This opinion will be unpublished and
                          may not be cited except as provided by
                          Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2012).

                               STATE OF MINNESOTA
                               IN COURT OF APPEALS
                                     A14-0753

                              Don Antione Jones, petitioner,
                                       Appellant,

                                           vs.

                                   State of Minnesota,
                                      Respondent.

                                 Filed December 8, 2014
                                        Affirmed
                                     Hudson, Judge

                              Ramsey County District Court
                                File No. 62-CR-11-1258


Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Richard Schmitz, Assistant
Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)

Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and

John Choi, Ramsey County Attorney, Peter R. Marker, Assistant County Attorney,
St. Paul, Minnesota (for respondent)

         Considered and decided by Peterson, Presiding Judge; Hudson, Judge; and Larkin,

Judge.
                          UNPUBLISHED OPINION

HUDSON, Judge

       In this postconviction appeal seeking relief from his conviction of violating a

domestic abuse no-contact order (DANCO), appellant argues that his conviction must be

reversed because the district court did not find beyond a reasonable doubt that he

knowingly violated the DANCO until after he filed his postconviction petition and that he

is entitled to a new trial because the judge abandoned his neutral role by extensively

questioning him. We affirm.

                                           FACTS

       Following a bench trial in September 2011, appellant Don Antione Jones was

convicted of one count of felony violation of a DANCO in violation of 

, subd. 2(d)(1) (2010). The charges stemmed from allegations that appellant had

made repeated jail calls to his former wife, S.J., in violation of orders prohibiting him

from contacting her.

       Appellant testified at trial that he had been diagnosed with several heart-related

conditions for which he took prescribed medications.           He testified that the Ramsey

County Law Enforcement Center (LEC) attempted to accommodate his illness, but that

his medications were changing and that he experienced symptoms which caused him to

fear for his health. He stated that he went to the hospital several times but was unable to

retain a copy of his medication list or visit his original cardiologist.

       In response to questioning by his attorney, appellant testified that he called S.J. in

violation of the DANCO because his symptoms persisted and he was unable to


                                               2
communicate outside the jail. He testified that he wanted S.J. to forward his hospital

records to his cardiologist and attempt to obtain a furlough for him to see that doctor,

which he was unable to accomplish through requests to prison staff, friends, his public

defender, and the district court. He testified that he called S.J. as a “last resort” because

his stroke symptoms were getting worse, that he “needed somebody to help” who

“[would] know for a fact that [he was] not just making this up,” and “at that point [he]

didn’t even care what it took.”

       The prosecutor declined to cross-examine appellant. The district court then asked

him several questions about his medical condition and who he had asked for help to

correct his medication. The district court also inquired how many times he had called

S.J. between December 22 and January 30; appellant replied that he had called her ten

times during that period. At closing argument, defense counsel asserted a necessity

defense, arguing that appellant believed that a heart attack or stroke could be imminent,

had attempted other alternatives, had stopped contacting LEC personnel because he

believed that they could not deal with his condition, and he needed to reach his original

doctor.

       The district court issued oral findings on the record, finding appellant guilty of

violating a DANCO. The district court rejected appellant’s necessity defense, finding

that based on its review of appellant’s jail calls, which contained no medical content,

there appeared to be no connection between his medical treatment and his

communications with S.J. The district court further found that a DANCO existed, that

appellant had two or more qualified domestic-violence-related offense convictions within


                                             3
ten years, and that he violated the DANCO on certain dates. The district court did not

issue a finding that appellant knowingly violated the DANCO.

       The district court sentenced appellant to one year and one day. Appellant did not

directly appeal his conviction but filed a postconviction petition in November 2013,

alleging that the district court had failed to find beyond a reasonable doubt that he

knowingly violated the DANCO and that the judge had abandoned his neutral role by

extensively questioning him during trial. The postconviction court denied the petition,

finding that the district court’s failure to issue written findings did not entitle appellant to

a new trial and that the district court had questioned appellant to elicit testimony relating

to his necessity defense. The postconviction court also issued written findings on the

merits, which included a finding that appellant knowingly violated the DANCO. This

appeal follows.

