This opinion will be unpublished and
                          may not be cited except as provided by
                          Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).

                               STATE OF MINNESOTA
                               IN COURT OF APPEALS
                                     A16-0235

                                    State of Minnesota,
                                       Respondent,

                                            vs.

                                   Jeffrey Blake Palmer,
                                         Appellant.

                                 Filed December 5, 2016
                                        Affirmed
                                     Schellhas, Judge

                               Stearns County District Court
                                 File No. 73-CR-15-6034

Lori Swanson, Attorney General, James B. Early, Assistant Attorney General, St. Paul,
Minnesota; and

Janelle Kendall, Stearns County Attorney, St. Cloud, Minnesota (for respondent)

Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Melissa Sheridan, Assistant
Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)

         Considered and decided by Kirk, Presiding Judge; Schellhas, Judge; and Bjorkman,

Judge.
                         UNPUBLISHED OPINION

SCHELLHAS, Judge

       In this challenge to his conviction of being an ineligible person in possession of a

firearm, appellant argues that the district court made prejudicial evidentiary errors at trial

and abused its discretion by denying his mistrial motion. We affirm.

                                          FACTS

       On July 5, 2015, S.O. was living at a Motel 6 in Waite Park. Shortly after midnight,

appellant Jeffrey Palmer approached S.O. while she was outside smoking a cigarette and

asked her for a cigarette. The two engaged in a brief conversation before S.O. returned to

her room.

       Later that night, Palmer went to S.O.’s room and asked for another cigarette. S.O.

gave Palmer a cigarette, and Palmer disclosed that a car that he had taken from a dealership

had been towed that night. He also said that he had three guns that he wished to sell so that

he could secure the return of the car and asked S.O. if she could help him sell the guns.

Palmer obtained S.O.’s cell phone number before leaving and returned sometime later with

guns. One gun was black and another was pink and black. S.O. later learned that these two

guns were in fact BB guns. Palmer also had a .380-caliber handgun tucked into the

waistband of his pants. Palmer removed this gun and cocked it, causing a bullet to fall onto

the bed. S.O. became frightened and told Palmer to leave.

       S.O. awoke the next morning to find that Palmer had sent a series of sexual text

messages to her cell phone. Fearing for her safety, S.O. called 911 and later spoke with

Investigator Paul Orvis, to whom she had provided information about a planned home


                                              2
invasion eight months earlier. Investigator Orvis asked S.O. to tell Palmer that she had a

potential buyer for the handgun and she did. Palmer then brought to S.O.’s room the .380-

caliber handgun he previously had tucked into his waistband. S.O. photographed the gun

with her cell phone, Palmer left the room with it, and S.O. sent the photograph to

Investigator Orvis by a text message from her cell phone. Then, at Investigator Orvis’s

request, S.O. telephoned Palmer, asked whether the gun was stolen, and recorded the phone

call. Palmer stated that the gun was not his but had been “in a car that [he and his wife]

ended up borrowing for awhile.” Following the call, S.O. went to Palmer’s room and

obtained the gun. Before giving the gun to S.O., Palmer wiped the gun with a towel and

placed it in a blue bag. At Palmer’s request, S.O. left her cell phone with him, pending her

return with the money from the supposed sale.

       S.O. gave the gun to Investigator Orvis near the motel in the investigator’s car. As

they drove past the motel, Palmer was standing outside and S.O. identified him. S.O. exited

Investigator Orvis’s car and the investigator returned to the motel to see Palmer and a

woman leaving in a gold minivan. Investigator Orvis stopped the van and arrested Palmer.

Police searched the van and recovered S.O.’s cell phone along with the two BB guns that

Palmer had shown S.O. in her motel room.

       A jury found Palmer guilty of possession of a firearm by an ineligible person based

on his possession of the .380-caliber handgun. This appeal follows.




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                                     DECISION

                                             I

       Before trial, Palmer moved the district court to prohibit the prosecution from

introducing any evidence that he was guilty of additional crimes or misconduct. See Minn.

R. Evid. 404(b). But the only bad-act evidence that Palmer specifically identified

concerned the BB guns found in the van. The court ruled that the evidence was admissible

because it corroborated S.O.’s testimony and any prejudice could be minimized by

providing the jury with a cautionary instruction. The court therefore allowed a police

officer to testify about finding the BB guns in the van and admitted photographs of the BB

guns into evidence. Palmer argues that the district court erred by allowing evidence of the

BB guns. He asserts that the BB-gun evidence was irrelevant because it was unrelated to

his possession of the particular firearm for which he was charged with being an ineligible

person in possession of a firearm.

       “Evidentiary rulings rest within the sound discretion of the trial court and will not

be reversed absent a clear abuse of discretion.” State v. Amos, 

 (Minn.

