In this zoning case, Putnam Township (1) denied plaintiffs’ request to rezone a 144-acre parcel from agricultural-open space (A-O) use to single-family, rural residential (R-l-B) use, (2) denied a request for a planned unit development (PUD) that would have permitted R-l-B development of the parcel and, (3) denied a use variance that would have permitted residential development of up to 95 lots. In light of these circumstances, we consider whether the trial court had jurisdiction to entertain a claim of exclusionary zoning and grant relief that would allow plaintiffs to use the property for a 498-unit manufactured housing community (MHC).

Plaintiffs’ exclusionary zoning claim was premised on the notion that because the township’s zoning map classified no appropriate land for MHC use and the township’s master plan designated only unsuitable property for that use, the township’s ordinance was facially invalid. The trial court agreed with plaintiffs and granted relief on the basis of a finding that the township had engaged in exclusionary zoning and that MHC development was an appropriate use of plaintiffs’ property.

On appeal, the Court of Appeals majority affirmed in part. Concluding that plaintiffs had presented an ap*560parently “facial” challenge to the constitutionality of the ordinance1 because it did not include MHC development,2 the majority also determined that plaintiffs had presented an “as applied” challenge to the constitutionality of the ordinance. The majority found it unnecessary to determine whether the exclusionary zoning claim presented a facial challenge and whether it was subject to the rule of finality, however, “holding that further township proceedings would have been futile assuming application of the rule.”3 The as-applied challenge was not subject to finality and ripeness requirements because, in light of the township’s denial of plaintiffs’ applications to rezone the property for a lower-density residential use, it would have been futile for plaintiffs to apply for approval of a 498-unit MHC.

We conclude that the trial court and the Court of Appeals majority (1) erred to the extent that they held that the township zoning ordinance was facially invalid because it unconstitutionally excluded a lawful use (MHC) and (2) erred by holding that the futility exception excused compliance with the finality rule and that the appropriate remedy was to enjoin the township from interfering with plaintiffs’ development of a 498-unit MHC. An ordinance is not facially invalid merely because it does not authorize every conceivable lawful use, nor does a zoning authority’s denial of an applica*561tion for residential rezoning at a proposed lower-density level automatically establish that it would be futile for the property owner to apply for a higher-density use, such as MHC rezoning or a variance allowing MHC use. Because plaintiffs never submitted an application to the township for MHC rezoning or for a use variance that permitted construction of an MHC, plaintiffs’ claim was not ripe for judicial review.4

I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Plaintiffs Jeffrey Hendee, Michael Hendee, and Louann Demorest Hendee own a 144-acre tract of land, formerly used as a dairy farm, in defendant Putnam Township. The land is essentially undeveloped, consisting of flat lands, hills, wetlands, and woods. The land was and is currently zoned A-O, which permits development as a farm or 10-acre single-family homes. The parties stipulated that the surrounding property to the east and south is zoned for agricultural use, that the property to the west is zoned for agricultural and medium-acreage residential estate use, and that the property is bordered on the west by a paved road and on the south by a gravel road. The township has no public water or sanitary-sewer service.

Some years before the proceedings in this case, the Hendees had stopped using the land as a dairy farm because it was unprofitable. In 2002, they attempted to sell the land, intending to use the proceeds to fund their retirements, but they concluded that they could not get an acceptable price for the land because the A-0 zoning classification limited its development potential. Plaintiff Village Pointe Development LLC agreed to purchase *562and develop the land, contingent on the property being rezoned from A-0 to R-l-B.

On August 29, 2002, the Hendees filed an application with the Putnam Township Planning Commission to rezone their land from A-0 to R-l-B. The township planning commission recommended denial of the rezoning application, but the Livingston County Planning Commission recommended approval with conditions, specifically, that cluster or PUD development be considered to protect the parcel’s wetlands.

On April 23, 2003, the Hendees filed an application with the township for approval of a 95-unit PUD and rezoning to R-l-B. The township planning commission recommended denial of the application, and in May 2003 the county planning commission also recommended denial.

Following these denial recommendations, the Putnam Township Board remanded the application to the township planning commission for specific findings of fact. The planning commission held a hearing and presented its findings supporting denial, supplemented by letters from the township’s community planner and consulting engineers, to the township board in December 2003. On December 17, 2003, the township board denied both the rezoning request and the application for the 95-unit PUD/R-l-B on the basis of the planning commission’s findings.

The Hendees next applied to the township zoning board of appeals (ZBA) for a use variance to permit development of up to 95 one-acre residential lots on their land. Following hearings in February and March 2004, the ZBA denied the Hendees’ variance request on March 22, 2004.

Although it is unclear when it occurred, at some point during the application process concerning the *56395-unit PUD/R-l-B, the Hendees filed a new application to rezone the property to permit MHC development. The Hendees withdrew that application, however, after the township informed them that it would not process a new application for an MHC while the 95-unit PUD application was still pending.

On April 12, 2004, the Hendees, together with the proposed buyer/developer, Village Pointe, filed a complaint against the township, alleging that the refusal to rezone the property from A-0 zoning to allow MHC development deprived plaintiffs of equal protection and substantive due process and constituted an unconstitutional taking and further alleging that the township’s zoning was exclusionary, in violation of former MCL 125.297a,5 because it excluded MHC zoning.

