This opinion will be unpublished and
                        may not be cited except as provided by
                        Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).

                             STATE OF MINNESOTA
                             IN COURT OF APPEALS
                                   A16-0362


                    In the Matter of the Welfare of the Children of:
                                    P. L. G., Parent.


                                Filed August 29, 2016
                                      Affirmed
                                  Klaphake, Judge *

                            Hennepin County District Court
                               File No. 27-JV-15-4288


Mary F. Moriarty, Hennepin County Public Defender, Peter W. Gorman, Assistant Public
Defender, Minneapolis, Minnesota (for appellant P.L.G.)

Michael O. Freeman, Hennepin County Attorney, Michelle A. Hatcher, Assistant County
Attorney, Minneapolis, Minnesota (for respondent Hennepin County Human Services and
Public Health Department)

Alex Brusilovsky, Eden Prairie, Minnesota (for guardian ad litem Jesse Mongrue)


      Considered and decided by Bjorkman, Presiding Judge; Reilly, Judge; and

Klaphake, Judge.




*
 Retired judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, serving by appointment pursuant to
Minn. Const. art. VI, § 10.
                          UNPUBLISHED OPINION

KLAPHAKE, Judge

       Appellant-mother P.L.G. challenges the termination of her parental rights to her

children, B.C.D.G. and T.L.T. 1 The district court terminated parental rights on four

statutory grounds: failure to comply with parental duties; palpable unfitness; failure of

reasonable county efforts to correct the conditions leading to out-of-home placement; and

children remaining neglected and in foster care. Minn. Stat. § 260C.301, subds. 1(b)(2),

(4), (5), (8) (2014). Appellant challenges the district court’s decision on all of the statutory

grounds, and argues that termination was not in the children’s best interests, and the district

court erred in admitting five hearsay exhibits as evidence. We affirm.

                                       DECISION

       A district court’s decision to terminate parental rights must be supported by one of

the statutory grounds listed in Minn. Stat. § 260C.301, subd. 1(b). Whether to terminate

parental rights is “discretionary with the district court.” In re Welfare of Child of R.D.L.,

 (Minn. 2014). We will affirm a district court’s termination if at least

one statutory basis is proven by clear and convincing evidence and termination is in the

children’s best interests. In re Welfare of Children of J.R.B., 

(Minn. App. 2011), review denied (Minn. Jan. 6, 2012).




1
 P.L.G. transferred legal custody of a third child, M.W., to his father prior to trial; M.W.
was removed from the termination petition.

                                               2
I.       The district court did not abuse its discretion in terminating P.L.G.’s parental
         rights because she is palpably unfit to parent.

         P.L.G. challenges the district court’s finding that she is palpably unfit to parent.

She maintains that, at the time of the termination hearing, she was able to ensure that her

children attended school on time and she had learned to manage their asthma. She also

disputes the district court’s reference to her mental health as grounds for termination as it

was not initially alleged by the county in its petition requesting that the children be

adjudicated in need of protection or services (CHIPS).

         A district court may terminate parental rights to a child if the court finds that the

parent

         is palpably unfit to be a party to the parent and child relationship because of
         a consistent pattern of specific conduct before the child or of specific
         conditions directly relating to the parent and child relationship either of
         which are determined by the court to be of a duration or nature that renders
         the parent unable, for the reasonably foreseeable future, to care appropriately
         for the ongoing, physical, mental, or emotional needs of the child.

Minn. Stat. § 260C.301, subd. 1(b)(4). The county “must prove a consistent pattern of

specific conduct or specific conditions existing at the time of the hearing that appears will

continue for a prolonged, indefinite period and that are permanently detrimental to the

welfare of the child.” In re Welfare of Children of T.R., 

 (Minn. 2008)

(quotation omitted). In a termination-of-parental-rights case, the district court relies “to a

great extent upon the projected permanency of the parent’s inability to care for his or her

child.” In re Welfare of Solomon, 

 (Minn. 1980) (citation omitted).

