T.B. v. Independent School District 112
U.S. District Court, District of Minnesota
T.B. v. Independent School District 112
Trial Court Opinion
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
DISTRICT OF MINNESOTA
T.B., a minor, by and through his parent
and natural guardian, Ashley Bursch, et
al.,
AMENDED MEMORANDUM
Plaintiffs, OPINION AND ORDER
Case No. 19-cv-2414 (MJD/BRT)
v.
Independent School District 112,
a/k/a Eastern Carver County Schools,
Defendant.
Matthew H. Morgan, Anna P. Prakash, Laura A. Baures, Melanie A. Johnson,
Nichols Kaster, PLLP, and Joshua A. Newville, Madia Newville, LLC, Counsel
for Plaintiffs.
Ellen A. Brinkman, Gordon Rees Sully Mansukhani, LLP, Courtney M.
Blanchard, Erin S. Conlin, Nilan Johnson Lewis, P.A., Counsel for Defendant.
INTRODUCTION
This matter is before the Court on Defendant Independent School District
112, a/k/a Eastern Carver County Schools’ (“ECCS”) motions to exclude the
expert testimony of Naomi Khalil and Mia Smith-Bynum (Doc. Nos. 224, 233)
and on Plaintiffs’ motion to exclude the expert testimony of David Wolowitz
(Doc. 241).
I. Motion to Exclude Expert Opinion
A. Standard
Rule 702 of the Federal Rules of Evidence provides:
A witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill,
experience, training, or education may testify in the form of an
opinion or otherwise if:
(a) the expert's scientific, technical, or other specialized
knowledge will help the trier of fact to understand the
evidence or to determine a fact in issue;
(b) the testimony is based on sufficient facts or data;
(c) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and
methods; and
(d) the expert has reliably applied the principles and methods
to the facts of the case.
The role of trial courts is to serve as “gatekeepers to ‘insure that the
proffered expert testimony is both relevant and reliable.’” Wagner v. Hesston
Corp., 450 F.3d 756, 758(8th Cir. 2006) (quoting Anderson v. Raymond Corp.,340 F.3d 520, 523
(8th Cir. 2003)). In Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., the Supreme Court provided some general observations for the lower courts to consider in making determinations as to whether an expert’s testimony is relevant and reliable, such as whether it has been tested, subjected to peer review and publication, what is the known or potential rate of error, and whether it is generally accepted.509 U.S. 579, 592-95
(1993).
In Kumho Tire Company, Ltd. v. Carmichael, the Court extended the
Daubert reasoning to non-scientist experts stating:
We conclude that Daubert’s general principles apply to the expert
matters described in Rule 702. The Rule, in respect to all such
matters, ‘establishes a standard of evidentiary reliability. It requires
a valid . . . connection to the pertinent inquiry as a precondition to
admissibility. And where such testimony’s factual basis, data,
principles, methods, or their application are called sufficiently into
question, . . . the trial judge must determine whether the testimony
has ‘a reliable basis in the knowledge and experience of the the
relevant discipline.
526 U.S. 137, 149(1999) (cleaned up) (quoting Daubert,509 U.S. at 590-92
)).
When addressing the reliability factor, the Supreme Court has also held
that “nothing in either Daubert or the Federal Rules of Evidence requires a
district court to admit opinion evidence that is connected to existing data only by
the ipse dixit of the expert. A court may conclude that there is simply too great
an analytical gap between the data and the opinion proffered.” Gen. Elec. Co. v.
Joiner, 522 U.S. 136, 146 (1997).
Challenges to the factual basis of expert testimony go “to the credibility of
the testimony, not the admissibility, and it is up to the opposing party to examine
the factual basis for the opinion in cross-examination. Only if the expert’s
opinion is so fundamentally unsupported that it can offer no assistance to the
jury must such testimony be excluded.” Bonner v. ISP Tech, Inc., 259 F. 3d 924,
929-30(8th Cir. 2001) (quoting Hose v. Chicago Northwestern Transp. Co.,70 F. 3d 968, 974
(8th Cir. 1996)).
