This opinion will be unpublished and
                        may not be cited except as provided by
                        Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).

                              STATE OF MINNESOTA
                              IN COURT OF APPEALS
                                    A15-0231

                                   In the Matter of:
                           Danielle Ann Schanze, petitioner,
                                     Respondent,

                                           vs.

                               Daniel Frederick Schanze,
                                       Appellant

                              Filed December 14, 2015
                              Affirmed; motions denied
                                   Worke, Judge

                             Dakota County District Court
                              File No. 19AV-FA-15-121

Jennifer M. Macaulay, St. Paul, Minnesota (for respondent)

Mark A. Olson, Burnsville, Minnesota (for appellant)

      Considered and decided by Hooten, Presiding Judge; Worke, Judge; and

Kalitowski, Judge.*

                       UNPUBLISHED OPINION

WORKE, Judge

      Appellant-father challenges the district court’s issuance of an order for protection

(OFP), arguing that (1) the district court’s findings do not support the OFP, (2) the


*
 Retired judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, serving by appointment pursuant to
Minn. Const. art. VI, § 10.
evidence does not support the OFP, (3) his due-process rights were violated when the

proceeding exceeded the scope of the petition, (4) the district court abused its discretion

by not allowing evidence of statements respondent-mother made in marriage counseling,

and (5) the district court failed to consider the child’s best interests when deciding

custody. We affirm.

                                         FACTS

       On July 4, 2014, appellant Daniel Frederick Schanze and respondent Danielle Ann

Schanze were married. The parties’ son was born later that year. On January 12, 2015,

Danielle was served with Daniel’s divorce petition. Two days later, Danielle filed a

petition for an OFP against Daniel on behalf of herself and the parties’ son.

       Danielle asserted that she was in immediate danger because Daniel behaved

erratically, made suicidal remarks, and owns guns.         Danielle claimed that on one

occasion, Daniel grabbed her arm to prevent her from walking away. She claimed that on

November 9, 2014, Daniel threatened to kill her and any man he found with her.

Danielle claimed that on December 25, 2014, Daniel shoved her while she was holding

the parties’ child.

       The district court held a three-day hearing.      Danielle testified that during an

argument in September 2014, she tried to walk away, but Daniel grabbed her arm, swung

her around, and pointed his finger in her face. She also testified that on December 25,

2014, she was sitting in a chair holding the parties’ son when Daniel shoved her.

Danielle claimed that throughout the marriage, Daniel threatened to kill her if she were

ever with another man. Danielle filed the petition for the OFP because Daniel took all of


                                             2
their money, and she was unaware of what he did with his guns. Danielle feared that

Daniel would come to the house and kill her.

       Danielle’s father, Daniel Oldenburg, testified that in July 2014, he witnessed

Daniel get mad when he believed that another man “had eyes for Danielle.” Daniel said

that if he ever caught Danielle with the man he would kill them. Oldenburg heard Daniel

say something similar in November 2014.

       Nancy Wilson, a licensed psychologist, testified that she began providing therapy

to Daniel in September 2014. Wilson had no concerns about Daniel being a danger to

himself or others. Wilson also met with Danielle for marriage counseling. Danielle’s

attorney objected to Wilson testifying about statements Danielle made in counseling

because Danielle did not waive privilege. The district court agreed and determined that

any testimony regarding Danielle’s mental state was not necessary.

       Daniel testified that he did not commit any of the acts alleged in Danielle’s

petition. He stated that he removed all of his guns from the home and that his father has

exclusive control over the guns.

       On January 27, 2015, the district court issued an OFP. The district court found

that acts of domestic harm occurred, including: “[t]hreats of harm to [Danielle] and others

with purpose to cause grave fear in [Danielle].” However, the district court found that

Danielle failed to prove physical harm or domestic abuse relating to the child. The

district court granted Danielle temporary sole legal and physical custody of the child until

the issue was determined in the family-law proceeding. Daniel was granted unsupervised

parenting time. This appeal follows.


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                                      DECISION

Findings of fact

       Daniel argues that the district court’s findings do not support the OFP. “The

decision to grant an OFP under the Minnesota Domestic Abuse Act, Minn. Stat.