2003). “On appeal, the appellant has the burden of establishing that the trial court abused

its discretion and that appellant was thereby prejudiced.” 

 When no constitutional right

is implicated, the erroneous admission of evidence is harmless in the absence of a

“reasonable possibility that the wrongfully admitted evidence significantly affected the

verdict.” State v. Robinson, 

 (Minn. 2006) (quotation omitted).

Relevant evidence is “evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that

is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it


                                             4
would be without the evidence.” Minn. R. Evid. 401. Because Palmer’s trial strategy

focused on attacking S.O.’s credibility, and the discovery of the BB guns in the van

corroborated her testimony that Palmer had attempted to enlist her in selling the .380-

caliber handgun, the BB-gun evidence was relevant. See 

       Palmer also argues that the BB-gun evidence was unfairly prejudicial. Relevant

evidence “may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger

of unfair prejudice.” Minn. R. Evid. 403. “Unfair prejudice under rule 403 is not merely

damaging evidence, even severely damaging evidence; rather, unfair prejudice is evidence

that persuades by illegitimate means, giving one party an unfair advantage.” State v. Schulz,

 (Minn. 2005). Palmer maintains that the evidence invited the jury to

inappropriately infer that if he was the kind of person who carried and tried to sell BB guns

that he represented as real guns, then he likely also possessed the .380-caliber handgun.

But the district court recognized the potential for unfair prejudice and took steps to

minimize the impact of the BB-gun evidence. The court directed the prosecution to refer

to the BB guns as “toy guns” in contrast to the .380-caliber handgun. And after S.O.

testified about the BB guns, the court instructed the jury that Palmer was not disqualified

from possessing the BB guns and that it should not base its verdict on anything other than

the firearm charged. Because the danger of unfair prejudice was minimal and was

alleviated by a cautionary instruction, the court did not abuse its discretion by admitting

the BB-gun evidence.




                                             5
                                              II

       At the close of the state’s case, Palmer moved for a mistrial on the basis that other

potentially prejudicial bad-act evidence had been presented to the jury. The district court

denied the motion.

       On appeal, Palmer identifies six items of evidence that he claims the district court

erroneously admitted: (1) the recording of S.O.’s 911 call during which she reported to the

dispatcher that the gun and van were stolen and that Palmer and his wife were doing other

“illegal stuff”; (2) S.O.’s recorded telephone conversation with Palmer about whether the

gun he was trying to sell was stolen; (3) S.O.’s testimony that Palmer “took” the van from

a dealership; (4) four references during Investigator Orvis’s testimony that the handgun at

issue was stolen; (5) Investigator Orvis’s testimony that S.O. told him Palmer was either

trying to sell or purchase narcotics; and (6) Investigator Orvis’s statement that the van in

which Palmer was arrested was stolen.

       “[T]he district court is in the best position to evaluate the prejudicial impact, if any,

of an event occurring during the trial.” State v. Bahtuoh, 

 (Minn.

2013) (citing State v. Manthey, 

 (Minn. 2006)). “A mistrial should

not be granted unless there is a reasonable probability that the outcome of the trial would

be different if the event that prompted the motion had not occurred.” Manthey, 

 (quotation omitted). This court reviews the denial of a motion for a mistrial for an

abuse of discretion. 

                                               6
       Palmer asserts that “[d]efense counsel objected to all this evidence,” but this is not

correct. The record reveals that only Investigator Orvis’s testimony that the van was stolen

prompted an off-the-record bench conference and an immediate cautionary instruction by

the district court. Palmer’s counsel did not object contemporaneously to any other

evidence; he instead waited until the state had finished presenting its case before making

his objection and moving for a mistrial. Despite the delay, the district court considered the

mistrial motion, ruled that much of the challenged evidence was admissible, and concluded

that a cautionary instruction was sufficient to cure any remaining prejudice.

       The district court ruled that the first three items on Palmer’s list were admissible.

The court concluded that S.O.’s recorded phone conversation with Palmer was relevant

because Palmer’s ability to give a history of the gun enabled an inference that he possessed

it. Regarding the 911 call, the district court ruled that S.O.’s statement that she believed

Palmer was committing illegal acts was relevant because it explained her motive for

contacting law enforcement. The court also noted that, despite having confirmed to the

court that counsel and Palmer had reviewed the contents of the 911 call, counsel did not

request that the call be redacted. Regarding S.O.’s statement that Palmer “took” the van,

the court deemed the statement admissible because it explained her motive for contacting

law enforcement.