B. Mia Smith-Bynum
Smith-Bynum is a Professor of Family Science in the School of Public
Health at the University of Maryland College Park. (Doc. 228 (Brinkman Decl.),
Ex. 1 (Smith-Bynum Rep.) at 1.) She has a bachelor's degree in psychology with
honors from the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill and a master's degree
and doctoral degree in clinical psychology from the University of Virginia. (Id.)
She is a trained therapist with the skills necessary to evaluate and treat mental
health problems in children, adults, and families and to diagnose the severe end
of the mental health spectrum. (Id.)
Smith-Bynum has made scientific contributions in the following areas of
study: (1) family communication about racial issues in both ethnic/racial minority
families and white families; (2) health effects of racism on Black youth and
adults; and (3) the psychological health effects of racial identity among ethnic
and racial minority children and adolescents. (Id.) In this case, Smith-Bynum
has provided her opinions as to whether Plaintiffs’ mental health struggles are
linked to the racial harassment they experienced while attending ECCS schools.
To render her opinions in this matter, she interviewed both T.B. and J.F.R.
T.B.’s mother and attorney were present during his interview, which lasted
approximately one hour and 15 minutes. (Id. at App’x C.) During the interview,
T.B. explained to Smith-Bynum his experiences with racial harassment at ECCS.
(Id.) Smith-Bynum also asked a number of questions concerning family
dynamics and how he identified racially – as he is from a biracial family. (Id.)
Smith-Bynum also confirmed T.B. experienced several symptoms consistent with
depression and anxiety, and that T.B. may have attempted suicide. (Id.)
Based on her interview of T.B., the review of T.B.’s medical records and
school records, her experience and research, Smith-Bynum determined that
“T.B.’s previous and current struggles with depression and anxiety are directly
linked to the harassment he experienced in the school system. . . And while the
sheer chronic natures of the harassment and threats to school safety are enough
alone to render traumatic harm, the inaction and minimization by the school staff
and administrators have served to re-traumatize this student and his family.” (Id.
at 12.)
Smith-Bynum’s interview of J.F.R. was also one hour and 15 minutes,
which was attended by his parents and counsel. (Id. at App’x C.) During the
interview, J.F.R. described his experiences of racial harassment and bullying at
Pioneer Ridge Middle School and Chaska High School. (Id.) J.F.R. described the
racial taunting during football practice his sophomore year as the worst of these
experiences. (Id.) Smith-Bynum also asked J.F.R. whether he suffered symptoms
of depression and anxiety, whether he had trouble sleeping, and whether he
experienced chronic fatigue and low self-esteem. (Id.) J.F.R. confirmed other
symptoms such as nervousness and tension, that he did not want to go to school,
that he excessively worried and that seeing former classmates around town
brings back traumatic memories. (Id.) Smith-Bynum also recognized that J.F.R.’s
mental health struggles could be because of his complicated early psychosocial
history (family troubles and adoption), but that in her opinion, J.F.R.’s
experiences with racial harassment and bullying rendered their own distinct and
harmful impact on his life. (Id.)
Based on her interview of J.F.R., the review of J.F.R.’s medical records and
school records, her experience and research, Smith-Bynum determined that
J.F.R.’s experiences of racial harassment and bullying resulted in J.F.R. not being
able to perform academically to his full potential. (Id. at 16).) She also concluded
that the impact of the egregious events suffered by J.F.R. damaged his sense of
psychological agency and he suffered a profound loss of innocence during his
years at ECCS. (Id.)
ECCS moves to exclude Smith-Bynum’s expert testimony for a number of
reasons: the opinions are based on insufficient facts and data; Smith-Bynum is
not qualified to render a diagnosis as part of her report; she did not conduct a
differential diagnosis; and her methodology is not an accepted methodology to
issue an opinion on causation of medical conditions.
