant would be impeached. The trial court agreed with the prosecution and excluded the evidence under the rape shield statute.4 Trial proceeded without evidence of D.W’s previous abuse, and the jury convicted defendant on both charged counts of CSC-I. He was subsequently sentenced to a term of 7 to 15 years’ imprisonment.

On appeal, defendant argued that he should have been allowed to question D.W to show that she had made similar false allegations in the *1042past.5 The Court of Appeals, in an unpublished opinion per curiam, issued May 18, 2004 (Docket No. 244553), affirmed defendant’s convictions and held that defendant failed to make an offer of proof with respect to the falsity of D.W.’s prior allegation, as required under MRE 103(a)(2).6 Undeterred by the defendant’s failure to offer proof at the appropriate time, this Court accepted his argument and remanded to the Shiawassee Circuit Court for an evidentiary hearing to determine whether D.W. had, in fact, made a false accusation of sexual abuse against another person.7

On remand, the trial court affirmed defendant’s convictions, ruling that there was “absolutely no evidence, zero evidence!,] of any prior false accusations made by the child. . . .” This finding was based on the FIA investigator’s determination, contemporaneous with D.W’s allegation of abuse against her step-grandfather, that the young child “ha[d] either been exposed to an extreme amount of sexual activity or ... ha[d] been abused in the past.” Moreover, it was underscored by defendant’s own testimony that he believed D.W’s allegations against her step-grandfather to be true both at the time they were made and presently.

Defendant has abandoned his prior argument and, hoping that his third theory would be the charm, sought to introduce the evidence for yet another purpose: as an alternative explanation for D.W.’s age-inappropriate sexual knowledge and behavior. Under this theory, defen*1043dant now claims that he is entitled to present evidence of the previous abuse D.W suffered to show that she obtained her age-inappropriate sexual knowledge and behavior from a source other than defendant.

Obviously, at the time of trial, defendant did not offer this third basis for the admission of DW’s alleged prior sexual abuse. Accordingly, this issue is unpreserved. Neither Justice Markman nor Chief Justice Kelly explains why the defendant should be allowed to maintain a theory of innocence that was neither articulated at the time of trial nor at the time of the defendant’s first appeal to this Court. Indeed, the tortuous procedural history of this case — including the defendant’s seriatim efforts to introduce the excluded evidence — is conspicuously absent from either of their dissenting statements. The failure to preserve the appropriate claim of error is, by itself, a sufficient — and my primary — basis for denial.

II. ANALYSIS

A. RAPE SHIELD STATUTE

Michigan’s rape shield statute,8 enacted in 1974 as part of a comprehensive reform of Michigan’s criminal sexual assault statutes,9 is a broad exclusionary rule that prohibits the introduction of evidence of a sexual assault victim’s previous sexual conduct, with certain narrow exceptions. Before the rape shield statute was enacted, sexual assault trials often focused on a victim’s sexual history rather than on the defendant’s alleged actions.10 Thus, as this Court has previously explained, the enactment of rape shield laws across the country was “a reflection of a nationwide concern about the prosecution of sexual conduct cases.”11

The rape shield statute, MCL 750.520j, provides in part:

(1) Evidence of specific instances of the victim’s sexual conduct ... shall not be admitted under [MCL 750.520b to 750.520g] unless and only to the extent that the judge finds that the following proposed evidence is material to a fact at issue in the case and that its inflammatory or prejudicial nature does not outweigh its probative value:

*1044(a) Evidence of the victim’s past sexual conduct with the actor.

(b) Evidence of specific instances of sexual activity showing the source or origin of semen, pregnancy, or disease.

At issue in this case is whether prior involuntary sexual activity — the sexual abuse D.W. allegedly suffered by her step-grandfather— constitutes “sexual conduct” for the purposes of the statute’s exclusionary rule. If such involuntary sexual activity does constitute “sexual conduct,” then the defendant is not entitled to question the complainant about such conduct. This includes a complainant’s previous allegations of sexual abuse not proven to be false.12

The Legislature did not specifically define the term “conduct.” Therefore, it is appropriate to look to the dictionary definition to discern the term’s meaning.13 “Conduct” is relevantly defined as one’s “personal behavior.”14 This definition is silent about whether “conduct” encompasses only voluntary “personal behavior” or both voluntary and involuntary “personal behavior.” The term’s plain meaning in the criminal context, however, implies that both voluntary behavior and involuntary behavior are “conduct.” Justice MARKMAN’s understanding of the term “conduct” artificially restricts the term to one’s voluntary behavior only. Instead, it encompasses all of one’s “personal behavior.”15

*1045An examination of the statutory scheme as a whole underscores why Justice Markman’s construction of “conduct” is too limited. MCL 750.520a provides definitions for Chapter LXXVI of the Michigan Penal Code, which encompasses the rape shield statute (MCL 750.520j). Although the section does not define the word “conduct,” it does define both “actor” and “victim” with reference to their “conduct.” An “actor” is someone “accused of criminal sexual conduct,” MCL 750.520a(a), while a “victim” is someone “subjected to criminal sexual conduct,” MCL 750.520a(p). By including these definitions, the Legislature expressed its understanding that “sexual conduct” is something that both “actors” and “victims” take part in — “actors” voluntarily and “victims” involuntarily. The protections of the rape shield statute, therefore, do not distinguish involuntary “sexual conduct” experienced as a victim of sexual abuse from voluntary “sexual conduct” engaged in as a consenting adult. To hold otherwise would presume that the Legislature intended to give prostitutes more protection than rape victims. I do not think the plain meaning of the term “conduct” within the context of the statute conveys that particular legislative intent.

