This opinion will be unpublished and
                           may not be cited except as provided by
                           Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).

                                STATE OF MINNESOTA
                                IN COURT OF APPEALS
                                      A15-0062

                                     State of Minnesota,
                                        Respondent,

                                              vs.

                                  Livinus Ndubisi Ezeobi,
                                        Appellant.

                                  Filed January 11, 2016
                                         Affirmed
                                     Schellhas, Judge

                               Stearns County District Court
                                 File No. 73-CR-14-1371

Lori Swanson, Attorney General, Karen B. Andrews, Assistant Attorney General, St. Paul,
Minnesota; and

Janelle Kendall, Stearns County Attorney, St. Cloud, Minnesota (for respondent)

Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Benjamin J. Butler, Assistant
Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)

       Considered and decided by Schellhas, Presiding Judge; Rodenberg, Judge; and

Reilly, Judge.

                         UNPUBLISHED OPINION

SCHELLHAS, Judge

       Appellant challenges his conviction of terroristic threats, arguing that (1) the district

court abused its discretion by admitting expert testimony on battering, (2) the evidence was
insufficient to support his conviction of terroristic threats, and (3) the court erred by

determining that appellant is subject to the predatory-offender registration requirement.1

We affirm.

                                         FACTS

       In or around March 2013, appellant Livinus Ndubisi Ezeobi and L.F. began a

cohabiting romantic relationship. At that time, L.F. had a young child by another man and

was pregnant with Ezeobi’s child. In October 2013, police arrested L.F. and cited her for

misdemeanor domestic assault of Ezeobi. The district court consequently issued a

domestic-assault no-contact order (DANCO) that prohibited L.F. from having any contact

with Ezeobi. But L.F. continued to live with Ezeobi. In December 2013, police arrested

L.F. for violating the DANCO. L.F. nevertheless continued to live with Ezeobi.

       In February 2014, Ezeobi allegedly struck L.F., choked her, threatened her with a

knife, and sexually assaulted her. L.F. reported the alleged crimes to police, resulting in

her arrest for violating the DANCO. Respondent State of Minnesota charged Ezeobi with

first-degree criminal sexual conduct, third-degree criminal sexual conduct, second-degree

assault with a dangerous weapon, terroristic threats, domestic assault by strangulation, and

misdemeanor domestic assault. Before Ezeobi’s jury trial, the district court ruled that the


1
  Appellant also appears to challenge unadjudicated guilty verdicts on charges of domestic
assault by strangulation and misdemeanor domestic assault. We do not separately address
this challenge. See State v. Hoelzel, 

 (Minn. 2002) (concluding that
district court’s finding of guilt was not appealable in absence of official judgment of
conviction or conviction order entered by court); cf. State v. Ashland, 

(Minn. 1979) (declining to address sufficiency of evidence for jury’s guilty verdict on
offenses of which defendant was not formally adjudicated guilty and for which defendant
was not sentenced).

                                             2
state could introduce expert testimony “explaining victim behaviors in domestic violence

situations.” At trial, Scott Miller provided expert testimony on battering, L.F. testified, and

Ezeobi testified in his own defense. The jury found Ezeobi guilty of terroristic threats,

domestic assault by strangulation, and misdemeanor domestic assault; it found Ezeobi not

guilty of first-degree criminal sexual conduct, third-degree criminal sexual conduct, and

second-degree assault with a dangerous weapon. The court stayed imposition of sentence

for terroristic threats, placed Ezeobi on supervised probation for four years, determined

that Ezeobi was required to register as a predatory offender, and declined to adjudicate

Ezeobi’s guilt of domestic assault by strangulation and misdemeanor domestic assault.

       This appeal follows.

                                      DECISION

Expert testimony

       Ezeobi argues that the district court abused its discretion by admitting Miller’s

expert testimony on battering, asserting that L.F. “was not a battered woman” and

“exhibited none of the supposedly common behaviors of battered women.” Ezeobi claims

that the expert testimony incorrectly insinuated that he was a repeat domestic abuser of

L.F. We construe Ezeobi’s argument as an attack on the relevance of the expert testimony

on battering.