Importantly, plaintiffs abandoned the 95-unit PUD as “economically unfeasible.” Instead, they based their claim for injunctive relief prohibiting enforcement of the A-0 zoning of their property on their earlier (withdrawn) request to rezone the property for an MHC,6 asking that the court enjoin the township from interfering with plaintiffs’ development of a 498-unit MHC. On May 5, 2006, after a nine-day bench trial during January and March 2006, the trial court found in plaintiffs’ favor on all claims and granted an injunction prohibiting the township from interfering with devel*564opment of the MHC. The trial court also awarded costs and expert witness fees to plaintiffs.

The township appealed and, in an unpublished, split decision, the Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court’s judgment enjoining the township from enforcing its A-0 zoning and from interfering with plaintiffs’ MHC development.7 The majority reversed in part with respect to the as-applied constitutional claims (equal protection, substantive due process, and taking). Although the majority ruled that the claims were subject to the rule of finality but should not have been dismissed on that ground under the futility exception to that rule, it also concluded that those claims failed on the merits because the township “was advancing a legitimate governmental interest in maintaining the A-0 classification,” it was “not acting arbitrarily or capriciously,” and “all avenues of use, and thus economic feasibility, were not explored and negated.”8 The majority affirmed the trial court’s ruling on plaintiffs’ exclusionary zoning claim, however. The majority found it unnecessary to decide whether it was a facial claim that was not subject to the rule of finality. Instead, “assuming the contrary, the futility exception applied; the claim was ripe for suit.”9 The majority implied that plaintiffs were free to pursue their exclusionary zoning claim because the ordinance unconstitutionally excluded a lawful use (MHC). The majority reasoned that, in light of the township’s denial of plaintiffs’ request for far less intensive residential rezoning (the PUD) and use variance applications, it would have been fruitless for plaintiffs to seek MHC rezoning or a variance permitting MHC use of the property at the much higher density they proposed. *565Relying on Schwartz v City of Flint, 426 Mich 295, 329; 395 NW2d 678 (1986), the majority concluded that the use plaintiffs proposed was reasonable and affirmed the trial court’s order enjoining the township from interfering with it.10 The majority also affirmed the award of costs and expert witness fees to plaintiffs.

Judge DONOFRIO concurred in part and dissented in part. He agreed that plaintiffs’ as-applied claims were not ripe, but also thought that the trial court’s ruling on the exclusionary zoning claim should be reversed because it was not ripe for judicial review and because plaintiffs had not established, pursuant to former MCL 125.297a, that a demonstrated need for MHCs existed in the township, a question that the majority had found unnecessary to decide because it believed the futility doctrine rendered such analysis unnecessary.

Defendant applied for leave to appeal, and we granted leave and requested that the parties brief the following issues:

(1) whether a rule of finality or ripeness applies to the plaintiffs’ exclusionary zoning claim, see Paragon Props Co v City of Novi, 452 Mich 568, 576 (1996); Warth v Seldin, 422 US 490, 508 n 18 [95 S Ct 2197; 45 L Ed 2d 343] (1975) (“[U]sually the focus should be on a particular project.”); (2) if so, whether the Court of Appeals majority properly held that the defendant township’s previous denials of the plaintiffs’ applications to rezone their property for less intensive uses excused the finality requirement under the futility doctrine; (3) whether the trial court erred in granting injunctive relief prohibiting the defendant township from interfering with the plaintiffs’ proposed use of their property for a manufactured housing community when the plaintiffs had never proposed that use to the township, see Schwartz v City of Flint, 426 Mich 295, 327-328 (1986); (4) whether a claim that a zoning ordi*566nance unconstitutionally excludes a lawful use is properly analyzed without regard to whether a demonstrated need for the use exists, as suggested by the Court of Appeals’ reliance on Kropf v Sterling Hts, 391 Mich 139, 155-156 [215 NW2d 179] (1974), or whether the enactment of 1978 PA 637, MCL 125.297a (now recodified in nearly identical language as MCL 125. 3207) superseded the analysis of Kropf on which the majority relied; and (5) whether the trial court abused its discretion in awarding the plaintiffs their costs and expert witness fees.[11]

II. STANDARDS OF REVIEW

This Court reviews de novo issues of law.12 We review a trial court’s findings of for clear error.13

III. ANALYSIS

A. LEGISLATIVE ZONING POWER

The zoning of land is an exercise of a government’s police power.14 For more than 80 years, courts have adhered to the analysis in Village of Euclid v Ambler Realty Co.15 There, the United States Supreme Court recognized that the pressures of competing land uses require the segregation of incompatible uses, consistent with the public interest in protecting and preserving property values. In accordance with Euclid, various zoning acts, including the former Township Zoning Act, MCL 125.271 et seq., were adopted to establish procedures for Michigan governmental bodies to enact and enforce zoning ordinances.

*567Pursuant to that statute, Putnam Township enacted a zoning ordinance and adopted a zoning map.16 Legislative bodies such as the Putnam Township Board also have the authority to amend zoning maps by granting rezoning requests and special use permits. In addition, a landowner may seek a use variance to permit a use in a zoning district that otherwise would not be permitted.

B. PLAINTIFFS’ REZONING REQUEST

Plaintiffs’ land was zoned for agricultural use, which limited the development of single-family homes on plaintiffs’ property to 10-acre parcels. Accordingly, plaintiffs initially filed a request to rezone their property from A-0 to R-l-B. Upon the recommendation of the Livingston County Planning Commission, plaintiffs reformulated their request, seeking to proceed with a 95-unit PUD.