                                       DECISION

                                               I

       Appellant challenges the postconviction court’s denial of relief, arguing that the

district court erred by failing to find at trial that he knowingly violated the DANCO, an

element of the offense. We review the postconviction court’s determinations for an abuse

of discretion. Riley v. State, 

 (Minn. 2011).               We review the

postconviction court’s findings for clear error and issues of law de novo. 

 Statutory

construction presents a question of law. Carter v. State, 

 (Minn.

App. 2010). In a postconviction proceeding, the appellant has the burden to show that he

is entitled to relief. Pippitt v. State, 

 (Minn. 2007).


                                               4
       At the time of appellant’s offense, the DANCO statute provided, in relevant part,

              (d) A person is guilty of a felony and may be sentenced to
              imprisonment for not more than five years or to payment of a
              fine of not more than $10,000, or both, if the person
              knowingly violates this subdivision:

                (1) Within ten years of the first of two or more previous
                    qualified domestic-violence-related offense convictions
                    or adjudications of delinquency; or
                (2) While possessing a dangerous weapon. . . .

, subd. 2 (d)(1), (2) (2010).1

       The Minnesota Supreme Court has held that the omission of the element that a

defendant “knowingly” violated a DANCO from jury instructions constitutes plain error.

State v. Watkins, 

 (Minn. 2013). The supreme court concluded that the

word “knowingly” in this context “require[s] the defendant to perceive directly that the

contact violated the DANCO statute,” so that his “reasonable belief that his contact did

not violate the DANCO could negate the mental state of the charged offense.” 

.

       Appellant argues, based on Watkins, that the district court committed reversible

error by failing to make a finding immediately following trial that he knowingly violated

the DANCO. But the district court’s delay in making such a finding does not compel

reversal unless appellant was prejudiced by the error. Cf. 

 (concluding that,

absent demonstrated prejudice, the omission of an element of the offense from jury

instructions does not require a new trial); see also State v. Thomas, 

(Minn. App. 1991) (noting that an appellate court “will not reverse a conviction for a

1
  Since appellant’s conviction, the Minnesota legislature has amended 

, subd. 2(d)(1), to remove the word “knowingly.” See 2013 Minn. Laws, ch. 47,
§ 5, at 207-08.

                                             5
technical error unless the accused has been prejudiced through the impairment of

substantial rights essential to a fair trial”) (quotation omitted).

       Appellant argues that because he contested that he knowingly violated the order,

he was prejudiced by the district court’s failure to make a finding on that element at trial.

But the district court made extensive findings rejecting appellant’s necessity defense.

And the evidence was overwhelming that appellant “perceive[d] directly that [his]

contact violated the DANCO statute.” Watkins, 

. Although appellant

argues that he did not intend to scare his former wife, he admitted at trial that he violated

the DANCO. Appellant’s attorney asked him, “Who did you call on December 22nd in

violation of a domestic abuse no-contact order?” Appellant replied, “[m]y ex-wife.”

And in one jail call to a third party, which the district court reviewed as evidence,

appellant acknowledged, “I just did something really stupid. . . . I called her.” When the

other party to the call indicated appellant was violating a court order, he responded, “I

can keep . . . violat[ing] as much as I want to.” Thus, we conclude that the district court’s

failure to make a specific finding at trial that appellant knowingly violated the DANCO

did not prejudice appellant and does not require reversal.

       Appellant also argues that the district court erred by failing to make timely written

findings. In a case tried without a jury, “[t]he court, within seven days after making its

general finding in felony and gross misdemeanor cases, must in addition make findings in

writing of the essential facts.” Minn. R. Crim. P. 26.01, subd. 2(b). “If the court omits a

finding on any issue of fact essential to sustain the general finding, it must be deemed to

have made a finding consistent with the general finding.” 

 subd. 2(e). The purpose of


                                                6
requiring written findings is to aid the appellate court in its review. State v. Scarver, 

 (Minn. App. 1990). “Particularized findings . . . ensure that prescribed

standards are utilized by the [district] court, and . . . satisfy the parties that an important

question is fairly considered and decided by the [district] court.” Reyes v. Schmidt, 

 (Minn. App. 1987) (quotation omitted). In certain circumstances, this

court has concluded that a district court’s failure to issue written findings requires a

remand to assure that the district court has fairly and fully considered the issue of the

defendant’s guilt.      See, e.g., State v. Taylor, 

 (Minn. App. 1988)

(remanding for written findings when district court made oral findings, but only in

response to the defendant’s question at sentencing), review denied (Minn. Sept. 28,

1988).

