This opinion will be unpublished and
                          may not be cited except as provided by
                          Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).

                               STATE OF MINNESOTA
                               IN COURT OF APPEALS
                                     A15-0355

                                   State of Minnesota,
                                      Respondent,

                                           vs.

                                     Sherman Peak,
                                       Appellant.

                                  Filed March 7, 2016
                                        Affirmed
                                    Johnson, Judge

                             Hennepin County District Court
                               File No. 27-CR-13-27398

Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and

Michael O. Freeman, Hennepin County Attorney, Linda K. Jenny, Assistant County
Attorney, Minneapolis, Minnesota (for respondent)

Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota; and

Peter J. Farrell, Special Assistant Public Defender, Faegre Baker Daniels LLP,
Minneapolis, Minnesota (for appellant)

         Considered and decided by Johnson, Presiding Judge; Connolly, Judge; and Kirk,

Judge.
                          UNPUBLISHED OPINION

JOHNSON, Judge

       A Hennepin County jury found Sherman Peak guilty of possessing a controlled

substance based on evidence that he engaged in suspicious activity in a park and dropped

a small package of crack cocaine when an officer stopped him to investigate. On appeal,

Peak challenges the district court’s denial of his motion to suppress the evidence that he

dropped the crack cocaine after being stopped. He also challenges the district court’s denial

of his motion in limine to prevent a police officer from testifying that he observed Peak

engage in a “hand-to-hand transaction” with another person in the park. We conclude that

the district court did not err in its rulings on the motions and, therefore, affirm.

                                           FACTS

       On August 20, 2013, at approximately 6:00 p.m., Officer Jeffrey Werner was

stationed near the intersection of Chicago Avenue and Franklin Avenue in south

Minneapolis, conducting plain-clothes surveillance of Peavey Park. He observed a male

wearing blue clothes, who later was identified as Peak, riding a bicycle in the park. He

saw Peak approach another man, have a brief conversation, and engage in what appeared

to be a “hand-to-hand transaction,” although he did not see what, if anything, actually was

exchanged. Officer Werner noticed that, as Peak biked away, his right hand was clenched

“as if he was holding something.” Based on his belief that Peak had engaged in a drug

transaction, Officer Werner radioed to other officers in the area, advised them of what he

had observed, and gave a description of Peak.




                                               2
       Officer Jeffrey Imming and then-Sergeant Brian Anderson were on patrol nearby,

providing backup to the plain-clothes officers who were conducting surveillance. Sergeant

Anderson was driving a marked squad car, and Officer Imming was in the passenger seat.

Officer Imming testified that Officer Werner radioed that he had observed a man wearing

blue engage in a “hand-to-hand transaction” and travel away from the park on a bicycle.

Officer Imming testified that Officer Werner “specifically stated that [Peak] had crack

cocaine in his right hand.”

       Officer Imming spotted Peak on a bicycle. Sergeant Anderson pulled the squad car

in front of Peak and stopped the car, blocking Peak’s forward movement. Officer Imming

immediately got out of the squad car and approached Peak. As he did so, he saw that

Peak’s right hand was closed but then saw Peak open his hand and drop a small item onto

the ground. Officer Imming recovered the dropped item, which later tested positive for

cocaine.

       The state charged Peak with one count of fifth-degree controlled substance crime,

in violation of 

, subd. 2(a)(1) (2012). At an omnibus hearing in

August 2014, Peak moved to suppress the evidence gathered by police officers on

August 20, 2013. Peak’s attorney argued that the officers did not have a reasonable,

articulable suspicion to justify an investigatory stop. The state called Officer Werner and

Officer Imming to testify at the omnibus hearing. Peak did not introduce any evidence. At

the close of the hearing, Peak’s attorney made an additional argument in light of the

officers’ testimony: that the officers arrested Peak as soon as they stopped him and did so

without probable cause. The district court denied the motion on the record at the end of


                                            3
the hearing. The district court determined that the officers had reasonable, articulable

suspicion to stop Peak. The district court further determined that, after Officer Imming

saw Peak drop an item on the ground, the officers had probable cause to arrest Peak. The

district court also found that Peak abandoned the dropped item when he voluntarily,

intentionally, and unconditionally relinquished his interest in the item by dropping it.