       “Rulings concerning the admission of expert testimony generally rest within the

sound discretion of the district court and will not be reversed absent a clear abuse of

discretion.” State v. Mosley, 

, 798–99 (Minn. 2014), cert. denied, 

 (2015). Likewise, “[r]ulings on the relevancy of evidence are generally left to the


                                              3
sound discretion of the trial court.” State v. Hanks, 

 (Minn. 2012).

“When the admissibility of evidence is challenged on appeal, [appellate courts] defer to the

district court’s exercise of discretion in the conduct of the trial, and [appellate courts] will

not lightly overturn a district court’s evidentiary ruling.” 

 (quotation omitted).

Even if a district court abuses its discretion by admitting expert testimony against a

criminal defendant, appellate courts will not reverse “if there is no reasonable possibility

that [the testimony] substantially influenced the jury’s decision.” See State v. Taylor, 

 (Minn. 2015) (quotation omitted) (assuming, without deciding, that district

court erred by admitting expert testimony and concluding that assumed error was

harmless).

        “If scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact

to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert

by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education, may testify thereto in the form of

an opinion or otherwise.” Minn. R. Evid. 702. “Expert testimony is only admissible if the

testimony will help the trier of fact in evaluating evidence or resolving factual issues.”

State v. Ali, 

, 251–52 (Minn. 2014) (quotation omitted). “[T]he standard

for assessing the helpfulness of proposed expert testimony . . . is an objective standard.”

Mosley, 

. That is, “[a]n expert opinion is helpful if the members of the

jury, having the knowledge and general experience common to every member of the

community, would be aided in the consideration of the issues by the offered testimony.”

State v. Dao Xiong, 

 (Minn. 2013) (quotations omitted).




                                               4
       “Generally, battered woman syndrome expert testimony may be helpful to juries

because battered woman syndrome is beyond the understanding of the average person, and

expert testimony may help to explain a phenomenon not within the understanding of an

ordinary lay person.” Hanks, 

 (quotations omitted). More specifically,

“[the supreme court] ha[s] recognized that battered woman syndrome expert testimony is

admissible . . . when the State seeks to rehabilitate the credibility of a battered woman in

the prosecution of her batterer,” 

 by “educat[ing] jurors about battered woman syndrome

(BWS) and counterintuitive behaviors commonly associated with BWS,” State v. Obeta,

 (Minn. 2011). “In determining the relevance of battered woman

syndrome evidence, [appellate courts] consider whether the proffered evidence

demonstrated that the [parties] had the type of relationship about which the expert will

testify.” Hanks, 

.

       Here, L.F. testified that Ezeobi had assaulted her multiple times and that her own

assaults of Ezeobi were defensive or reactive. She also testified that Ezeobi had asked her

to kill him with a knife, cut up his own Green Card and blamed it on her, expressed

disapproval of L.F.’s desire to spend time with her parents, punished L.F. when she was

defiant, damaged electronic devices so that L.F. had “no contact with anything outside,”

and prevented L.F. from accessing her car keys. On the date of Ezeobi’s alleged crimes,

L.F. was the mother of an infant and another young child and was pregnant with a third

child. She had some degree of financial dependence on Ezeobi and knew that she could be

arrested for violating the DANCO.




                                             5
          Ezeobi attacked L.F.’s credibility on the basis of her domestic-assault and DANCO-

violation arrests, her lies to her parents and to police, and inconsistencies in her descriptions

of events. The attacks on L.F.’s credibility created a need for the state to offer a potential

explanation for L.F.’s otherwise counterintuitive or questionable behavior. See Hanks, 

; Obeta, 

. L.F.’s testimony showed her potential

vulnerability to battering and depicted a relationship with the battering characteristics that

Miller described—one’s “attempt to, through use of coercion, violence, [and] threats, . . .

dominate” another. On these facts, the district court did not abuse its discretion by

admitting Miller’s testimony to aid the jury in evaluating evidence and resolving factual

issues.