Moreover, a discarded draft of this provision supports this natural construction of the phrase “sexual conduct.” “[B]y comparing alternate legislative drafts, a court may be able to discern the intended meaning for the language actually enacted.”16 The bill, as introduced in the Senate on February 28, 1974, originally provided that “[pjrior consensual sexual activity between the victim and any person other than the actor shall not be admitted into evidence in prosecutions under sections 520B to 520I.”17 The House subsequently amended the bill and passed a substitute bill that deleted the word “consensual.”18 It is that House substitute bill that was enacted into law instead of the bill that was initially proposed.19 Therefore, the fact that the Legislature specifically deleted the word “consensual” provides additional support for the conclusion that the rape shield statute applies to both consensual and nonconsensual sexual conduct.20

*1046This is consistent with our caselaw applying the rape shield statute to victims of prior sexual abuse. In Arenda, this Court prohibited the admission, under the rape shield statute, of “any evidence of sexual conduct between the victim [an eight-year-old boy] and any person other than defendant.”21 Likewise, People v Morse articulated a specific test for admitting evidence of a complainant’s prior sexual abuse notwithstanding the applicability of the rape shield statute.22

While not controlling the interpretation of this state’s statute, it is nevertheless reassuring that nearly all states ruling on this question have *1047read their rape shield protections as encompassing both voluntary sexual conduct and involuntary sexual conduct. Twenty other states specifically hold that sexual abuse falls under rape shield protections.23 Only three *1048states concur with Justice Markman in denying the applicability of rape shield provisions to involuntary sexual abuse.24 A fourth, New Hampshire, *1049has enacted a statute expressly limiting exclusion to consensual sexual conduct.25

Ultimately, there is a strong textual basis for concluding that the term “conduct,” as it is used in the rape shield statute, encompasses both voluntary and involuntary behavior. The Legislature’s decision to enact a broad exclusionary rule containing limited and specific exceptions is itself a policy decision,26 which must be respected unless it is unconstitutional.

B. CONSTITUTIONAL CHALLENGE TO THE RAPE SHIELD STATUTE

Notwithstanding the requirements of the rape shield statute, a criminal defendant has the constitutional right to present a defense. The Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution and art 1, § 20, of the Michigan Constitution contain identical provisions giving a criminal defendant the right to “be confronted with the witnesses against him . . . .”27 In interpreting the Confrontation Clause, the United States Supreme Court maintains that the right to present a defense is a fundamental right afforded to criminal defendants.28 Nevertheless, it is not absolute. The protections of the Sixth Amendment may “bow to accommodate other legitimate interests in the criminal trial process.”29 Indeed, courts have “ ‘wide latitude’ to limit reasonably a criminal defendant’s right to cross-examine a witness ‘based on concerns about, among other things, harassment, prejudice, confusion of the issues, the witness’ safety, or interrogation that is repetitive or only marginally relevant.’ ”30

This Corut’s decision in People v Hackett requires a court to determine the constitutionality of exclusion of evidence under the rape shield statute on a case-by-case basis,31 as long as “[t]he defendant... makefs] an offer of proof as to the proposed evidence and... demonstrate^] its *1050relevance to the purpose for which it is sought to be admitted.”32 Only-then does a trial court possess the relevant information to decide whether a defendant is constitutionally entitled to present particular evidence excluded under the rape shield statute.

Here, defendant has only offered proof that the prior allegations were relevant to D.W.’s credibility. The Constitution does not require evidence of sexual conduct, such as these prior allegations, to be introduced when the defendant’s only proffered reason for introducing such evidence is to wage a general attack on a witness’s credibility, as opposed to a specific attack on a witness’s “possible biases, prejudices, or ulterior motives . . . .”33 The Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals decision in Boggs v Collins is instructive on this point:

No matter how central an accuser’s credibility is to a case— indeed, her credibility will almost always be the cornerstone of a rape or sexual assault case, even if there is physical evidence — the Constitution does not require that a defendant be given the opportunity to wage a general attack on credibility by pointing to individual instances of past conduct.[34]

Our Legislature has determined that the fact that a complainant had been abused in the past is simply irrelevant to her present credibility. This would seem to be an especially important policy when such prior sexual abuse occurred when DW could have been as young as three years old and when DW made her prior allegations of abuse when she was five years old.