After the township denied plaintiffs’ request for a 95-unit PUD, plaintiffs properly sought administrative relief by requesting a use variance from the ZBA to permit the 95-unit PUD. The ZBA denied plaintiffs’ variance request. At that point, plaintiffs had exhausted their administrative review obligations and could have sought judicial relief under the ripeness rule of Paragon Props Co v City of Novi, 452 Mich 568; 550 NW2d 772 (1996), as no other means of administrative appeal or review was available to plaintiffs to permit development of a 95-unit PUD.

However, after the township reached its final decision denying the 95-unit PUD, plaintiffs did not seek judicial review of the ZBA’s denial of their request for a variance to develop a 95-unit PUD. Instead, they filed a *568complaint in the circuit court alleging that the township had wrongfully engaged in exclusionary zoning by enacting an ordinance that did not, on its face, permit development of a 498-unit MHC on plaintiffs’ property.17 Thus, the township was never afforded an opportunity to review a rezoning request for a 498-unit MHC because the only applications before the township were the requests to rezone the property for residential development or development of a 95-unit PUD or for a use variance that would allow residential development.

*569The township responded that it had reached a final decision only with respect to the rezoning request before it: the request for the 95-unit PUD. The township had no rezoning request pertaining to development if a 498-unit MHC upon which to make any decision, much less a final decision appealable in the circuit court. Accordingly, the trial court had no authority to review plaintiffs’ complaint alleging that the township’s ordinance was a facially invalid exercise in exclusionary zoning because the ordinance did not permit plaintiffs to develop an MHC.

We conclude that the trial court erred by deciding plaintiffs’ exclusionary zoning claim because plaintiffs did not first submit a request to rezone their property for MHC use. The township could not even consider, much less render a final decision with regard to, the proposed 498-unit MHC use because it had no such application before it.

C. PARAGON PROPS CO v CITY OF NOVI

Under Paragon, a plaintiffs complaint is not ripe for judicial review until the zoning authority has reached a final decision and the plaintiff has exhausted every administrative appeal. Without a final decision from the zoning authority, a plaintiff cannot demonstrate that the zoning ordinance or decision specifically injured the plaintiff.

In Paragon, this Court addressed whether the Novi City Council’s denial of plaintiff Paragon Properties Company’s request to rezone its property was a final decision appealable in the circuit court. Paragon owned a 75-acre vacant tract of land that was zoned for large-lot, single-family residential use. The property in Novi, Michigan, abutted an active gravel pit operation to the west, and the land north of the property was *570zoned for industrial use. To the east of the Paragon tract, the undeveloped property was zoned for residential use, and to the west, the property was developed for mobile-home use.

Paragon applied to the planning board of the city of Novi to rezone the property from single-family residential to mobile-home use. Both the planning board and the Novi City Council denied Paragon’s request. Paragon then filed a complaint in the Oakland Circuit Court, alleging that the property had no economic value as zoned for residential use because of adjacent industrial uses and poor drainage conditions. Paragon argued that the highest and best use of the property would be for mobile-home use and thus the city’s denial of its rezoning request unconstitutionally deprived Paragon of its property, in violation of the Due Process Clause.

The city moved for summary disposition, arguing that because Paragon had failed to first seek a úse variance, Paragon had not obtained a final decision regarding the permissible uses of the property under the Novi ordinance. The trial court denied the motion, concluding that Paragon had exhausted all its administrative remedies because the case concerned a request for rezoning, not a request for a use variance. Thereafter, the trial court held that the zoning ordinance as applied to Paragon’s property was an unconstitutional taking and entered a judgment against the city.18

*571On appeal, the Court of Appeals reversed the trial court, holding that Paragon’s claim was not ripe for judicial review because Paragon had neither sought a variance nor brought an inverse condemnation action.19

Citing the United States Supreme Court’s opinion in Williamson Co Regional Planning Comm v Hamilton Bank of Johnson City,20 as well as this Court’s express adoption of Williamson in Electro-Tech, Inc v H F Campbell Co 21 we observed in Paragon the importance of requiring finality in land-use-regulation disputes.22 In Williamson, a property owner received temporary approval from the planning commission to develop a residential subdivision. When the commission subsequently amended its ordinance, thereby denying the *572property owner his preferred use, the owner sued in federal district court, alleging that the ordinance amounted to an unconstitutional taking of his property. The United States Supreme Court disagreed, holding that because the landowner had failed to first seek alternative relief by requesting a land use variance, the landowner’s claim was not ripe for judicial review.23

Consistently with Williamson, we held in Paragon that judicial review in zoning cases is not available until the zoning authority has rendered a final decision.24 Thus, because Paragon had not first sought a use variance, it had not established that its claim was ripe for judicial review:

The City of Novi’s denial of Paragon’s rezoning request is not a final decision because, absent a request for a variance, there is no information regarding the potential uses of the property that might have been permitted, nor, therefore, is there information regarding the extent of the injury Paragon may have suffered as a result of the ordinance. While the city council’s denial of rezoning is certainly a decision, it is not a final decision under ElectroTech because had Paragon petitioned for a land use variance, Paragon might have been eligible for alternative relief from the provisions of the ordinance. [Paragon, 452 Mich at 580.]