       On appeal, Palmer does not challenge these rulings on relevancy grounds. He

appears to argue that the district court abused its discretion by admitting the evidence

because it was unfairly prejudicial. See Minn. R. Evid. 403. But we hold that the court did

not abuse its direction by concluding that the danger of unfair prejudice did not


                                             7
substantially outweigh the probative value of the evidence. S.O.’s statement that Palmer

“took” the van was vague and did not suggest clearly that he had done something

inappropriate. As to the references to other illegal activity during S.O.’s 911 call, the court

sua sponte cautioned the jury immediately after the call was played, helping to cure any

unfair prejudice. The recorded telephone conversation between S.O. and Palmer was highly

probative because it depicted Palmer giving an account of the gun’s origin, suggesting that

he possessed it. We conclude that the district court correctly determined that the first three

items on Palmer’s list were admissible and did not support a mistrial.

       The district court agreed with Palmer that Investigator Orvis’s testimony that the

gun and van were stolen was not relevant. The state has a duty to caution its witnesses

against making prejudicial statements. See State v. Underwood, 

(Minn. 1979). But cautionary instructions may be sufficient to overcome the harm caused

by unintentional references to other bad acts. See State v. Miller, 

, 675–76

(Minn. 1998) (affirming the district court’s denial of a mistrial when it took steps to

minimize the prejudicial effect of improper statements by giving a curative instruction).

       Here, Palmer does not argue that the prosecutor intentionally elicited the references

about the gun being stolen. See State v. Haglund, 

 (Minn. 1978). In

fact, defense counsel elicited one of the references during cross-examination. And the

reference to buying or selling narcotics occurred only once and does not appear to have

been brought to the district court’s attention even at the time of the mistrial motion. See 

(upholding denial of a mistrial motion in part because the improper comment was “of a

passing nature”). Moreover, the court took steps to minimize any prejudice from the


                                              8
testimony. Immediately after Investigator Orvis stated that the van was stolen, the court

instructed the jurors to disregard that testimony and reminded them not to consider any

unrelated incidents or other misconduct. And the court directed the prosecutor not to

reference Investigator’s Orvis’s statements that the gun and van were stolen in his closing

argument. At the end of trial, the court also provided the jury with a final instruction that

any evidence that “the defendant may have been engaged in other misconduct . . . is not to

be used to prove the character of the defendant or that the defendant acted in conformity

with such character” and that the jury must not “convict the defendant on the basis of other

unrelated incidents or misconduct.” See State v. Johnson, 

, 

 (1971) (stating the general rule that “any error which may occur by reason of the

erroneous admission of evidence is cured when that evidence is stricken from the record

and accompanied by a clear instruction to disregard so that the evidence is not put to use

by the jury”).

       Palmer argues that the curative instructions provided to the jury were futile, citing

supreme court cases that express doubt about the effectiveness of curative instructions in

some instances. See State v. Caldwell, 

, 590–91 (Minn. 1982) (“[W]here

the impact of the prejudicial remark may be such as to impart to the minds of the jury

substantial prejudicial evidence not properly a part of the case, it is taking too much for

granted to say its effect can be removed by an instruction from the court.” (quotation

omitted)); State v. Huffstutler, 

, 

 (1964) (“It is

true that the trial court instructed the jury to disregard the prejudicial statement, but we do

not think that that admonition was sufficient to repair the damage.”). But this court has


                                              9
recognized that “doubts about instructions have not held sway in Minnesota courts, which

in the years since Huffstutler have adopted a presumption that jurors follow instructions.”

State v. McCurry, 

, 558–59 (Minn. App. 2009) (citing State v. Hall, 

 (Minn. 2009)), review denied (Minn. Oct. 28, 2009). Given Palmer’s failure

to assert timely objections to the evidence, we conclude that the district court did not abuse

its discretion by relying on curative instructions.

       Palmer also asserts that the district court’s final cautionary instruction was not

specific enough because it “did not tell the jury which other incidents were ‘unrelated.’”

The court has “considerable latitude” in selecting the language used in jury instructions.

State v. Gatson, 

 (Minn. 2011). But “a district court abuses its

discretion if the jury instructions confuse, mislead, or materially misstate the law.” State v.

Taylor, 

, 14–15 (Minn. 2015). Because Palmer did not object to the

instruction at trial, our review is limited to plain error. 

. The plain-error standard

requires the defendant to show: (1) an error; (2) that is plain; and (3) that affected his

substantial rights. State v. Matthews, 

 (Minn. 2010). “An error is plain

if it is clear and obvious; usually this means an error that violates or contradicts case law,

a rule, or an applicable standard of conduct.” 

.

       We conclude that the district court’s general instruction that other incidents of

misconduct should be disregarded was not plainly erroneous. The court had instructed the

jury previously not to consider the stolen nature of the gun and van. Any confusion as to

what misconduct was being referenced in the final instruction was therefore likely minimal.

The general language used in the instruction was appropriate because specifically


                                              10
identifying the improper statements again would have risked calling even more attention

to them.

      Affirmed.




                                          11