Defendant’s latest and third argument for introducing the evidence —explaining DW’s age-inappropriate sexual knowledge and behavior — is somewhat more compelling.35 By failing to introduce this theory of admissibility at tried, however, defendant has forfeited it and *1051bears the burden to show: “1) error must have occurred, 2) the error was plain, i.e., clear or obvious, and 3) the plain error affected substantial rights.”36 And, if defendant can meet his burden, this Court must exercise its discretion to reverse only when “the defendant is actually innocent or the error seriously affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings.”37

Defendant has failed to show that error occurred, much less that it was clear or obvious. As noted earlier, the constitutional right to present a defense must be balanced against the state’s interest in protecting the integrity of criminal sexual conduct trials and the privacy of complainants. Hackett expressed that constitutional concerns might trump the rape shield statute when showing (on a proper offer of proof) that the complainant’s prior victimization is probative of her bias or ulterior motive against the criminal defendant.38 Defendant does not make such a claim here.

The Court of Appeals decision in People v Morse held that, before a jury may hear evidence of prior sexual abuse against a complainant, the trial judge must determine (at an in camera hearing): (1) that the proffered evidence is relevant, (2) that another person was convicted of criminal sexual conduct (CSC) involving the complainant, and (3) that the facts underlying the previous conviction are significantly similar to the case before it.39

Because D.W’s step-grandfather was not charged with CSC, let alone convicted of such a crime, evidence of previous abuse is not eligible for introduction at trial under Morse. Morse appropriately balanced the defendant’s necessity for introducing a defense with the state’s interests in protecting the integrity of CSC trials and the privacy of complainants. It is much less invasive to a complainant if the previous abuse suffered is already a matter of public record that had previously been examined in *1052open court. Accordingly, there is no compelling justification for extending this test to previous acts of CSC committed against a complainant that have not already withstood the publicity of a trial.40

Defendant is, therefore, not constitutionally entitled to introduce evidence of the previous abuse D.W suffered. Accordingly, he is not entitled to a new trial.

III. CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated, I concur in this Court’s decision to deny leave to appeal. D.W’s prior sexual victimization is covered under the plain meaning of the rape shield statute, and the exclusion of that evidence pursuant to the statute did not violate defendant’s constitutional rights. Accordingly, he is not entitled to a new trial.

(dissenting). I respectfully dissent from the majority’s decision to deny leave to appeal in this case. Defendant sought to introduce at tried evidence that it was equally likely that another person committed the crime with which he was charged. The trial court’s refusal of his request violated defendant’s Sixth Amendment right of confrontation.1

Because the excluded evidence was so important and its exclusion undoubtedly tainted the verdict, I would reverse the conviction and remand the case for a new trial.

FACTS

Defendant, Ricky Parks, was convicted of two counts of first-degree criminal sexual conduct (CSC-I)2 for molesting his nine-year-old stepdaughter, D.W3 The allegations against defendant arose when D.W. told a school social worker that defendant had sexually abused her. D.W, a mentally challenged child, had been abandoned by her mother and left with defendant. She had suffered a closed head injury when she fell from a golf cart while living with her grandparents and was left with serious developmental problems.

*1053Some years later, when D.W. was living with defendant, locks had to be put on the doors because she would leave the house naked. Her behavior at school had sexual overtones. When asked at home why she was misbehaving, D.W. answered that her grandfather used to bring her to his bed, touch her vaginal area, and have her touch his penis. She claimed that he put his penis in her mouth, as well as his fingers in her vagina. She referred to her grandfather’s penis as his “weenie” and described how, when she put it in her mouth, it “got sick on her belly.” D.W made some of the allegations against her grandfather after she was caught inappropriately fondling her brother. She then said that she was “trying to make medicine to wash his weenie off.”

Defendant and D.W’s mother obtained counseling for D.W. at school. They also reported the allegations D.W made against her grandfather to the Department of Social Services,4 but no charges were ever brought against the grandfather. Records show that a protective services case was opened in 1996, prompted by allegations that D.W’s grandfather abused her. However, it was closed because D.W failed to disclose any abuse while talking to agency personnel.

Nonetheless, the social service caseworker concluded in 1996 that “the statements made to mother and step-father with detail indicate that this child has either been exposed to an extreme amount of sexual activity or that she has been abused in the past.” Also in 1996, an examining physician, Dr. Stephen Guertin, stated that the results of his examination of D.W. were normal, although he could not rule out fondling. That year, a complaint from the Department of Social Services revealed that D.W. “made a statement alleging that she touched her [grandfather’s] weenie when it got sick.” Following the 1996 investigation, defendant attempted to enroll D.W in counseling.

In 1998, D.W’s mother abandoned her and moved to the West Coast. Defendant took care of D.W In time, his girlfriend, Julie Sutliff, moved into his home. She observed D.W touching herself in the vaginal area, making inappropriate sexual comments, and misbehaving. D.W told Sutliff that touching herself was no big deal because her grandfather used to do it to her. She also told Sutliff that her grandfather used to molest her and that she would suck on his penis hard enough to “get medicine out of it.” Sutliff said that she did not contact law enforcement personnel because defendant told her that he had attempted earlier to get help from them with no result.5

At a preliminary examination in 2002, D.W. alleged that defendant had abused her. Her accusations were very similar to those she had made against her grandfather. She asserted that defendant had “put his weenie in my mouth” and then “[it] got sick.”