D. APPLICATION OF PARAGON

As there was no decision regarding plaintiffs’ proposed use of the property for a 498-unit MHC, plaintiffs’ complaint did not allege that any final decision by the township precluded plaintiffs from making MHC use of their property. MHC use was contemplated by the township’s master plan, though not yet specifically *573zoned for in the township. Plaintiffs’ failure to seek rezoning of their property for MHC development denied the township any opportunity to assess plaintiffs’ MHC proposal and arrive at a definitive decision from which the court could determine whether plaintiffs had sustained any actual or concrete injury. Consequently, plaintiffs have not exhausted their administrative remedies, the township has rendered no final decision, and plaintiffs’ exclusionary zoning claim is not ripe for judicial review. As this case can be resolved on this narrower ground, we need not and do not address the substance of plaintiffs’ exclusionary zoning claim.

Whereas the Paragon Court held that Paragon’s failure to obtain a final decision from the Novi Zoning Board of Appeals precluded Paragon from seeking judicial review, in the case now before us, plaintiffs’ claim for relief is not only not ripe for review, it is nonexistent. Simply put, plaintiffs’ failure to submit an application to rezone its property to permit an MHC effectively denied the township any opportunity to consider whether that alternative use of the land would be acceptable. As Judge DONOFRIO observed, it also deprived the township of any opportunity to consider whether its ordinance failed to accommodate a lawful use for which a demonstrated need existed within either the township or the surrounding area.25 In the absence *574of an express prohibition of a lawful land use within the ordinance itself,26 the issue of the ordinance’s exclusionary effect, or the absence of it, will not be ripe for consideration by the courts until the township has been afforded the opportunity to make that determination.

In response, plaintiffs argue that it would have been futile to seek permission to develop a 498-unit MHC because the township had already denied its rezoning request for a less intensive use — the 95-unit PUD. The Court of Appeals majority agreed, noting that under the futility doctrine, a court will not require parties to exhaust all administrative remedies.27 If a plaintiff can show that it would be futile to first exhaust all administrative appeals, because it can be established that the zoning authority’s decision would remain the same on appeal, courts have held that the futility doctrine excuses the requirement of ripeness.

As the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit explained in Bannum, Inc v City of Louisville, 958 F2d 1354, 1362-1363 (CA 6, 1992):

We do not want to encourage litigation that is likely to be solved by further administrative action and we do not *575want to put barriers to litigation in front of litigants when it is obvious that the process down the administrative road would be a waste of time and money.. . .

. . . [However,] [f]or the exception to be available to an aggrieved landowner, the landowner must have submitted at least one “meaningful application” for a variance from the challenged zoning regulations. Kinzli v. City of Santa Cruz, 818 F.2d 1449, 1454-55 (9th Cir. 1987), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 1043, 108 S.Ct.775, 98 L.Ed.2d 861(1988).

Because plaintiffs have not even made at least one unsuccessful meaningful application for a rezoning request to change the zoning from AO to MHC, so as to permit their proposed 498-unit MHC, plaintiffs have not established that the futility doctrine applies.

Relying on the discussion of the requirement of finality in the context of a taking claim in Paragon, 452 Mich at 578-579, plaintiffs, the trial court, and the Court of Appeals majority appear to have proceeded on the assumption that Paragon’s ripeness and finality rules can never apply to an ostensibly “facial” attack on a zoning ordinance, i.e., one premised on an exclusionary zoning theory. They are mistaken, as even a cursory examination of the statute on which the trial court relied reveals. Precisely because the statute prevents a “zoning ordinance or zoning decision” from “havfing] the effect of totally prohibiting the establishment of a land use within a township in the presence of a demonstrated need for that land use within either the township or surrounding area within the state,” former MCL 125.297a (emphasis added), the zoning authority must first be afforded the opportunities (1) to determine the effect of its ordinance in fight of evidence demonstrating a need for the proposed land use and (2) to render a zoning decision based on that evidence before a facial exclusionaiy zoning claim can become ripe for judicial review.

*576As the United States Supreme Court observed in Warth v Seldin, 422 US 490, 508; 95 S Ct 2197; 45 L Ed 2d 343 (1975):

We hold only that a plaintiff who seeks to challenge exclusionary zoning practices must allege specific, concrete facts demonstrating that the challenged practices harm him, and that he personally would benefit in a tangible way from the court’s intervention. Absent the necessary allegations of demonstrable, particularized injury, there can be no confidence of “a real need to exercise the power of judicial review” or that relief can be framed “no broader than required by the precise facts to which the courts ruling would be applied.” Schlesinger v. Reservists to Stop the War, 418 U.S. [208], at 221-222 [94 S Ct 2925; 41 L Ed 2d 706 (1974)].

In Warth, the plaintiffs were individuals and organizations residing in Rochester, New York. They brought a class action against the town of Penfield, New York, and its officials, alleging that the town’s zoning ordinance unconstitutionally excluded low- and moderate-income persons from living in Penfield. The federal district court dismissed the plaintiffs’ suit, and the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit affirmed. On appeal, the United States Supreme Court again affirmed the decision after a majority of the justices concluded that the plaintiffs lacked standing to sue because none of the individual plaintiffs could allege a particular injury to themselves. Nor did the plaintiffs demonstrate that judicial intervention could benefit them in a tangible way. In this respect, the Warth Court held that the plaintiffs’ facial claim alleging exclusionary zoning was not ripe for judicial review.