          Even if the district court abused its discretion by admitting Miller’s testimony, the

testimony was limited and harmless. Miller testified only generally about battering, its

perpetrators, and its victims. He acknowledged that he knew neither L.F. nor Ezeobi and

had no familiarity with the case “other than it’s a heterosexual couple in a domestic

violence case.” Miller did not opine that L.F. had been battered or that Ezeobi was a batterer

and acknowledged that men can be battered and women can be batterers. During closing

argument, the state referred only briefly to Miller’s testimony, stating that it “provided [the

jury] a lens to view this evidence through, to view this relationship through, to look at the

decisions that [L.F.] made and how those could affect the relationship and her role.” And

the court instructed the jury that expert “evidence is entitled to neither more nor less

consideration by [the jury] than any other evidence.” We conclude that any error in the

court’s admission of the testimony was harmless and warrants no relief because no


                                                6
reasonable possibility exists that Miller’s testimony substantially influenced the jury’s

decision. See Taylor, 

 (“An error is harmless if there is no reasonable

possibility that it substantially influenced the jury’s decision.” (quotation omitted)).

Sufficiency of the evidence

       Ezeobi argues that the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction of

terroristic threats. “When assessing the sufficiency of the evidence, [appellate courts] make

a painstaking review of the record to determine whether the evidence and reasonable

inferences drawn therefrom, viewed in a light most favorable to the verdict, were sufficient

to allow the jury to reach its verdict.” State v. Vang, 

 (Minn. 2014)

(quotation omitted). “In conducting such a review, [appellate courts] assume that the jury

believed the State’s witnesses and disbelieved any evidence to the contrary.” State v.

Hayes, 

 (Minn. 2013). “The verdict will not be overturned if, giving

due regard to the presumption of innocence and to the prosecution’s burden of proving

guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, the jury could reasonably have found the defendant guilty

of the charged offense.” Vang, 

 (quotation omitted).

       “Whoever threatens, directly or indirectly, to commit any crime of violence with

purpose to terrorize another . . . or in a reckless disregard of the risk of causing such terror,”

is guilty of making terroristic threats. 

, subd. 1 (2012). “[P]hysical

acts which communicate a threat, as well as oral and written threats, fall within the ambit

of [

, subd. 1].” State v. Murphy, 

 (Minn. 1996).

“[T]he question of whether a given statement is a threat turns on whether the

communication in its context would have a reasonable tendency to create apprehension that


                                                7
its originator will act according to its tenor.” State v. Schweppe, 

, 

 (1975) (quotations omitted). “To convict a defendant on a charge of

felony terroristic threats, a jury must find that the defendant threatened a specific predicate

crime of violence . . . .” State v. Jorgenson, 

 (Minn. App. 2008),

review denied (Minn. Feb. 17, 2009). “[T]he jury must be informed of the elements of that

essential predicate offense.” 

       In this case, L.F. testified that, after choking her against a wall for approximately 12

seconds, Ezeobi sat on top of her on the floor; grabbed a steak knife; pressed the knife

against her chest and moved the knife around for about a minute, leaving visible marks;

and told her that he would “stab” her if she moved. The district court instructed the jury

that the specific predicate crime of violence for the terroristic-threats offense was second-

degree murder, which includes the element of intentionally “caus[ing] the death of a human

being.” Ezeobi argues that, even if believed, L.F.’s testimony was insufficient to prove that

he threatened to intentionally cause the death of a human being. He claims that “[a] threat

to stab someone . . . is not so much a threat to kill as it is a threat to injure” and that “[a]

threat to injure is not ipso facto a threat to kill.”

       But the question before us is not whether a threat to stab necessarily is a threat to

kill; the question is whether the jury reasonably could have found that Ezeobi’s words and

actions constituted a threat to intentionally kill L.F. made either with a purpose to terrorize

L.F. or in reckless disregard of the risk of causing such terror. See 

,

subd. 1; Vang, 

; Murphy, 

. According to L.F., Ezeobi

physically overpowered her and, with a knife against her chest, told her that he would stab


                                                 8
her if she moved. L.F. testified that Ezeobi’s conduct caused her to believe that Ezeobi was

threatening to kill her. We conclude that L.F.’s testimony and reasonable inferences drawn

therefrom, viewed in a light most favorable to the verdict, were sufficient to allow the jury

to reach its verdict of guilt on the charge of terroristic threats.

Predatory-offender registration

       Ezeobi argues that the district court erred in determining that he is required to

register as a predatory offender. Appellate courts review de novo a district court’s

determination that a person is subject to the predatory-offender registration requirement.