§ 518B.01 . . . is within the district court’s discretion.” Pechovnik v. Pechovnik, 

 (Minn. App. 2009) (quotation omitted).            A district court abuses its

discretion when it issues an OFP that lacks evidentiary support. Gada v. Dedefo, 

 (Minn. App. 2004). An OFP lacks evidentiary support when the

findings are clearly erroneous, contrary to the weight of the evidence, or not supported by

the evidence as a whole. 

 This court reviews the record in a light most favorable to

the district court’s findings. Pechovnik, 

. An appellate court will

“neither reconcile conflicting evidence nor decide issues of witness credibility.” Gada,

.

       A petitioner seeking an OFP must allege domestic abuse. Minn. Stat. § 518B.01,

subd. 4(b) (2014). “Domestic abuse” includes “(1) physical harm, bodily injury, or

assault”; (2) “the infliction of fear of imminent physical harm, bodily injury, or assault”;

or (3) threats of violence1 committed against a family or household member by a family

or household member. Id., subd. 2(a) (2014).



1
  The legislature recently changed the name of the crime “terroristic threats” to “threats of
violence.” See 2015 Minn. Laws ch. 21, art. 1, § 109, subd. 10, at 234 (changing the
headnote for 

 (2014), from “Terroristic Threats” to “Threats of
Violence”). Although the OFP was issued before this change, we use the current name of
the offense in this opinion.

                                             4
       An OFP may be issued if an individual “manifests a present intention to inflict fear

of imminent physical harm, bodily injury or assault.” Boniek v. Boniek, 

 (Minn. App. 1989). “Present intent to inflict fear of imminent physical harm, bodily

injury, or assault can be inferred from the totality of the circumstances, including a

history of past abusive behavior.” Pechovnik, 

. The phrase “infliction

of fear” “implies that the legislature intended that there be some overt action to indicate

that appellant intended to put respondent in fear of imminent physical harm.” Kass v.

Kass, 

 (Minn. App. 1984). Thus, the definition of domestic abuse

requires either “a showing of present harm, or an intention . . . to do present harm.” 

       The district court found that “[a]cts of domestic abuse have occurred,

including . . . [t]hreats of harm to [Danielle] and others with purpose to cause grave fear

in [Danielle].” Daniel claims that the district court failed to identify the threats of harm,

or find that the threats of harm were of physical harm, bodily injury, or assault. Daniel

claims that the district court also failed to find that the threats of harm caused imminent

fear or that Daniel intended to cause imminent fear.

       A district court must make specific findings of domestic abuse before issuing an

OFP. Nohner v. Anderson, 

 (Minn. App. 1989); Andrasko v.

Andrasko, 

 (Minn. App. 1989) (reversing issuance of OFP when

district court, among other things, failed to make findings regarding domestic abuse).

Here, the district court found that the domestic abuse that occurred was “[t]hreats of

harm” to Danielle and others with “purpose to cause grave fear” in Danielle. From this

record, we must infer that the “[t]hreats of harm” were based on Danielle’s allegations


                                             5
that throughout the marriage Daniel threatened to kill her if she were ever with another

man. The district court’s findings adequately support the OFP.

Sufficiency of the evidence

       Daniel next argues that the evidence fails to establish the statutory factors. An

OFP lacks evidentiary support when the findings of fact are clearly erroneous, contrary to

the weight of the evidence, or not supported by the evidence as a whole. Gada, 

. This court reviews the record in a light most favorable to the district

court’s findings. Pechovnik, 

; see Gada, 

 (stating

that when reviewing an OFP for sufficiency of the evidence, “we view the evidence in the

light most favorable to the decision” and “neither reconcile conflicting evidence nor

decide issues of witness credibility, which are exclusively the province of the

factfinder”).

       Daniel argues that the evidence fails to show that the harm threatened is imminent

because the purported threats of harm occurred months prior to the issuing of the OFP

and were contingent on Danielle having an affair. The district court found that domestic

abuse occurred in the form of “[t]hreats of harm to [Danielle] and others with purpose to

cause grave fear in [Danielle].”     Danielle testified that Daniel made these threats

throughout the marriage.      Thus, although Danielle’s father testified regarding two

specific instances of witnessing the threats, Danielle’s testimony shows that the threats

were not limited to those two particular instances. And how, on this record, repeated




                                            6
death threats by a possessor of firearms could be intended not to cause fear of imminent

harm is neither clear nor explained. The evidence supports the OFP.2

Due process

       Daniel also argues that his due-process rights were violated because the district

court permitted Danielle to present a case that exceeded the allegations in the petition.