As Judge DONOFRIO observed in dissent in this case, every use is not appropriate to every community, and Mackinac Island’s zoning (for example) is not necessarily unconstitutionally (or, under a statute like former *577MCL 125.297a, unlawfully) exclusionary because it does not include industrial use classifications or zone particular property for such uses.28

The township denied the only applications that plaintiffs submitted, requests to rezone the property from A-0 to R-l-B to permit residential development (or, alternatively, to permit a 95-unit PUD) or for a use variance. Plaintiffs’ decision not to pursue an application for rezoning from A-0 to MHC effectively barred plaintiffs from seeking judicial review of that question. Without such an application, and a final decision by the township, it is impossible to say whether (1) the township would permit such a use of plaintiffs’ property and (2) whether a denial of such a request would be reasonable in light of the township’s efforts to channel future MHC development to its border with the village of Pinckney, which has the only public water and sewer systems in the area.29 We agree with the partial dissent of Judge DONOFRIO:

After reviewing the record, I conclude that plaintiffs cannot show that they sought alternative uses of the *578property and were denied, or that they applied for the minimum variance necessary to place the land in productive economic use within the zoning classification. Plaintiffs did not seek a decision from the appropriate administrative body regarding either a rezoning application or a variance request regarding a 498-unit MHC and instead sought premature relief from the judiciary by filing the instant lawsuit.[30]

IV CONCLUSION

We would hold that the trial court and the Court of Appeals erred by reaching the question whether the township zoning ordinance was unconstitutional and thus also erred by holding that plaintiffs were entitled to an order enjoining the township from interfering with plaintiffs’ development of a 498-unit MHC. Plaintiffs never submitted an application for rezoning or a variance to construct an MHC. Thus, plaintiffs’ claim was not ripe for judicial review.

Because plaintiffs’ claim was not ripe for judicial review, the trial court had no basis to enjoin the township from enforcing its zoning ordinance, nor should the court have awarded plaintiffs their costs and expert witness fees.

We would reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals and remand this case for entry of a dismissal order consistent with this opinion.

(concurring). I concur in the result only. I agree that, on the facts of this case, plaintiffs’ claims are not ripe for review. I write separately because I *579continue to adhere to my dissenting positions in Paragon Props Co v City of Novi, 452 Mich 568, 583-593; 550 NW2d 772 (1996) (CAVANAGH, J., dissenting), and Electro-Tech, Inc v H F Campbell Co, 433 Mich 57, 92-132; 445 NW2d 61 (1989) (BRICKLEY, J., joined by LEVIN and CAVANAGH, JJ., dissenting). While I generally agree that challenges to zoning ordinances may require a final decision to ripen, the finality rule adopted in Paragon and Electro-Tech serves the purposes of the ripeness doctrine at best imprecisely, and at worst incorrectly. The lead opinion’s reasoning would only exacerbate that error.

I. OVERVIEW OF FINALITY AND RIPENESS

The question before this Court is whether plaintiffs’ constitutional and statutory exclusionary zoning claims are ripe for review. As stated by the Paragon majority, in the land-use context, “ ‘the doctrine of ripeness is intended to avoid premature adjudication or review of administrative action.’ ” Paragon, 452 Mich at 579 n 12 (citation omitted). Thus, when a final decision by the relevant governmental agency is necessary to establish whether the alleged injury has occurred, I would agree that it serves the purposes of the ripeness doctrine to require a final decision from that agency. As aptly stated in Justice BRICKLEY’s Electro-Tech dissent, “a principled decision to apply, or not to apply, the finality requirement requires us to look beyond the label attached to a constitutional land use claim to the policy underlying the requirement and to the nature of the governmental conduct under attack.” Electro-Tech, 433 Mich at 100.

The United States Supreme Court’s jurisprudence is consistent with this approach and has required a final decision by an agency only to the extent that the decision is necessary for evaluating the claim that is *580before the reviewing court. Thus, in the taking context, it has held that “a claim that the application of government regulations effects a taking of a property interest is not ripe until the government entity charged with implementing the regulations has reached a final decision regarding the application of the regulations to the property at issue.” Williamson Co Regional Planning Comm v Hamilton Bank of Johnson City, 473 US 172, 186; 105 S Ct 3108; 87 L Ed 2d 126 (1985). The Court has not applied this rule, however, if a final decision would not serve the ripeness doctrine, such as when the agency no longer has discretion in how the regulation is applied to a plaintiffs property and, thus, a final decision on the applicability of the regulation to the plaintiffs property is not necessary to evaluate the plaintiffs taking claim. See Suitum v Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, 520 US 725, 738-740; 117 S Ct 1659; 137 L Ed 2d 980 (1997), stating that “[bjecause the agency has no discretion to exercise over Suitum’s right to use her land, no occasion exists for applying Williamson County’s requirement that a landowner take steps to obtain a final decision about the use that will be permitted on a particular parcel.” Thus, the Court has not drawn bright-line rules about what degree of finality is required to meet the ripeness doctrine based on the types of claims raised.

This Court’s finality and ripeness jurisprudence stands in marked contrast to the United States Supreme Court’s sensible and reasoned approach. In Electro-Tech, the Court held that the finality requirement applied in the taking context, regardless of whether the claim arose out of the Just Compensation Clause or the Due Process Clause of the constitution. Electro-Tech, 433 Mich at 76 n 21, 79. This holding was erroneously used to extend the Williamson finality rule *581to all constitutional challenges to zoning regulations.1 See, e.g., Lake Angelo Assoc v White Lake Twp, 198 Mich App 65, 72-73; 498 NW2d 1 (1993). The Paragon majority cemented this error in our jurisprudence in two ways. First, it broadly declared that as-applied challenges are subject to the Williamson rule of finality, but facial challenges are not. Second, it cavalierly stated that this rule is applicable to all as-applied challenges to zoning ordinances, regardless of whether analyzed “as a denial of equal protection, as a deprivation of due process under the Fourteenth Amendment, or as a taking under the Just Compensation Clause of the Fifth Amendment. . . .” Paragon, 452 Mich at 576. It is an extremely imprecise measure of ripeness to require the same type of final decision regardless of whether that decision actually serves the purposes of the ripeness doctrine. As discussed, the United States Supreme Court has not even applied the Williamson test to every taking claim, let alone every constitutional claim.2