*1054The prosecution presented no physical evidence of sexual abuse at trial. Defendant testified and maintained his innocence throughout the proceedings. D.W’s testimony was the only direct evidence of molestation brought against him. The prosecution bolstered D.W’s testimony by presenting evidence of her age-inappropriate knowledge of sexual matters and her continuous sexual behavior. The trial court prohibited defense counsel from cross-examining D.W about her prior allegations of assault by her grandfather.

The prosecution’s theory throughout trial was that D.W’s abnormal behavioral problems and age-inappropriate sexual knowledge was a “cry for help” for someone to save her from defendant’s molestation. In her opening statement, the prosecutor told the jury, “I don’t have a smoking gun or DNA evidence, but I do have D.W crying out for help,” demonstrated by her “inappropriate sexual knowledge” and “inappropriate sexual behavior.” The prosecution continued the theme of a cry for help by calling witnesses for the sole purpose of detailing D.W’s erratic behavior.

The prosecution called an expert qualified in the area of pediatrics with an emphasis on sexual abuse, Dr. Guertin, who examined D.W after the alleged abuse by defendant.6 Dr. Guertin testified that his examination of D.W. showed no physical evidence of molestation, but, given D.W’s “history,” it was his opinion that she had likely been “fondled.”7 Significantly, Dr. Guertin never gave an opinion about who had fondled D.W or what her “history” entailed.

The prosecution also called D.W.’s former elementary school teachers to testify about her disruptive behavior. The teachers recounted how D.W was “a handful” at school. She would throw temper tantrums so severe that all the other students had to be removed from the classroom until she calmed down. Sometimes she hit her head against the floor and screamed “I want to die.” She wrote letters to a boy in the class telling him she would have sex with him and “if you live with me I will have a baby.”

Other students were reluctant to be in the same room with D.W Once, D.W gyrated against a desk in a “humping” motion like a “dog in heat.” Another time, she took off her overalls and stood in the classroom in her underwear. One teacher recalled a time when D.W screamed “don’t fuck me” when the teacher tried to restrain her. In closing argument, the prosecution reminded the jury of D.W’s behavior, claiming that D.W was crying for help because of what was going on in her house. The prosecutor argued that, through her behavior, D.W was yelling out “make this stop.” The prosecutor systematically used D.W’s behavior as proof that it was defendant who molested her.

*1055THE RAPE-SHIELD ACT vs THE CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT OF CONFRONTATION

In limited situations, the admission of evidence of a victim’s past sexual conduct may be not only relevant but required to preserve a defendant’s constitutional right to confrontation.8 The trial court must balance the legitimate competing interests of the state and the accused on a case-by-case basis.9 The United States Supreme Court has identified specific factors that need to be considered: (1) the strength vel non of state interests weighing against admission of the evidence,10 (2) the importance of the evidence to an effective defense,11 and (3) the scope of the ban on the evidence.12

In this case, the importance of the proposed evidence to an effective defense overwhelmed any state interest. Defendant was charged with two counts of first-degree criminal sexual conduct (CSC-I), a very serious crime.13 A determination of his guilt hinged on whether the jury believed DW or him; it came down to a credibility contest between the two.

Beginning with her opening statement, the prosecutor used D.W.’s age-inappropriate knowledge and sexual behavior as proof that D.W was telling the truth. Almost all the state’s witnesses testified for the purpose of establishing DW’s abnormal behavior. By not allowing defendant to offer an alternative plausible explanation for DW’s behavior, he was left without a defense. By barring evidence that DW. had been abused by her grandfather, the trial court kept from the jury a critical piece of the puzzle necessary for the jury to render a fair decision. There was no direct physical evidence tying defendant to the alleged assaults, and DW was inconsistent in describing the details of the alleged assaults. Yet, without an alternative explanation for DW’s age-inappropriate sexual knowledge and abnormal behavior, the jury was led directly to the conclusion that defendant was the one who committed the acts.

Furthermore, the evidence was pertinent and necessary to the defense because of the similarity between DW’s description of the alleged sexual abuse by defendant and her grandfather. D W testified at the preliminary *1056examination that defendant “put his weenie in my mouth” and then “[i]t got sick.” This language is nearly identical to the statements she allegedly made against her grandfather. The 1996 social services report indicated that D.W said that she “touched her [grandfather’s] weenie when it got sick.” This is similar to D.W’s telling defendant’s girlfriend that her grandfather made her perform oral sex on him until “medicine” came out. It is extremely unlikely that both defendant and D.W’s grandfather abused D.W in the same manner and used the same peculiar language to describe the incidents.14

Moreover, the initial abuse had to have occurred before 1996. Because, by 1996, D.W had already described acts of oral sex and a “weenie” getting “sick,” with a liquid being ejaculated, which she referred to as “medicine.” However, defendant was charged with abuse that allegedly occurred sometime between 1999 and 2000. At trial, D.W could not remember the time of year, time of day, or day of the week of the first assault. Evidence that D.W was molested before 1996 was relevant to show that D.W may not have been abused in 1999 or 2000. If that is the case, defendant is innocent of the charges brought against him in this case.