Plaintiffs note that Smith-Bynum did not purport to provide Plaintiffs with
medical diagnoses. Instead, she provided an opinion on the consistency between
the mental health issues Plaintiffs experienced after enduring racial
discrimination based on academic research she and her colleagues have
conducted. Plaintiffs argue her testimony is highly relevant to Plaintiffs’ claims
and will therefore be helpful to the factfinder. The average layperson is not an
expert on what constitutes racism, how racism should be addressed or the effects
of different forms of racism on African American adolescents. Smith-Bynum’s
testimony will be helpful in answering these critical questions because she will
explain why the incidents Plaintiffs experienced constituted severe and/or
pervasive racism based on scientific research. (See id. at 11.) Plaintiffs further
argue that trauma caused by subtle, but repeated racist incidents, is unlike
physical injury or other types of psychological injury because of the
dehumanization that racism entails. Smith-Bynum explains how racist incidents
such as those experienced by Plaintiffs and the inadequate reactions to such
incidents by school administrators have a proven and scientific effect on
adolescent mental health. (Id. at 8, 13–14.)
Plaintiffs further argue that Smith-Bynum’s testimony is based on reliable
principles and methods, as they are based on scientific research into the
connection between racism and mental health. In cases involving social sciences,
where “the research, theories, and opinions cannot have the exactness of ‘hard’
science methodologies,” the Court should look to other indicia of reliability, such
as professional experience, education, training, and observations. Longoria v.
Texas, Civ. No. 5:02-cv-112, 2007 WL 4618452, at *4 (E.D. Tex. May 18, 2007); Arnold v. Cargill Inc., Civ. No. 01-cv-2086,2006 WL 1716221
, at *7 (D. Minn. June
20, 2006) (denying motion to exclude expert testimony because the fact that some
social science research is inconsistent goes to the weight of the evidence, not its
admissibility). Smith-Bynum’s academic methods have been subjected to peer
review and publication. Her theories linking racism and mental health issues are
generally accepted within the field of psychology.
Finally, Smith-Bynum applied these methods to the facts of this case.
Because she is not offering a medical diagnosis, she was not required to conduct
a differential diagnosis on potential causes of Plaintiffs’ mental health concerns.
See Murphy v. Wheelock, Civ. No. 16-cv-2623, 2019 WL 3719035, at *8 (D. Minn.
Aug. 7, 2019) (“The fact that [plaintiff’s expert] does not offer a formal opinion on
cost does not negate the overall helpfulness of his opinions with respect to the
reasonableness of Plaintiffs’ requested relief . . . [t]he Court resolves any doubts
regarding the overall value of [the expert’s] in favor of its admissibility.”)
(citation omitted). Even so, Plaintiffs argue that Smith-Bynum did consider the
effects of preexisting medical conditions to the extent relevant to her opinion and
determined, based on her professional experience as a clinical practitioner,
supervisor and researcher, that Plaintiffs’ preexisting medical conditions would
not negate the experiences of racial harassment and bullying, which are widely
understood to have a negative impact on a child’s mental health and stress
levels. (Doc. 228 (Brinkman Decl.), Ex. 1 (Smith-Bynum Rep.) at App’x C; Doc.
280 (Johnson Decl.), Ex. A (Smith-Bynum Dep.) at 191.)
Based on the above, the Court agrees that Smith-Bynum’s testimony is
relevant and will be helpful to the jury in this case. She is clearly qualified to
render the opinions included in her report, and any challenges to the factual
bases of her opinions go to the weight of the testimony, not its admissibility.
C. Naomi Khalil
Khalil is an Educational Consultant and owner of Creating Fires for
Justice, LLC., through which she advocates for issues of equity in school districts.