*582II. RIPENESS AND EXCLUSIONARY ZONING CLAIMS

The lead opinion’s analysis today would exacerbate the errors in Paragon and Electro-Tech by extending the requirement that a final decision must have been made regarding the regulation’s application to the plaintiffs property to all as-applied exclusionary zoning claims. An essential feature of every type of exclusionary zoning claim is that the alleged injury is to an entire geographic area and not a single parcel of land.3 As a result, exclusionary zoning claims exemplify the logical flaw in applying the Williamson taking finality test to all constitutional claims. While a particular plaintiff may need to show an injury to have standing, the injury alleged in an exclusionary zoning claim is not specific to one parcel, and, therefore, whether it is ripe for review may be unrelated to whether a final decision has been made regarding the applicability of the regulation to one specific parcel or plaintiff.4 Thus, a final decision regarding the applicability of a regulation to a particular parcel may be needed to develop an injury suffi*583ciently for a claim to be ripe in the context of a taking claim, in which the alleged harm is specific to the plaintiffs parcel, but it is not necessarily needed for an exclusionary zoning claim, in which the alleged injury is to an entire area.

Further, although it is not clear whether the lead opinion’s and Justice CORRIGAN’s analyses address constitutional or statutory exclusionary zoning claims, I would note that to the extent that the opinions apply the Williamson ripeness requirements to statutory exclusionary zoning claims, I disagree.5 While a statutory exclusionary zoning claim may not be ripe for review in the absence of the decision necessary to evaluate whether the plaintiff has suffered the harm required by the exclusionary zoning statute, MCL 125.3207, this inquiry is wholly distinct from the Williamson analysis.

III. APPLICATION OF THE RIPENESS DOCTRINE TO THIS CASE

Nonetheless, even though I disagree with the lead opinion’s reasoning, I agree that plaintiffs’ statutory and constitutional exclusionary zoning claims are not ripe for review on the facts of this case. Plaintiffs essentially alleged that defendant’s “actions” excluded manufactured housing communities (MHCs) from the township. Therefore, to the extent that plaintiffs pleaded a constitutional exclusionary zoning claim, and regardless of whether it was based in substantive due process or equal protection, in order for plaintiffs’ claim *584to be ripe, they must show that defendant has made decisions excluding MHCs to an impermissible disagree.6 I do not think that plaintiffs’ claim of an alleged injury is ripe for review, especially given that defendant’s ordinance recognizes an MHC zoning classification and has a process for requesting that classification. While I do not believe that plaintiffs must necessarily show that MHCs have been excluded from every parcel in the defendant township in order for their claim to be ripe, they have not shown that they have been excluded from any parcels suitable for that use, including their own. Thus, I do not think that plaintiffs’ constitutional exclusionary zoning claim is ripe for review.

Similarly, plaintiffs’ statutory exclusionary zoning claim is not ripe. The current exclusionary zoning statute, MCL 125.3207,7 requires in part that there be a “zoning ordinance” or a “zoning decision” that has “the effect of totally prohibiting the establishment of a land use within a local unit of government... .” This case does not involve the former, so plaintiffs must allege that there has been a zoning decision that has the effect of totally prohibiting MHCs from the defendant township. Again, given that the township ordinance has a process by which a landowner could seek rezoning and plaintiffs have not shown that they or any landowners were denied an MHC use on their property, plaintiffs have not presented a “zoning decision” that has the effect of totally prohibiting a use and ripening their claim for judicial review.

*585IV CONCLUSION

Although I disagree with the lead opinion’s analysis, which would extend and exacerbate the errors in Electro-Tech and Paragon, ultimately I agree with its conclusion that plaintiffs have not presented any exclusionary zoning claims that are ripe for review. Therefore, I concur with the decision to reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals and remand the case for entry of a dismissal order consistent with this Court’s decision.

(concurring). In this zoning action, we consider whether the ripeness doctrine barred plaintiffs’ exclusionary zoning claim and, if so, whether the Court of Appeals majority properly held that defendant township’s previous denials of plaintiffs’ application to rezone their property for a less intensive land use excused plaintiffs from having to formally pursue an application for a more intensive land use under the futility exception to the rule of finality. I concur in the result of the lead opinion, which holds that plaintiffs’ exclusionary zoning claim is not ripe for judicial review. However, I cannot join its reasoning. I write separately to provide my analysis for concluding that plaintiffs’ as applied exclusionary zoning claim is not ripe for judicial review and that the futility exception to the rule of finality is inapplicable.

I. THE COURT OF APPEALS MAJORITY OPINION

After acknowledging the connection between the ripeness doctrine and the rule of finality in zoning actions, the Court of Appeals majority concluded that it was unnecessary to determine whether plaintiffs’ exclusionary zoning claim constituted either a “facial” or an *586“as applied” challenge to defendant’s zoning ordinance.1 The majority also concluded that it was unnecessary to determine whether plaintiffs’ exclusionary zoning claim was subject to the rule of finality, “holding that further township proceedings would have been futile assuming application of the rule.”2 3The Court of Appeals majority reasoned that although plaintiffs had presented defendant an application to rezone their property as a 95-unit planned unit development (PUD) and not as a 498-unit manufactured housing community (MHC), “presenting an MHC application to the township would have been an exercise in futility and nothing more than a formal step to the courthouse.”8 The majority, therefore, held that the doctrine of ripeness did not bar plaintiffs’ action.