         We are troubled by the district court’s failure to make written findings on an

element of the offense until two years after trial. But this court has determined that the

time requirements of rule 26.01 are directory rather than mandatory.            Thomas, 

. The postconviction judge who issued the later written findings was the

same judge who presided at trial, and we are able to review the findings on appeal. The

district court is deemed to have made a specific finding that appellant knowingly violated

the DANCO in light of its conclusion of law that he violated 

,

subd. 2(d)(1). See State v. Holliday, 

, 562–63 (Minn. 2008) (inferring

specific finding of premeditation based on general finding of guilt). The district court

therefore did not abuse its discretion by denying appellant’s claim for postconviction

relief on this issue.


                                              7
                                              II

         Appellant argues that the district court’s questions to him during trial deprived him

of his right to a fair trial before an impartial judge. See Cuypers v. State, 

 (Minn. 2006) (noting that right). Whether a judge’s conduct deprived the

defendant of the right to a fair trial presents a legal question, which this court reviews de

novo. State v. Dorsey, 

 (Minn. 2005). The judge “must maintain

the integrity of the adversary system” by acting “fair to both sides” and “refrain[ing] from

remarks which might injure either of the parties.” State v. Schlienz, 

(Minn. 2009). A strong presumption exists that a judge has discharged judicial duties

properly. McKenzie v. State, 

 (Minn. 1998).

         Although the Minnesota Rules of Evidence authorize the district court to examine

witnesses, see Minn. R. Evid. 614(b), the examination of witnesses is more appropriately

counsel’s function. State v. Sandquist, 

, 

 (1920).

In a jury trial, the district court’s prerogative to examine witnesses should be exercised

only under exceptional conditions and with great caution, particularly when witness

credibility is at issue. State ex rel. Hastings v. Denny, 

 (Minn.

1980). But active interrogation by judges “[i]n a non-jury case, . . . although not always

helpful, is rarely prejudicial.” Jackson v. United States, 

 (D.C. Cir.

1964).




                                               8
      When the prosecutor declined to question appellant, the district court asked him

specific questions about when he realized a discrepancy existed between how his

medication was prescribed and how it should have been prescribed; which attorneys he

had asked for help and when; and how many times he had sought district-court

assistance. The judge also asked appellant how many times he had called S.J. between

December 22 and January 30.

      Appellant argues that the judge’s actions deprived him of the right to an impartial

judge by eliciting facts that were damaging to his necessity defense, citing Dorsey, 

. See 

 (holding that a defendant was deprived of an impartial judge,

amounting to structural error, when the judge questioned the veracity of an assertion

made by a key witness, independently investigated that fact, and reported the results of

that investigation to counsel). But, unlike the actions in Dorsey, the district court’s

questioning of appellant does not display improper conduct and does not establish the

judge’s actual or apparent bias. See State v. Munt, 

, 580–81 (Minn.

2013) (rejecting the argument that the judge’s scheduling comments demonstrated actual

or apparent bias by showing that he considered the defendant guilty before jury

deliberation). The judge’s questions clarified the basis of appellant’s necessity defense,

on which the district court was asked to rule. And appellant was not prejudiced by the

judge’s question about how many times he had called S.J. because he had previously

testified that he had called her in violation of the DANCO. We conclude that the district

court’s questioning of appellant did not nullify the presumption that the judge properly




                                            9
discharged his judicial duties, McKenzie, 

, and the postconviction

court did not err by rejecting appellant’s claim of judicial bias.

       Affirmed.




                                              10