Finally, the evidence of prior sexual abuse was essential to put Dr. Guertin’s testimony in proper context. Dr. Guertin was the only expert in child sexual assaults to testify at trial. He stated that, on the basis of D.W’s “history,” she had likely been fondled. The evidence at trial suggested to the jury that the only person who might have fondled D.W. was defendant. Hence, it was essential for defendant to be able to show that the “history” on which Dr. Guertin based his conclusion included sexual abuse by another person. Without that knowledge, the jury was left with no viable explanation for Dr. Guertin’s testimony that did not implicate defendant. Other courts reviewing applications of a rape-shield act have found a defendant’s constitutional rights to have been imper-missibly violated in similar circumstances.15

*1057Defendant’s guilt was a question of fact to be decided by an informed jury. If the jury had disbelieved D.W.’s testimony, the prosecution would have had no case. No other evidence linked defendant to the crimes. The jury was left without critical pieces of evidence to evaluate D.W’s testimony, and this effectively rendered defendant defenseless. The trial court erred by refusing to allow defendant to develop evidence about the prior allegations of sexual abuse by D.W’s grandfather. The error was not harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.

CONCLUSION

There are limited situations where the rape-shield act is irreconcilable with a defendant’s Sixth Amendment rights. In those situations, the statute must yield to a defendant’s constitutional rights of confrontation and to a fair trial. When the rape-shield act and a defendant’s rights of confrontation conflict, the trial court must balance the state’s interest in protecting the victim against the importance of the evidence to the defense.

In this case, the trial court violated defendant’s rights by barring all evidence that D.W’s grandfather had previously sexually abused her. Defendant’s defense was critically impaired when he was prevented from showing an equally plausible alternative explanation — that the child’s grandfather had abused her in the past. Defendant is entitled to a new trial. Therefore, I dissent from the denial of leave to appeal.

(dissenting). I respectfully dissent and would reverse defendant’s convictions and remand for a new trial. I believe that the trial court seriously erred in relying on the rape-shield statute to preclude defendant from introducing evidence concerning past sexual abuse of the complainant. As a result, the jury was presented with an incomplete and distorted picture of what had occurred, the truth-seeking process of the criminal justice system was compromised, and defendant, in my judgment, was denied a fair trial. By denying leave to appeal, this Court upholds defendant’s convictions while depriving him of substantial relevant evidence with which to defend himself.

I. HISTORY

A jury convicted defendant of two counts of first-degree criminal sexual conduct (CSC-1) pursuant to MCL 750.520b(l)(a) (sexual penetration with a person under 13 years of age). The charges arose out of two alleged incidents with defendant’s stepdaughter, complainant DW On the first day of trial, the prosecutor requested a ruling by the court to *1058prohibit defense questioning regarding any previous allegations made by DW of sexual abuse.1 The trial court determined that such testimony would be contrary to- the rape-shield statute and ruled that defendant could not elicit such testimony.

During trial, DW testified that defendant performed certain acts with her. She described sexual acts that a child of her age — nine years old — typically would not have knowledge of or be able to describe. Despite this testimony, defendant was prohibited from introducing evidence that DW could have learned about such acts not only from DW’s alleged abuse, but also from the abuse alleged against her step-grandfather. Dr. Stephen Guertin, the medical doctor who examined DW after her allegations against her step-grandfather, and also after her allegations against defendant, testified that DW’s history led him to believe that she had been abused. Defendant, however, was again not allowed to explore DW’s past allegations and how the conduct that was the subject of these allegations might have affected Dr. Guertin’s opinion.

The jury subsequently convicted defendant on both counts of CSC-1, and the Court of Appeals affirmed. People v Parks, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued May 18, 2004 (Docket No. 244553). We held defendant’s application for leave to appeal in abeyance, pending our decision in People v Jackson, 477 Mich 1019 (2007). In Jackson we held that “testimony concerning prior false allegations does not implicate the rape-shield statute.” Id. We remanded this case to the trial court to afford “the defendant the opportunity to offer proof that the complainant made a prior false accusation of sexual abuse against another person.” 478 Mich 910 (2007).

The trial court held an evidentiary hearing in accordance with our remand order. The testimony provided a glimpse of DW’s life leading up to the present allegations against defendant. DW spent the first four years of her life living with her mother, Terry, and her grandmother and step-grandfather in Missouri. During that time, when DW was around three years old, she fell off a golf cart and suffered a closed head injury. The injury has affected DW’s development, and she still receives medical treatment, including drug treatment, in order to limit seizures caused by the injury.

In 1995, when DW was four years old, Terry, who was then pregnant, moved with DW to Michigan, where they met defendant, who began living with them. Terry and defendant married and had a child of their own. During this period, DW begem acting out in various sexual ways, all of which were inappropriate for a child of her age. When asked why she was behaving in such a manner, DW described certain occasions on which her step-grandfather had allegedly abused her.2

Terry and defendant sought help in connection with DW’s edlegations against her step-grandfather, including contacting the Family Indepen*1059dence Agency (FLA). During DW’s interview with the FIA, she did not disclose any past abuse by her step-grandfather. The FIA, however, referred DW to Dr. Guertin for an examination.