II. RIPENESS AND FINALITY IN ZONING

The Court of Appeals majority properly acknowledged the interrelation between the ripeness doctrine and the rule of finality in our zoning jurisprudence. At common law, the ripeness doctrine is one of several justiciability doctrines developed “to ensure that cases before the courts are appropriate for judicial action.”4 Generally, “[a] claim is not ripe if it rests upon contingent future events that may not occur as anticipated, or indeed may not occur at all.”5 “ Tn land use challenges, the doctrine of ripeness is intended to avoid premature *587adjudication or review of administrative action.’ ”6 The rationale of the ripeness doctrine in zoning actions “ ‘rests upon the idea that courts should not decide the impact of regulation until the full extent of the regulation has been finally fixed and the harm caused by it is measurable.’ ”7

In Electro-Tech, Inc v H F Campbell Co, 433 Mich 57; 445 NW2d 61 (1989), this Court discussed the connection between the ripeness doctrine and the rule of finality in deciding whether the taking claim alleged by the plaintiff property owner was ripe for adjudication. Electro-Tech introduced its discussion of finality with the following observation from Williamson Co Regional Planning Comm v Hamilton Bank of Johnson City, 473 US 172; 105 S Ct 3108; 87 L Ed 2d 126 (1985), about the conceptual distinction between the exhaustion of administrative remedies and the finality of the administrative decision:

“The question whether administrative remedies must be exhausted is conceptually distinct... from the question whether an administrative action must be final before it is judicially reviewable. While the policies underlying the two concepts often overlap, the finality requirement is concerned with whether the initial decisionmaker has arrived at a definitive position on the issue that inflicts an actual, concrete injury; the exhaustion requirement generally refers to administrative and judicial procedures by which an injured parly may seek review of an adverse decision and obtain a remedy if the decision is found to be unlawful or otherwise inappropriate.”[8]

Electro-Tech stated that the first finality requirement under Williamson required “the plaintiff [to] obtain a *588final decision regarding the application of the zoning ordinance and subdivision regulations to its property.”9 “The second finality requirement set forth by the Williamson Court is that a taking claim is not ripe until a plaintiff has sought compensation through state procedures.”10 Electro-Tech concluded that the plaintiff, at most, had satisfied the second Williamson finality requirement and held that “because the conditional approval of the plaintiffs site plan was not the city’s final disposition of the matter, we hold that the plaintiffs action under 42 USC1983 was not ripe for adjudication.” 11

This Court also addressed the import of Electro-Tech and the finality requirements of Williamson in subsequent cases. For example, Paragon stated that ElectroTech “expressly adopted the Williamson finality requirements ... .”12 Paragon also reaffirmed that the rule of finality or the first finality requirement of Williamson “ ‘is concerned with whether the initial decisionmaker has arrived at a definitive position on the issue that inflicts an actual, concrete injury....’ ”13 Additionally, Paragon observed that “Williamson articulated the need for finality in the context of land use regulation.”14 The interrelation between the ripeness doctrine and the rule of finality is so *589embedded in our zoning jurisprudence that this Court has occasionally discussed the two concepts interchangeably.15 In any event, I would conclude that this Court’s discussions concerning the ripeness doctrine and the rule of finality in Electro-Tech and Paragon remain equally instructive today.

III. “FACIAL’ AND “AS APPLIED” CHALLENGES

While the Court of Appeals majority acknowledged the connection between the ripeness doctrine and the rule of finality, it erroneously concluded that it was unnecessary to determine whether plaintiffs’ exclusionary zoning claim constituted a facial or an as applied challenge to defendant’s zoning ordinance. The lead opinion repeats this error by failing to define plaintiffs’ exclusionary zoning claim as either a facial or an as applied challenge. In so doing, the lead opinion blurs the established distinctions between facial and as applied challenges and sidesteps any substantive discussion about the differing ripeness and finality analyses applicable to each type of challenge.

As the lead opinion explains in part, a facial challenge to the validity of a zoning ordinance asserts that “the mere existence and threatened enforcement of the ordinance materially and adversely affects values and curtails opportunities of all property regulated in the market.”16 By contrast, “[a]n ‘as applied’ challenge alleges a present infringement or denial of a specific right or of a *590particular injury in process of actual execution.”17 Whether it is analyzed under 42 USC 1983 as a denial of equal protection, as a deprivation of due process under the Fourteenth Amendment, or as a taking under the Just Compensation Clause of the Fifth Amendment, an as applied challenge is subject to the rule of finality.18 This contrasts with a facial challenge, to which the rule of finality does not apply because “such challenges attack the very existence or enactment of an ordinance.”19 Simply stated, the threshold issues posed by the rule of finality and the ripeness doctrine do not apply to facial challenges to a zoning ordinance.20

Accordingly, it is essential to first resolve the question avoided by the Court of Appeals majority and the lead opinion: whether plaintiffs’ exclusionary zoning claim constituted a facial or an as applied challenge. This determination is the critical starting point in any analysis of the extent to which the ripeness doctrine and the rule of finality apply in this case. Defendant urges this Court to conclude that plaintiffs’ exclusionary zoning claim is not ripe for adjudication because plaintiffs neither sought nor obtained a decision concerning their contemplated development of a 498-unit *591MHC from defendant before filing suit. Plaintiffs respond that their exclusionary zoning claim presents a facial challenge, which is ripe for adjudication as a matter of law under Paragon. I disagree with plaintiffs’ contention.