       The case was tried to a jury on two days in October 2014. At the outset of trial,

Peak moved in limine to preclude Officer Werner or any other officer from using the phrase

“hand-to-hand transaction” when testifying. Peak argued that the phrase was an opinion

that only an expert could offer and that the state had not made any expert disclosures. The

district court denied Peak’s motion on the ground that the phrase “hand-to-hand

transaction” is not an expert opinion but is merely a description of what Officer Werner

observed.

       The state called four witnesses at trial: Officer Werner, Officer Imming, Lieutenant

Anderson (who had been promoted after Peak’s arrest), and BCA forensic scientist Eric

Grunwald. The jury found Peak guilty. The district court imposed a sentence of 21 months

of imprisonment. Peak appeals.

                                     DECISION

                                  I. Motion to Suppress

       Peak argues that the district court erred by denying his motion to suppress evidence.

Specifically, Peak argues that officers arrested him without probable cause or, in the

alternative, stopped him for an investigatory detention without reasonable, articulable

suspicion.


                                             4
       The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees the “right of

the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable

searches and seizures.” U.S. Const. amend. IV.; see also Minn. Const. art. I, § 10. As a

general rule, a law-enforcement officer may not make a warrantless arrest of a person

without probable cause that the person “had committed or was committing an offense.”

Beck v. Ohio, 

, 

 (1964). But a law-enforcement officer

may temporarily detain a person for investigatory purposes if the officer has a reasonable,

articulable suspicion that the person has engaged in criminal activity. Terry v. Ohio, 

, 

 (1968); State v. Diede, 

(Minn. 2011). In reviewing a district court’s ruling on a motion to suppress evidence, this

court applies a clear-error standard of review to a district court’s factual findings and a de

novo standard of review to the district court’s legal determinations. State v. Gauster, 

 (Minn. 2008) (quotation omitted).

       We begin by considering Peak’s contention that the officers arrested him

immediately upon stopping him. Peak wishes to establish that an arrest occurred at that

time because an arrest is valid only if it is justified by probable cause. See State v. Riley,

 (Minn. 1997). Peak relies on In re E.D.J., 

 (Minn.

1993), for the proposition that he was seized because “a reasonable person in [his] shoes

would have concluded that he or she was not free to leave.” 

. But a finding that

a person has been “seized” is not equivalent to a finding that a person has been arrested;

rather, a finding that a person has been “seized” merely begs the question whether the

person has been arrested or merely has been stopped for a brief, Terry-style, investigative


                                              5
detention. This proposition is illustrated by E.D.J., in which the supreme court concluded

that the juvenile had been “seized” and then proceeded to consider whether the officers had

a reasonable, articulable suspicion to justify the seizure, which indicates that the supreme

court treated the seizure as an investigatory detention. 

. The supreme

court has noted that “the ‘not free to leave’ language is unfortunate, because a person who

is being detained temporarily is not free to leave during the period of detention, yet that

does not convert the detention into an arrest.” State v. Moffatt, 

(Minn. 1990).

       In Minnesota, whether a law-enforcement officer has arrested (rather than stopped)

a seized person depends on “whether a reasonable person would have concluded, under the

circumstances, that he was [both] under arrest and not free to go.” State v. Beckman, 

 (Minn. 1984) (emphasis added) (citing Florida v. Royer, 

,

 (1983); United States v. Mendenhall, 

, 

 (1980))

(other citations omitted). The fact that a reasonable person may believe that he or she is

not free to leave is not determinative; the seized person also must believe that he or she is

under arrest, which is determined by an objective standard. See 

 The supreme court has

applied this test to determine whether an investigative detention developed into a “de facto”

arrest on the ground that “the scope of the detention exceeded constitutional limits.” State

v. Blacksten, 

 (Minn. 1993) (citing United States v. Sharpe, 

, 

 (1985)). In Moffatt, the supreme court concluded that

police officers did not exceed the constitutional limits of a proper investigative detention

by detaining a man in a squad car for more than an hour while they conducted an


                                             6
investigation of three detainees, in part because the police officers told the men that they

were not under arrest and were merely being detained. 

. In

Blacksten, the supreme court concluded that the officer immediately arrested the defendant

by ordering him to the ground at gunpoint after a traffic stop, handcuffing him, and holding

him in a squad car for more than an hour, without doing any investigation whatsoever. 

.

       In this case, the district court found that, when the officers first approached Peak,

they did not arrest him but merely stopped him for an investigatory detention. The district

court further found that, while Officer Imming was exiting the squad car but before he was

within reach of Peak and his bicycle, Officer Imming observed Peak’s clenched hand open

up and drop an item that Officer Imming suspected was drugs. The district court found

that, after Officer Imming saw Peak drop the suspected drugs on the ground, the officer

had probable cause to arrest Peak. The district court reasoned that probable cause existed

because of Officer Imming’s observations and the information that Officer Werner had

passed along based on his observation of Peak’s actions in Peavey Park.

       Peak contends that he was under arrest as soon as he was seized because the officers

intended to arrest him and because no reasonable person in his position would have felt

free to leave. To reiterate, the test for whether a person is under arrest is “whether a

reasonable person would have concluded, under the circumstances, that he was [both]

under arrest and not free to go.” Beckman, 

 (emphasis added). Because

an objective test applies, we look to Officer Imming’s outward conduct, not his intentions

or motivations. There is no basis in the record for a conclusion that, during the very short


                                             7
period of time between when Sergeant Anderson stopped the squad car and Peak dropped

the crack cocaine on the ground, a reasonable person in Peak’s position would have

believed that he was both not free to leave and under arrest. See Beckman, 

. This case is distinguishable from Blacksten, in which the officer made an arrest by

gaining physical control of a suspect, handcuffing him, and detaining him in a squad car.

See 

. In contrast, when Peak dropped the crack cocaine on the

ground, the officers had only blocked Peak’s path and begun to walk toward him. This

court’s caselaw recognizes that an officer may seize a person by using a squad car to block

or partially block a suspect’s vehicle, State v. Lopez, 

 (Minn. App.

2005); Klotz v. Comm’r of Pub. Safety, 

 (Minn. App. 1989), review

denied (Minn. May 24, 1989); State v. Sanger, 

 (Minn. App. 1988),

and that such a seizure is a proper investigatory detention if the investigating officers had

a reasonable, articulable suspicion that the suspect was engaged in criminal activity, Lopez,

; Klotz, 

; Sanger, 

. Thus, at the

time that Peak dropped the crack cocaine on the ground, he was merely being detained for

investigatory purposes and was not under arrest.

       We continue by considering whether Sergeant Anderson and Officer Imming had a

reasonable, articulable suspicion of criminal activity when they stopped Peak. See E.D.J.,

. A reasonable, articulable suspicion exists if, “in justifying the

particular intrusion the police officer [is] able to point to specific and articulable facts

which, taken together with rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant that

intrusion.” Terry, 

, 

. The reasonable-suspicion standard is


                                             8
not high, but the suspicion must be “something more than an unarticulated hunch,” State

v. Davis, 

 (Minn. 2007) (quotation omitted), and more than an

“inchoate and unparticularized suspicion,” State v. Timberlake, 

(Minn. 2008) (quotation omitted). An officer “must be able to point to something that

objectively supports the suspicion at issue.” Davis, 

 (quotation omitted);

see also Terry, 392 U.S. at 21–22, 

. We consider the totality of the

circumstances, including the collective knowledge of all investigating officers, to

determine whether reasonable, articulable suspicion existed. In re Welfare of M.D.R., 

, 448–49 (Minn. App. 2005), review denied (Minn. June 28, 2005).

       The district court found that the investigating officers had a reasonable, articulable

suspicion that Peak was engaged in criminal activity. The district court found that Officer

Werner had observed Peak engage in a hand-to-hand transaction in Peavey Park. The

district court relied on Officer Werner’s testimony that his training and experience caused

him to believe that Peak had engaged in a drug transaction with another person. The district

court also found that Officer Werner saw Peak hold an object in one hand as if he were

trying to conceal it. Officer Werner communicated his observations to Sergeant Anderson

and Officer Imming, who effectuated the investigatory stop. The evidentiary record

supports the district court’s findings concerning the information available to the

investigating officers and the finding that they had a reasonable, articulable suspicion that

Peak had engaged in criminal activity.