In 1996, Dr. Guertin examined DW with respect to the allegations about her step-grandfather, but he did not find any physical manifestation of the molestation. DW also did not disclose to Dr. Guertin abuse by her step-grandfather. Defendant and Terry were unable to pursue the allegations any further.

In 1998, Terry left with her three children, including DW Shortly thereafter, defendant received a call from a police officer in Oregon, inquiring about the children. Terry had apparently been charged with drug offenses, and the children were at risk of being placed in foster care. Defendant arranged for the children to come live with him, which they did in early 1999. Around that same time, defendant began living with Julie Sutliff. Sutliff testified at the evidentiary hearing that DW exhibited sexually inappropriate behavior, and when Sutliff asked DW about her behavior, DW told Sutliff about the incidents with her step-grandfather.

The trial court determined that DW’s past allegations of abuse by her step-grandfather were not “false” and thus remained within the scope of the rape-shield statute. Defendant again sought leave to appeal in this Court, and we heard oral argument regarding, among other things, whether DW’s allegations against her step-grandfather are inadmissible on the basis of the rape-shield statute. 481 Mich 860.

II. RAPE-SHIELD STATUTE

The rape-shield statute, MCL 750.520j, reads in part:

(1) Evidence of specific instances of the victim’s sexual conduct, opinion evidence of the victim’s sexual conduct, and reputation evidence of the victim’s sexual conduct shall not be admitted under sections [MCL 760.520b to 750.520g] unless and only to the extent that the judge finds that the following proposed evidence is material to a fact at issue in the case and that its inflammatory or prejudicial nature does not outweigh its probative value:

(a) Evidence of the victim’s past sexual conduct with the actor.

(b) Evidence of specific instances of sexual activity showing the source or origin of semen, pregnancy, or disease.

This statute only excludes evidence of the “victim’s sexual conduct.” Thus, any inquiry into the statute’s application must focus on the meaning of “conduct.” The ordinary meaning of “conduct” is harmonious with the Legislature’s use of “conduct” throughout the enacting legislation, 1974 PA *1060266,3 and with the Legislature’s purposes in enacting the rape-shield statute. Each of these interpretative guides strongly suggests that “conduct” refers only to volitional actions by the victim and does not encompass involuntary acts such as those that stem from being subjected to sexual abuse.

The definition of “conduct” varies little from dictionary to dictionary. Conduct is defined as: “personal behavior; way of acting; deportment,” Random House Webster’s College Dictionary (1997); “[t]he way a person acts; behavior,” The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (1981); and “[t]he manner of guiding or carrying one’s self; personal deportment; mode of action; behavior,” Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1996). The common theme of these definitions is that “conduct” pertains to an individual’s own behavior, to actions initiated or set in motion by the individual. Being the victim of, or having been subjected to, sexual abuse by another does not by this definition of “conduct” constitute something within the scope of the rape-shield statute, and therefore should not be excluded from evidence under the authority of this statute.

This interpretation of “conduct” is further supported by the Legislature’s use of “conduct” throughout the rape-shield statute. If “conduct” is read to include abuse perpetrated against the victim by other persons, then references in the statute, MCL 750.520j(1), to “opinion evidence of the victim’s sexual conduct” and “reputation evidence of the victim’s sexual conduct” make no sense. Reputation and opinion evidence are typically based on a person’s character, such as the person’s tendency for aggression.4 A person’s character and conduct are similar at least in the sense that they are each formed by voluntary decisions made by that individual. Actions concerning which an individual has no control cannot be said to establish a person’s character, so when the Legislature extended protection from reputation and opinion evidence in MCL 750.520j(1), it likely understood that such evidence could only apply with respect to a victim’s sexual history over which the victim has control. Thus, the ordinary volitional understanding of “conduct” also fits within the context in which it is used in the rape-shield statute, whereas a broader definition, encompassing non-volitional behavior, including sexual abuse by others, does not.

The statute provides additional insight on the meaning of “conduct” by distinguishing “conduct” from “activity” in paragraphs (a) and (b) of MCL 750.520j(1). These paragraphs set forth two exceptions to the general inadmissibility of evidence regarding a “victim’s sexual conduct” in subsection (1). Paragraph (a) renders admissible evidence of the “victim’s past sexual conduct with the actor,” and paragraph (b) renders admissible “specific instances of sexual activity" concerning the “source or origin of semen, pregnancy, or disease.” “Activity” does not connote the concept of *1061volition to the same extent as “conduct.” “Activity” in paragraph (b) pertains to conditions that directly result from the physical sex act itself — semen, pregnancy, disease — in which the concept of volition is essentially irrelevant. In contrast, “conduct” in paragraph (a) pertains to a range of interpersonal behavior that extends beyond the physical act itself, and in which the concept of volition may be quite relevant in assessing whether the victim chose to behave in such a way that the defendant should be deemed less culpable, or not culpable at all, for the alleged offense. Interpreting “conduct” to include non-volitional action blurs the Legislature’s apparently careful distinction between “conduct” and “activity.”