         The district court concluded that P.L.G. was palpably unfit to parent because her

diagnoses of depression, anxiety, and narcissistic personality disorder with strong


                                               3
compulsive and histrionic features significantly impairs her ability to function and to

perform life skills. The district court found that P.L.G. feels overwhelmed and anxious,

and is unable to sleep or get out of bed. Her mental-health issues render her unable to

ensure that the children receive proper and timely medical treatment and that they regularly

attend school. It found that P.L.G.’s steadfast denial of her mental-health issues “directly

affects her ability to parent in the present and for the foreseeable future.”

       Here, clear and convincing evidence supports the district court’s findings. A

diagnosis of mental illness alone does not “permit termination of parental rights.” In re

Welfare of Kidd, 

 (Minn. 1978). But a termination can be affirmed

when a parent’s mental illness is detrimental to the children. See 

.

       P.L.G.’s case plan required her to comply with recommendations arising from her

court-ordered psychological and parenting assessment, which included undergoing a

psychiatric examination and regularly seeing a therapist to address her mental-health

issues. Several county-referred providers testified that P.L.G.’s mental-health issues,

coupled with her low-intellectual functioning, negatively affected her ability to parent. The

children’s court-appointed guardian ad litem (GAL) testified that P.L.G.’s untreated

mental-health issues prevented her from having any insight into her lack of parenting skills

and she is therefore incapable of managing the children’s medical issues or ensuring that

they regularly attend school. Over a fifteen-month period, P.L.G. received intensive, one-

on-one parenting training and education, but failed to demonstrate significant progress.

Several county-referred service providers described P.L.G.’s general intransigence toward

receiving advice, including assistance from a mental-health specialist. She repeatedly


                                              4
exhibited confusion as to when to show up for appointments, including court-ordered visits

with her children. The county protection worker testified that P.L.G.’s depression and

anxiety significantly impaired her ability to perform routine, day-to-day tasks, provide a

suitable home for the children with adequate food and furniture, or recognize and address

the children’s medical issues. P.L.G. also presented no evidence that she ever received

mental-health therapy or a psychiatric evaluation.

       At trial, P.L.G. categorically denied suffering from any mental-health issues. The

district court found P.L.G.’s statements not credible, and we defer to the court’s credibility

determinations. Vangsness v. Vangsness, 

 (Minn. App. 2000). The

district court’s conclusion that P.L.G.’s conduct will persist for a prolonged, indefinite

period, and that it is permanently detrimental to the welfare of the children, is supported

by clear and convincing evidence. See T.R., 

.

       Because we conclude that termination on the grounds of palpable unfitness to parent

was supported by the record, we do not address P.L.G.’s arguments as to the district court’s

termination on other statutory grounds. See In re Welfare of Children of R.W., 

 (Minn. 2004) (“Termination of parental rights will be affirmed as long as at least

one statutory ground for termination is supported by clear and convincing evidence and

termination is in the child's best interests.”).

II.    Termination of parental rights is in the best interests of the children.

       A district court must not only identify a statutory basis for termination, but must

also determine whether termination is in the child’s best interests. Minn. Stat. § 260C.301,

subd. 7 (2014). When analyzing the child’s best interests, “the court must balance three


                                                   5
factors: (1) the child’s interest in preserving the parent-child relationship; (2) the parent’s

interest in preserving the parent-child relationship; and (3) any competing interests of the

child.” In re Welfare of R.T.B., 

 (Minn. App. 1992). “Competing interests

include such things as a stable environment, health considerations and the child’s

preferences.” 

 “Where the interests of parent and child conflict, the interests of the child

are paramount.” Minn. Stat. § 260C.301, subd. 7.

       The district court concluded that it was in the best interests of the children that

P.L.G.’s parental rights be terminated because she would be unable to care for them in the

reasonably foreseeable future due to her unaddressed mental-health and parenting issues.

It found P.L.G.’s intransigence, “whether willful or as a result of her cognitive or mental

abilities,” to be “an absolute roadblock to her progress as a parent.” The district court based

its best-interests determination on the children’s need for permanency, concluding that the

children’s out-of-home placement provided steady, dependable care.

       On this record, the district court did not clearly err in finding that termination of

P.L.G.’s parental rights was in the children’s best interests. The evidence demonstrates

that P.L.G. loves her children, and that they love her. But the children’s GAL and many

county-referred service providers testified that P.L.G.’s mental-health issues significantly

impaired her parenting abilities.