Daniel claims that the petition does not allege threats of harm, but actual harm.

       Procedural due process guarantees reasonable notice and a meaningful opportunity

to be heard. State ex rel. Marlowe v. Fabian, 

 (Minn. App. 2008).

A petition for an OFP “shall allege the existence of domestic abuse, and shall be

accompanied by an affidavit made under oath stating the specific facts and circumstances

from which relief is sought.” Minn. Stat. § 518B.01, subd. 4(b) (2014). Danielle alleged

in the petition that on November 9, 2014, Daniel “stated if [Danielle] was ever seen with

another man he would kill the both of us.” Daniel was on notice that Danielle alleged

threats of harm. The district court held a three-day hearing. Daniel testified, presented

witness testimony, and cross-examined Danielle and her witnesses. Daniel was also

afforded a meaningful opportunity to be heard. The district court did not violate his due-

process rights.




2
  We categorically reject Daniel’s argument that the harm threatened was not imminent
because it was contingent on Danielle having an extramarital affair. To adopt this
argument could be read to suggest that an extramarital affair somehow justifies death
threats. The unfortunate occurrence of an extramarital affair does not ever justify death
threats.
                                           7
Admissibility of statements Danielle made in counseling

       Daniel next argues that the district court abused its discretion by refusing to allow

him to testify regarding statements Danielle made in marriage counseling. Rulings on the

admissibility of evidence are within a district court’s discretion. Kroning v. State Farm

Auto. Ins. Co., 

 (Minn. 1997).

       Absent a waiver from each family member, a marital therapist cannot disclose

information received by a family member in therapy sessions. Minn. Stat. § 148B.39(5)

(2014). Here, Danielle did not provide a waiver. The district court ruled that the

marriage counselor could not testify regarding comments Danielle made in counseling.

The district court also determined that testimony regarding Danielle’s mental state was

not necessary and ruled that Daniel could not testify regarding comments Danielle made

in marriage counseling. Daniel argues that the district court misinterpreted the statute

because it prohibits a therapist from disclosing information, but not another individual in

the treatment setting.

       Even if Daniel was not prohibited from testifying regarding statements Danielle

made in counseling, the district court ruled that the evidence was not relevant. Daniel

seemingly believed that this testimony would challenge Danielle’s credibility.             But

Danielle testified, and the district court had sufficient opportunity to judge her credibility.

And the district court did not find Danielle entirely credible because it found that

Danielle failed to prove physical harm. Therefore, the district court was within its

discretion in determining that evidence of Danielle’s mental state was irrelevant.




                                              8
Application of best-interest factors

       Finally, Daniel argues that the district court erred by failing to make findings on

the best-interest factors as it related to custody of the parties’ son. The district court

found that “the safety of [Danielle] require[d] that custody of the child be granted to

[Danielle], until the issue is determined in the family law proceeding.” The district court

may grant relief in the form of awarding

              temporary custody . . . with regard to minor children . . . on a
              basis which gives primary consideration to the safety of the
              victim . . . . In addition to the primary safety considerations,
              the court may consider particular best interest factors that are
              found to be relevant to the temporary custody and parenting
              time award. [Best-interest] [f]indings . . . are not required
              with respect to the particular best interest factors not
              considered by the court.

Minn. Stat. § 518B.01, subd. 6(a)(4) (2014) (emphasis added). Daniel cites the 2002

version of the statute that provided that “[e]xcept for cases in which custody is contested,

findings [on the best-interest factors] are not required.” Minn. Stat. § 518B.01, subd.

6(a)(4) (2002). The current version does not mandate the district court to consider the

best-interest factors. The district court appropriately relied on the safety of Danielle as

the basis for awarding her temporary custody until the matter is resolved in family court.

       Affirmed.3




3
  Daniel moved this court to strike statements that Danielle’s attorney made during oral
argument. In response, Danielle moved for sanctions. Because an attorney’s statements
are not evidence and our decision is based on the record evidence, the motions are denied
as unnecessary.
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