A review of plaintiffs’ multicount complaint reveals that plaintiffs alleged facial and as applied challenges in four counts, including a denial of equal protection, a deprivation of substantive due process, a regulatory taking, and a statutory exclusionary zoning claim. Yet plaintiffs’ exclusionary zoning claim does not amount to a facial challenge because the claim does not allege that “the mere existence and threatened enforcement of the ordinance materially and adversely affects values and curtails opportunities of all property regulated in the market.”21 Instead, plaintiffs’ exclusionary zoning claim alleges “a present infringement or denial of a specific right,” namely plaintiffs’ right to develop a 498-unit MHC on their property.22 Alternatively, the complaint alleges that plaintiffs suffered “a particular injury in [the] process of actual execution” or enforcement of defendant’s zoning ordinance.23 Because plaintiffs’ exclusionary zoning claim challenges the infringement of a specific right or aspects of the enforcement of the zoning ordinance, I would conclude that plaintiffs presented an as applied challenge.24

Even though I conclude that plaintiffs’ exclusionary zoning claim is an as applied challenge, I emphasize *592that future litigants should not endeavor to avoid the threshold issues of ripeness and finality by masking an as applied challenge as a facial challenge. As Judge Easterbrook of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit aptly observed:

[A] property owner may not avoid Williamson by applying the label “substantive due process” to the claim. So too with the label “procedural due process.” Labels do not matter. A person contending that state or local regulation of the use of land has gone overboard must repair to state court.[25]

Judge Easterbrook’s statement is similarly persuasive when considering the substance of a zoning challenge. Whether the challenge is labeled “facial” or “as applied,” it is not the label that matters. Instead, a reviewing court should analyze the substance of the challenge and what that challenge requires the court to resolve.26

IV THE FUTILITY EXCEPTION TO THE RULE OF FINALITY

Having concluded that plaintiffs presented an as applied challenge to defendant’s zoning ordinance, I would hold that both the ripeness doctrine and the rule of finality apply to plaintiffs’ exclusionary zoning claim, consistent with Paragon. That conclusion does not end my analysis. As the Court in Paragon implicitly recognized, a judicially created futility exception to the rule of finality exists.27 In order to invoke the futility excep*593tion, “ ‘it must be “clear that an appeal to an administrative board is an exercise in futility and nothing more than a formal step on the way to the courthouse.” ’ ”28 Additionally, federal common law generally recognizes that the plaintiff must submit at least one “meaningful application” to the local zoning agency before asserting the applicability of the futility exception.29 Further, federal caselaw confirms that “[t]he futility exception is narrow, and mere uncertainty does not establish futility.”30

I am not persuaded that the futility exception to the rule of finality applied in this case. Contrary to the Court of Appeals majority, I think that it is unclear whether plaintiffs’ pursuing an application for a 498-unit MHC development would have been little more than a formal step to the courthouse. I agree with the lead opinion that defendant’s previous denials of plaintiffs’ application to rezone their property for a 95-unit PUD does not summarily establish that it would have been futile for plaintiffs to apply for a more intensive land use, including the 498-unit MHC development eventually sought by plaintiffs in the trial court. “Land *594use planning is not an all-or-nothing proposition.”31 The denial of one proposed development by a local zoning agency “cannot be equated with a refusal to permit any development.. . .”32

Moreover, I agree with the lead opinion insofar as it concludes that plaintiffs failed to submit at least one meaningful application to defendant. As MacDonald stated, “[r]ejection of exceedingly grandiose development plans does not logically imply that less ambitious plans will receive similarly unfavorable reviews.”33 In the same fashion, it stands to reason that the rejection of a less intensive land use does not offer a fair indication of how the local zoning authority would receive a comprehensive proposal for a more intensive land use.34 In either instance, the plaintiff has not filed one meaningful application, and the local zoning authority is deprived of the opportunity to reach “a final, definitive position regarding how it will apply the regulations at issue to the particular land in question.”35

The bottom line is that this Court cannot decide whether defendant is, in fact, excluding MHCs without first knowing how the township would have responded to a proposed MHC development within the township. *595In other words, this Court cannot conclude that the township is excluding MHCs when nobody has ever asked the township for permission to develop a MHC. Just as this Court held in Mich Chiropractic Council, 475 Mich at 382, that the issue was not ripe for review in that case because the plaintiffs had not yet suffered an “actual... injury,” the issue in the instant case is also not ripe because plaintiffs have not yet suffered an actual injury. Plaintiffs have not yet been injured because the township has not yet refused to allow them to use their property for an MHC since plaintiffs have not yet made such a request to the township. “[A] landowner must give a land-use authority an opportunity to exercise its discretion . .. .”36 Here, the township never had an opportunity to exercise its discretion regarding the contemplated 498-unit MHC development.

V CONCLUSION

Plaintiffs’ exclusionary zoning claim is not ripe for adjudication because plaintiffs neither sought nor obtained a decision concerning their contemplated development of a 498-unit MHC before filing suit. I would hold that plaintiffs’ as applied challenge to the validity of defendant’s zoning ordinance is subject to the threshold doctrine of ripeness and the interrelated rule of finality. Because plaintiffs cannot cross this threshold and because the futility exception to the rule of finality is inapplicable in this case, I would reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals.