This opinion will be unpublished and
                         may not be cited except as provided by
                         Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).

                               STATE OF MINNESOTA
                               IN COURT OF APPEALS
                                     A15-0110

                   In re the Matter of the Petition of Wells Fargo Bank,
                              National Association, as Trustee

                                Filed September 8, 2015
                                       Affirmed
                                     Hooten, Judge

                             Hennepin County District Court
                              File No. 27-ET-CV-13-1260

Jeffrey Robert Busch (pro se appellant)

Jared D. Kemper, Dykema Gossett PLLC, Minneapolis, Minnesota (for respondent Wells
Fargo Bank)

      Considered and decided by Halbrooks, Presiding Judge; Worke, Judge; and

Hooten, Judge.

                        UNPUBLISHED OPINION

HOOTEN, Judge

      In this proceeding subsequent to foreclosure for a new certificate of title to real

estate, appellant challenges the district court’s grant of summary judgment to respondent

bank. We affirm.

                                          FACTS

      On January 22, 1992, the Hennepin County Registrar of Titles issued a certificate

of title to appellant Jeffrey Robert Busch and his wife as joint tenants of the Torrens
property1 at issue in this case. On February 27, 2004, Busch and his wife gave Bank of

America, N.A., a mortgage against the property to secure a loan in the amount of

$364,000. On November 22, 2005, Busch’s wife died, and her interest in the property

passed to Busch. On June 2, 2010, Bank of America assigned the mortgage to Wells

Fargo Bank, N.A., as Trustee for the Certificateholders of Banc of America Mortgage

Securities, Inc. Mortgage Pass-Through Certificates, Series 2004-B.

       Busch defaulted on the mortgage, and on June 22, 2010, Wells Fargo initiated a

foreclosure by advertisement. The Hennepin County Sheriff sold the property to Wells

Fargo on October 4, 2011.        Busch did not redeem the property.          The mortgage,

assignment of mortgage, and sheriff’s certificate are memorialized on the certificate of

title in the Office of the Hennepin County Registrar of Titles.

       Busch was one of several plaintiffs who filed a lawsuit against Wells Fargo and

other banks in Minnesota state court on July 15, 2011, that was removed to federal court

on diversity grounds. Iverson v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., Civil No. 11-2225 (MJD/AJB),

, at *3 (D. Minn. Feb. 6, 2012), adopted by 

 (D. Minn.

Feb. 24, 2012), aff’d 502 Fed. App’x. 624 (8th Cir. 2013) (unpublished per curiam).

Each plaintiff had a mortgage that was in default and was subject to foreclosure by

advertisement.   Id. at *1.    The plaintiffs challenged the defendant banks’ right to

foreclose on the mortgages, asserting quiet title and other claims. Id. The federal district


1
  “Torrens refers to a real estate titling system under which ownership is initially
established by registering for a certificate of title through court proceedings,” in contrast
to the abstract system. United Fire & Cas. Co. v. Fid. Title Ins. Co., 

, 716
n.2 (8th Cir. 2001).

                                             2
court dismissed the complaint under Fed. R. Civ. P 12(b)(6) because most of the counts

were based on the “soundly and repeatedly” rejected legal theory “that a mortgagee

cannot undertake foreclosure without possession of the original note.” Id. at *3, *5. As

to the quiet title claim, the district court also concluded that plaintiffs’ assertions were

“wholly unsupported by facts.” Id. at *5.

       On September 17, 2013, Wells Fargo petitioned the district court for an order

directing the registrar of titles to cancel Busch’s certificate of title and to issue a new

certificate of title to Wells Fargo. Wells Fargo moved for summary judgment on res

judicata grounds. In his memorandum in opposition to summary judgment, Busch argued

that the June 2, 2010 assignment of mortgage was void, Wells Fargo lacked legal

capacity to foreclose, Wells Fargo had not proven its res judicata claim, and he was

entitled to summary judgment under Minn. R. Civ. P. 56.02. The district court granted

Wells Fargo’s motion for summary judgment, and this appeal followed.

                                     DECISION

                                             I.

       Busch argues that Wells Fargo lacked legal capacity to assert a claim of title to the

property. He also argues that the district court abused its discretion by not taking judicial

notice of certain aspects of New York securities law and certain facts allegedly showing

that Wells Fargo did not have the right to foreclose. This court recently rejected the same

arguments in a published opinion. Fed. Home Loan Mortg. Corp. v. Mitchell, ___

N.W.2d ___, ___, 

 (Minn. App. Mar. 30, 2015), review denied

(Minn. June 30, 2015).