The Legislature’s use of “conduct” throughout 1974 PA 266 further supports interpreting “conduct” to include only volitional actions. See, e.g., MCL 750.520b (describing first-degree criminal sexual “conduct”). It seems unlikely that the Legislature intended to punish non-volitional activity under the criminal code. Interpreting “conduct” to mean only volitional action maintains this understanding. “Identical language should receive identical construction when found in the same act.” People ex rel Simmons v Munising Twp, 213 Mich 629, 633 (1921).

Further uses of “conduct” in 1974 PA 266 are found in MCL 750.520a, in which the Legislature defined “actor” as “a person accused of criminal sexual conduct,” MCL 750.520a(a), and “victim” as “the person alleging to have been subjected to criminal sexual conduct,” MCL 750.520a(s). These definitions distinguish a person who has chosen to perform a certain act from one who had no choice in performing such act. If a victim, for example, is raped by an actor, the rape is considered to be the actor’s conduct. The victim is considered to have been “subjected to” the conduct, strongly suggesting that rape is not fairly characterized as the victim’s conduct.5 Rather, it would only be the “conduct” of the person who chose to perform the act.6

The overall purpose of the rape-shield statute also supports understanding “conduct” by its normal definition to encompass only volitional activity. MCL 750.520j was clearly enacted to prevent the introduction of embarrass*1062ing evidence regarding the victim’s sexual history at trial.7 Such prohibition, it was hoped, would increase the likelihood that sexual assault victims would report such assaults and not be deterred from doing so by the prospect of embarrassment. Yet, reading the rape-shield statute to exclude evidence regarding past abuse suffered by the victim bears no apparent relationship to this purpose. While any person may well be uncomfortable about revealing past instances in which he or she was sexually abused, such uneasiness is sharply distinct from the kind of embarrassment that rape-shield statutes were designed to foreclose — embarrassment caused as a function of one’s own misbehavior or questionable conduct.8

By enacting the rape-shield statute, the Legislature also sought to eliminate the potential for a defendant to exploit a victim’s sexual history to imply consent in the defendant’s case.9 What is at issue in this case — the admissibility of evidence that the victim was previously abused by a person other than the defendant — cannot be similarly exploited by the defendant.

III. “SEXUAL CONDUCT”

With the understanding that the rape-shield statute only applies to volitional acts, evidence regarding DW’s allegations against her step-grandfather does not qualify for exclusion as “the victim’s past sexual conduct.” The testimony at the evidentiary hearing indicates that DW’s step-grandfather may have “subjected” her to various sexual acts, none of which DW chose to perform. Accordingly, defendant should have been allowed to present evidence regarding this past sexual abuse.10

Because of the trial court’s erroneous interpretation of the rape-shield statute, rather than the jury basing its decision regarding defendant’s *1063guilt on all the relevant information, the jury was forced to make assumptions based on incomplete information. In particular, in order to confront the unsettling fact that DW was able at nine years of age to describe certain sex acts she alleged defendant had performed on her, the jury was more likely to conclude that defendant actually had performed those acts. The jury was not allowed to hear and evaluate an alternative explanation that DW may have learned about such acts not from defendant, but from her step-grandfather. If the jury had been apprised of DW’s allegations of previous abuse, it may well have come up with a different explanation concerning the source of DW’s precocious sexual knowledge and thereby reached a different conclusion regarding defendant’s guilt.11

Equally troubling is the void left by Dr. Guertin’s testimony. Dr. Guertin testified that he had examined DW in 1996, but the jury received no information regarding what prompted that examination. Instead, Dr. Guertin testified that during his most recent examination of DW, which followed in time the present allegations against defendant, he discerned no physical signs of abuse but concluded on the basis of DW’s history that she had been sexually abused.12 The trial court then instructed the jury not to consider the 1996 examination as relevant to the instant charges. As a result, the jury heard that DW had likely suffered abuse and was aware of only one possible source of that abuse — defendant. Thus, by improperly expanding the purview of the rape-shield statute, the trial court left the jury with a distorted picture of defendant’s potential role in previously abusing DW Defendant had no way of presenting evidence that DW’s history potentially included abuse by another individual. The court’s limitation on Dr. Guertin’s testimony unfairly subjected defendant to a process in which the jury heard evidence suggesting his guilt, but did not hear any testimony by defendant with which he could dispel this suggestion.

IV RESPONSE TO CONCURRENCE

(1) The concurring justice asserts that the interpretation of MCL *1064750.520j set forth in this dissent would “give rape victims fewer privacy interests than prostitutes under the rape-shield statute.” Ante at 1040. Although an attention-getting observation, I fail to see how this is either relevant or true. The rape-shield statute bars evidence of volitional sexual behavior, regardless of whether the complainant is a prostitute, a rape victim, or any other person, whatever the complainant’s gender, profession, race, color, creed, lifestyle, or history of sexual promiscuity. Evidence of volitional sexual behavior is barred with regard to all complainants. Similarly, all complainants are treated exactly the same with regard to non-volitional sexual behavior.