       At the time of trial, the children had been in their current foster home for over a year

and were thriving. “[T]he best interests of a child are not served by delay that precludes

the establishment of parental bonds with the child by either the natural parent or adoptive

parents within the foreseeable future.” In re Welfare of S.Z., 

 (Minn.


                                              6
1996). B.C.D.G. was regularly attending school and T.L.T.’s growth and development

were on target. Neither children had experienced any medical issues in foster care.

       P.L.G. argues that the district court failed to consider transferring legal custody to

D.P., B.C.D.G.’s paternal grandmother, instead of terminating her parental rights.

“Termination of parental rights and adoption, or guardianship to the commissioner of

human services through a consent to adopt, are preferred permanency options for a child

who cannot return home.” Minn. Stat. § 260C.513(a) (2014). “If the court finds that

termination of parental rights and guardianship to the commissioner is not in the child’s

best interests, the court may transfer permanent legal and physical custody of the child to

a relative when that order is in the child’s best interests.” Id.

       We are concerned by the district court’s failure to address P.L.G.’s proposal to shift

legal custody to D.P., and the lack of findings preclude us from engaging in any meaningful

appellate review on this issue. But we are unable to assign error because the statute does

not require the district court to make findings regarding transfers of legal custody in its

determination of the children’s best interests. See id.

III.   The district court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the challenged
       exhibits.

       Evidentiary rulings are discretionary with the district court, and we will reverse only

if the ruling was an abuse of discretion and it prejudiced the objecting party. In re Welfare

of Children of J.B., 

 (Minn. App. 2005), review dismissed (Minn.

May 3, 2005).




                                               7
       P.L.G. challenges the admissibility of five exhibits, arguing that the county failed

to establish a sufficient foundation for admission under the business-records exception to

the hearsay rule. Under Minn. R. Evid. 803(6), a party seeking to have a document

admitted as a business record must present testimony establishing that

       the records were (1) made by a person with personal knowledge of the
       matters recorded and a business duty to report accurately or from information
       transmitted by a person with such knowledge, (2) made at or near the time of
       the recorded event, (3) kept in the course of a regularly conducted business
       activity, and (4) made as part of the regular practice of that business activity.

In re Welfare of Child of Simon, 

 (Minn. App. 2003). While Rule

803(6) does not require the records custodian to testify, it does require the witness laying

foundation “to be familiar with how the business in question compiles its documents.” 

The disputed exhibits consist of medical records of P.L.G.’s two sons, M.W. and T.L.T.; a

diagnostic and functional assessment of P.L.G. completed by an Adult Rehabilitative

Mental Health Service (ARMHS) employee; and monthly progress notes by an ARMHS

parenting educator concerning her contact with P.L.G.

       We conclude that the county generally failed to establish that the exhibits satisfied

Rule 803(6). See Simon, 

 (concluding that a social worker was unable

to provide foundation for a therapist’s notes and that his testimony did not satisfy the

foundational requirements of Rule 803(6)). We note, however, that the assistant director

of ARMHS provided sufficient foundation for Exhibit 51, the monthly progress notes

prepared by an ARMHS parenting educator. See 

.

       P.L.G. argues that she was prejudiced by the district court’s admission of these

objected-to documents because she was deprived of the opportunity to cross examine the


                                              8
authors of the exhibits, and because the exhibits contained double hearsay. We recognize

county attorneys are increasingly relying on written hearsay materials in child-protection

cases due to the “mushrooming body of judicial activity” in this area of law, but we caution

the county against sidestepping its legal obligation to comply with the rules of evidence.

See In re Welfare of D.J.N., 

 (Minn. App. 1997).

       Nevertheless, we conclude that P.L.G. was not prejudiced because substantial

independent and undisputedly admissible evidence supported the district court’s findings.

P.L.G. also does not assert that the records are inaccurate or unreliable. See Simon, 

 (noting that business records are “presumed to be reliable”). And because

this was a bench trial, any prejudice stemming from erroneously admitted evidence would

be minimal. State v. Burrell, 

 (Minn. 2009) (recognizing the

diminished risk of unfair prejudice in a bench trial).

       Affirmed.




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