                                             3
                                           II.

      Busch next argues that the district court erred by granting summary judgment to

Wells Fargo on res judicata grounds.2 On appeal from summary judgment, this court

reviews whether there are any genuine issues of material fact and whether the district

court erred in its application of the law. STAR Ctrs., Inc. v. Faegre & Benson, L.L.P.,

 (Minn. 2002). “Once the moving party has made a prima facie case

that entitles it to summary judgment, the burden shifts to the nonmoving party to produce

specific facts that raise a genuine issue for trial.” Bebo v. Delander, 

 (Minn. App. 2001), review denied (Minn. Oct. 16, 2001). We view the evidence in

the light most favorable to the party against whom summary judgment was granted and

review de novo whether a genuine issue of material fact exists. STAR Ctrs., 644 N.W.2d

at 76–77.

      The applicability of res judicata is a question of law that we review de novo. State

v. Joseph, 

 (Minn. 2001).

             Res judicata applies as an absolute bar to a subsequent claim
             when: (1) the earlier claim involved the same set of factual
             circumstances; (2) the earlier claim involved the same parties
             or their privies; (3) there was a final judgment on the merits;
             and (4) the estopped party had a full and fair opportunity to
             litigate the matter.




2
 Busch does not appeal the district court’s grant of summary judgment on the basis of the
“related” but “distinct” doctrine of collateral estoppel. Hauschildt v. Beckingham, 

 (Minn. 2004).

                                           4
Rucker v. Schmidt, 

 (Minn. 2011) (footnote omitted). “Res judicata

applies to all claims actually litigated as well as to all claims that could have been

litigated in the earlier proceeding.” Joseph, 

.

       Busch does not challenge the district court’s conclusion that Wells Fargo satisfied

the first three res judicata requirements. Instead, his argument is twofold: first, he claims

that Wells Fargo is not entitled to assert res judicata because res judicata is an equitable

doctrine and Wells Fargo has unclean hands; and second, he claims that he did not have a

full and fair opportunity to litigate the matter in federal court. Busch did not raise his

unclean hands argument below, and therefore it is not properly before this court. Thiele

v. Stich, 

 (Minn. 1988).

       “[W]hether a party had a full and fair opportunity to litigate a matter generally

focuses on whether there were significant procedural limitations in the prior proceeding,

whether the party had the incentive to litigate fully the issue, or whether effective

litigation was limited by the nature or relationship of the parties.” Joseph, 

 (quotation omitted). The district court concluded that Busch fully litigated in federal

court the issue of whether Wells Fargo had the right to foreclose on the mortgage, and it

also concluded that there were no limitations in the prior proceeding that affected

Busch’s rights.

       Busch claims that he did not have a full and fair opportunity to litigate the matter

because the federal pleading standard is more stringent than Minnesota’s pleading

standard. He correctly notes that our supreme court has expressly declined to adopt “the

plausibility standard from Twombly and Iqbal.” Walsh v. U.S. Bank, N.A., 

                   5
598, 603 (Minn. 2014); see Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 

, 

 (2007) (requiring federal plaintiffs to plead “enough facts to state a claim to

relief that is plausible on its face”).    Under Minnesota pleading rules, a “claim is

sufficient against a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim if it is possible on any

evidence which might be produced, consistent with the pleader’s theory, to grant the

relief demanded.” Walsh, 851 N.W.2d at 603. But, the federal plausibility standard was

not determinative in the federal court’s dismissal of Busch’s quiet title claim. The federal

court found that Busch’s quiet title claim was based on “the debunked ‘show me the note’

legal theory,” i.e., “the assertion that a mortgagee cannot undertake foreclosure [by

advertisement] without possession of the original note,” and therefore rejected this claim

“as a matter of law.” See Iverson, 

, at *3, *5. In Jackson v. Mortg.

Elec. Registration Sys., Inc., the Minnesota Supreme Court rejected the “show me the

note” argument, see 

 (Minn. 2009), and therefore Busch’s quiet title

claim would have been rejected under Minnesota’s pleading standard as well.

       Busch also argues that the federal court did not and could not have determined

whether Wells Fargo had valid title to the property because federal courts have no

jurisdiction over Torrens property. Res judicata applies only if a claim has been decided

“by a court of competent jurisdiction.” Kaiser v. N. States Power Co., 

 (Minn. 1984). Busch relies on 

 (2014), which reads:

                     An application for registration shall be addressed to
              the district court in and for the county wherein the land
              described therein is situated. The district court shall have
              original exclusive jurisdiction thereof, and of all proceedings
              thereunder, and full power to inquire into the title of the land,


                                             6
                and any right, title, interest, or estate therein, and any lien,
                charge, or encumbrance thereon.

Busch is incorrect that the state district court is vested with continuing, exclusive

jurisdiction over all actions involving Torrens property in Minnesota. On its face, the

statute applies only to “an application for registration” and “[a]ll proceedings

thereunder.” Because the property in this case was registered in 1979, and this action is

not a title registration application or proceeding thereunder, section 508.10 is

inapplicable.

       We conclude that the district court did not err by granting summary judgment to

Wells Fargo on the basis of res judicata.

       Affirmed.




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