See State v. Lopez, 

 (Minn. 2010) (reviewing de novo whether

defendant was required to register as predatory offender); State v. Patterson, 

 (Minn. App. 2012) (“Because resolution of [the issue of whether a defendant was

required to register as a predatory offender] is based on interpretation of the offender-

registration statute, the district court’s implicit determination that [defendant] is required

to register as a predatory offender is subject to de novo review.”), review denied (Minn.

Oct. 24, 2012).

       A person convicted of an enumerated offense, or of “another offense arising out of

the same set of circumstances” as a charged enumerated offense, “shall register” as a

predatory offender. 

, subd. 1b(a) (Supp. 2013). The registration

requirement is triggered by a person’s conviction of a non-enumerated offense “arising out

of the same set of circumstances” as a charged enumerated offense even if the person was

acquitted of the enumerated offense, so long as probable cause existed to support the

ultimately unproven charge. State v. Haukos, 

, 274–75 (Minn. App. 2014).


                                                9
              The “same set of circumstances” provision in the statute
              requires registration where the same general group of facts
              gives rise to both the conviction offense and the charged
              [enumerated] offense. In other words, the circumstances
              underlying both must overlap with regard to time, location,
              persons involved, and basic facts. Although the conviction
              offense need not be based on identical facts to the charged
              [enumerated] offense, the facts underlying the two must be
              sufficiently linked in time, location, people, and events to be
              considered the “same set of circumstances.”

Lopez, 

.

       First-degree criminal sexual conduct and third-degree criminal sexual conduct are

enumerated offenses under the predatory-offender registration statute. See 

, subd. 1b(a)(1)(iii). Terroristic threats is not an enumerated offense. See 

subd. 1b(a)(1). Ezeobi therefore is subject to the predatory-offender registration

requirement if his conviction of terroristic threats “ar[ose] out of the same set of

circumstances,” within the meaning of 

, subd. 1b(a)(1), as the charges

of criminal sexual conduct for which he was tried and acquitted. Ezeobi argues that the

terroristic-threats conviction did not arise from the same set of circumstances as the

charged sex offenses because the terroristic threat was completed before the alleged sex

offense occurred, because the two charges did not share the same characteristics, and

because the two offenses did not overlap.

       But L.F. testified that Ezeobi sat atop her on the floor, pressed a steak knife against

her chest and moved the knife around for about a minute, called her “a whore and a slut

and stuff like that,” and told her that he would “stab” her if she moved. L.F. testified that

she kicked and bit Ezeobi to escape, struggled with him over her car keys, and “was trying



                                             10
to run up the hallway” when “[Ezeobi] grab[bed L.F.] from behind” by her shorts. L.F.

testified that she then tripped and fell and that Ezeobi ripped her underwear, got on top of

her, and penetrated her vagina with his penis. This testimony showed that the facts

underlying the terroristic-threats conviction and the facts underlying the charges of

criminal sexual conduct occurred only minutes apart during an unbroken series of violent

acts by Ezeobi against L.F. Moreover, the threats of violence underlying the terroristic-

threats conviction could have helped Ezeobi to accomplish the alleged sexual assault

underlying the charges of criminal sexual conduct. And by calling L.F. sexually derogatory

names while threatening to stab her, Ezeobi further entwined the terroristic-threats offense

with the criminal sexual conduct that allegedly occurred just moments later.

       On these facts, Ezeobi’s terroristic-threats conviction “ar[ose] out of the same set of

circumstances” as the charges of criminal sexual conduct. See 

, subd.

1b(a)(1). The district court therefore did not err in determining that Ezeobi is subject to the

predatory-offender registration requirement.

Pro se claims

       In a two-page pro se supplemental brief, Ezeobi states that “[he] ha[s] been . . .

accused of a crime [he] know[s] nothing about” and attacks L.F.’s credibility and character.

Ezeobi cites neither legal authority nor the appellate record and makes no legally

cognizable argument against his conviction or sentence. We therefore do not consider

Ezeobi’s pro se claims. See State v. Bartylla, 

 (Minn. 2008) (“[Appellate

courts] will not consider pro se claims on appeal that are unsupported by either arguments

or citations to legal authority.”).


                                              11
Affirmed.




            12