(2) The concurring justice states that defendant’s “failure to preserve the appropriate claim of error is, by itself, a sufficient — and [his] primary — basis for denial.” Ante at 1043. Yet, defendant did preserve his claim of error by arguing before the trial court that DW’s allegations should not be precluded by the statute. In any event, as the concurring justice himself has stated, “addressing a controlling legal issue despite the failure of the parties to properly frame the issue is a well understood judicial principle.” Mack v Detroit, 467 Mich 186, 207 (2002) (Young, J.). A majority of this Court has already held that defendant’s claim of error warranted a hearing by the trial court regarding the falsity of DW’s allegations. Now that the trial court has determined that the allegations were not false, the controlling issue is whether the preclusion of evidence was proper in that it constituted the victim’s “sexual conduct.” Where a defendant’s guilt, and resultant exposure to a sentence of imprisonment for life, potentially rests entirely upon the interpretation of a statute, I believe this Court should “set forth the law as clearly as it can, irrespective of whether the parties assist the Court in fulfilling its constitutional function.” Id. at 209.

(3) The concurring justice also contends that my “understanding of the term ‘conduct’ artificially restricts the term to voluntary behavior.” Ante at 1044.1 fail to see how using an ordinary definition of an ordinary term injects anything “artificial” into the interpretative process. The beginning point of statutory interpretation is to understand what the Legislature intended by its use of a word in context. Indeed, the concurring justice seems to agree with such an approach when he concludes that the “longstanding definition” of “conduct” is “personal behavior.” Ante at 1044 n 14. Yet, he never addresses what this definition means in the context of the victim’s “sexual conduct.” Instead, he concludes that “conduct” can encompass “both voluntary behavior and involuntary behavior,” ante at 1044, and, to support this conclusion, relies on a single, stray reference to “conduct” set forth in a decision predating the rape-shield statute by 64 years, having nothing to do with the meaning of “conduct,” and relating in not the slightest way to rape or sexual behavior of any kind. Ante at 1044-1045 n 15. Quite apart from the fact that it is “conduct,” not “personal behavior,” that is the subject of interpretation here, the concurring justice’s invocation of “personal behavior” in support of his position disregards that this latter term also describes the manner in which a person acts under his or her own will. For example, if asked to describe a person’s “driving behavior,” or more specifically his or her “personal driving behavior,” a response might *1065typically reference how fast that person chooses to drive or how that person interacts with other drivers on the road. On the other hand, "personal driving behavior” would not typically refer to a person having been rear-ended at a stop light or having been cut off by another driver. Similarly, a person’s “personal sexual behavior” might typically refer to that person’s promiscuity or lack thereof, or to his or her sexual preferences or inclinations. It would not, however, typically refer to instances of sexual abuse against that person in which he or she had no control.

(4) The concurring justice argues that, although the initial bill included the phrase “consensual sexual activity,” the bill actually enacted included an amendment “that deleted the word ‘consensual.’ ” Ante at 1045. This argument fails to recognize that the amendment, in fact, replaced “consensual sexual activity” with “sexual conduct,” rather than merely deleting the word “consensual.” If anything, this amendment suggests that the Legislature considered “conduct” to be an altogether suitable substitute for “consensual activity.”

(5) The concurring justice’s citation of People v Arenda, 416 Mich 1 (1982), has little bearing on the present issue because the defendant in that case did not raise any argument regarding the meaning of “conduct,” and the Court did not address this issue at all. Ante at 1046. Instead, Arenda focused exclusively on the constitutionality of the rape-shield statute and never explored the meaning of a victim’s “sexual conduct.”

(6) The concurring justice would require the defendant to demonstrate that “another person was convicted of criminal sexual conduct (CSC) involving the complainant” before being allowed to reference DW’s past allegations. Ante at 1051 (emphasis omitted), citing People v Morse, 231 Mich App 424 (1998). Again, I disagree. First, Morse only applies to “conduct” barred by the rape-shield statute and DW’s prior allegations do not constitute “conduct.” Second, the jury was allowed to hear Dr. Guertin’s testimony, which was influenced by DW’s prior allegations, even though her step-grandfather was never convicted of CSC. Defendant was denied an opportunity to explore those same allegations. Requiring defendant to first show that a CSC conviction arose out of the allegations would subject defendant to a burden higher than that of the prosecutor as a precondition to presenting evidence to the jury.

(7) Finally, the concurring justice states that the Legislature “has determined that the fact that a complainant had been abused in the past is simply irrelevant to her present credibility.” Ante at 1050. Here, however, it is not the abuse, but the allegations of such abuse, that go to DW’s credibility because she testified at the preliminary hearing that she never made any previous allegations. Further, although the concurring justice acknowledges that such past allegations may be important in "explaining D.W.’s age-inappropriate sexual knowledge and behavior,” ante at 1050, he overlooks the importance of these allegations in also explaining Dr. Guertin’s testimony. Dr. Guertin told the jury that he had concluded, based on DW’s history, that DW had likely been abused. The jury, however, had no way of knowing that DW’s “history” included allegations of past abuse and that these allegations, rather than any *1066conduct by defendant, may have contributed to Dr. Guertin’s conclusion.13 Allowing defendant to be convicted with such incomplete information seriously affects the integrity of the trial process and compromises its truth-seeking mission.

V CONCLUSION

For these reasons, I would remand for a new trial. Defendant should be allowed the opportunity to present evidence regarding DW’s allegations against her step-grandfather and their relevance to the charges against defendant.