       Peak contends that the officers did not have a reasonable, articulable suspicion of

criminal activity because it is not unlawful to ride a bike in a park and have a brief


                                             9
interaction with another person. But police officers are entitled to draw “inferences and

deductions that might elude an untrained person,” even from lawful behavior. State v.

Cripps, 

 (Minn. 1995). Peak also compares his case to E.D.J., in

which police officers observed three persons standing on a street corner, approached them,

and ordered them to stop. E.D.J., 

. E.D.J. was arrested after he dropped

crack cocaine on the ground. 

 The supreme court concluded that the officers did not

have a reasonable, articulable suspicion to justify the investigatory stop. 

. But

the facts of E.D.J. were different. Before stopping E.D.J., the officers had no reason to

suspect him of criminal activity except the fact that he was standing with two other persons

near an intersection that was known for drug-dealing. 

. In this case, the

investigating officers had more information. They knew that Peak had engaged in a hand-

to-hand transaction with another man and had concealed a small item in his hand as he rode

his bike away from the park. In the circumstances of this case, those facts provided the

officers with a reasonable, articulable suspicion of criminal activity.

       Thus, the district court did not err by denying Peak’s motion to suppress evidence

on the ground that the investigating officers had a reasonable, articulable suspicion that

Peak had engaged in criminal activity. In light of that conclusion, we need not consider

Peak’s argument that the district court erred by finding that he abandoned the crack cocaine

that Officer Imming found on the ground.

                                   II. Motion in Limine

       Peak also argues that the district court erred by denying his motion in limine to

preclude Officer Werner from testifying that he saw Peak engage in a “hand-to-hand


                                             10
transaction.”    Peak argues that such testimony constitutes an expert opinion and is

inadmissible because the state did not make expert disclosures before trial. See Minn. R.

Crim. P. 9.01, subd. 1(4)(c). This court applies an abuse-of-discretion standard of review

to a district court’s ruling on a motion in limine concerning the admissibility of evidence.

State v. Amos, 

 (Minn. 2003).

       The district court denied Peak’s motion in limine on the ground that Officer

Werner’s testimony that he observed Peak engage in a “hand-to-hand transaction” is

admissible under rule 701 of the Minnesota Rules of Evidence, which concerns lay

testimony. That rule provides,

                       If the witness is not testifying as an expert, the witness’
                testimony in the form of opinions or inferences is limited to
                those opinions or inferences which are (a) rationally based on
                the perception of the witness and (b) helpful to a clear
                understanding of the witness’ testimony or the determination
                of a fact in issue.

Minn. R. Evid. 701. “Because the distinction between fact and opinion is frequently

impossible to delineate, the rule is stated in the nature of a general principle, leaving

specific application to the discretion of the trial court.” Minn. R. Evid. 702 cmt.

       The district court explained that Officer Werner’s reference to a hand-to-hand

transaction “is a description of what he observed” and specifically found that the testimony

is both “rationally based on Officer Werner’s perception and helpful to the trier of fact in

determining a fact at issue.” The record supports the district court’s ruling. The district

court had ample grounds to find that Officer Werner’s inference was “rationally based on

[his] perception” because Officer Werner testified in detail about what he observed in



                                               11
Peavey Park. See 

 The district court also had grounds to find that Officer Werner’s

inference would be “helpful to a clear understanding of the witness’ testimony or the

determination of a fact in issue” because Officer Werner’s inference provided jurors with

information that allowed them to determine whether Peak engaged in unlawful conduct, as

charged by the state. See 

       The state argues in the alternative that, even if the district court erred in its ruling,

the admission of the evidence was harmless. We agree. Even without evidence of a “hand-

to-hand transaction,” the jury would have had ample evidence that Peak possessed

controlled substances. Most notable is Officer Imming’s testimony that he saw Peak drop

an item on the ground shortly after Peak left Peavey Park and that the item later was

determined to be crack cocaine.

       Thus, the district court did not err by denying Peak’s motion in limine to preclude

Officer Werner from testifying that he saw Peak engage in a “hand-to-hand transaction.”

       Affirmed.




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