(Doc. 236 (Brinkman Decl.), Ex. 1 (Khalil Dep.) at 71–72.) She holds a bachelor’s
degree from the University of Michigan, and a master’s and educational
specialist’s degrees from Wayne State University. (Id., Ex. 2 (Khalil Rep.) at 4.)
She taught for 6 years, was a school administrator for 7 years, and a district
administrator for 13 years. (Id.) Currently, Khalil is the Deputy Executive
Director of Equity, Advocacy and Civil Rights for the Detroit Public Schools
Community District, and in this role she leads district diversity initiatives,
employee compliance with civil rights laws, grants coordinator, a MTSS (multi-
tiered system of support) district coordinator, stakeholder advocacy projects and
district strategic planning. (Id.) As an educational equity expert, Khalil was
retained by Plaintiffs’ counsel to render an opinion on “whether ECCS failed in
its educational duty to provide a school climate free of racial discrimination and
harassment for its Black students.” (Id.) To do so, she examined T.B.’s and
J.F.R.’s claims and “address[ed] why ECCS’s lack of swift and decisive response
failed to support and protect these students, neglected to provide an
environment of cultural inclusivity, violated their own policies that call for
accountability of staff to policies and practices, and was clearly unreasonable.”
(Id.)
In her report, Khalil opines that it is paramount for schools to continually
create an inclusive environment and have proper implementation of their
policies. (Id. at 6–9.) Policies and practices are only as effective as their
implementation, so they must be well-communicated, disseminated, and
enforced. (Id. at 9–12.) Khalil also opines that schools should address racial
bullying and should strive to follow their policies and commit to having
accountability measures. (Id. at 13–20.) Khalil found that ECCS’s policies,
practices, and training did not meaningfully address racial bullying and
harassment. (Id. at 21–23.) She further concluded that ECCS did not enforce
policies to achieve equity to help maintain an environment free from racial
bullying, and that the school’s lack of implementation and enforcement was a
significant contributing cause to the harm alleged by Plaintiffs. (Id. at 24–28.)
ECCS moves to exclude Khalil’s expert testimony for two reasons: Khalil’s
expert testimony is based on an erroneous legal standard and is therefore
irrelevant and unhelpful to the jury; and Khalil’s reports and opinions are not
supported by sound methodology. (Doc. 235 at 6–10.)
To demonstrate that Khalil’s testimony is based on an erroneous legal
standard, ECCS points to Khalil’s assertion in her report that “ECCS’s dereliction
of duty to address racial bullying and harassment . . . created an environment
ripe with racial behaviors that were complicity supported by ECCS staff.” (Doc.
236 (Brinkman Decl.), Ex. 2 (Khalil Rep.) at 28.) ECCS argues this is not a
negligence case, therefore, there is no legal “duty” at issue. Instead, the issue is
whether ECCS acted with deliberate indifference to the harassment and bullying
that took place, which requires a showing that ECCS acted with intent. Khalil’s
report does not address the deliberate indifference standard. ECCS also takes
issue with Khalil’s use of “best practices” and the term “perfection” when she
noted in her deposition that schools should aim for perfection in the application
of their policies. (Doc. 282 (Prakash Decl.), Ex. A (Khalil Dep.) at 159–61.)
The Court agrees that because the applicable standard is deliberate
indifference, any discussion of an “educational duty” may confuse the jury.
Khalil repeatedly references ECCS’s “duties” to students, therefore Khalil is
precluded from testifying as to a legal duty with regard to whether ECCS’s
response to reports of harassment and bullying were clearly unreasonable.
ECCS’s remaining challenges to Khalil’s testimony, such as her use of the
terms “best practices” and “perfection” go to the weight of her testimony, not its
admissibility. See Murphy, 2019 WL 3719035, at *8.
ECCS also argues that Khalil mentions no specific theory or technique
used for the many opinions she has articulated. As a result, there is little proof
that her methods of evaluation have been or can be tested. ECCS argues that,
while she articulates her experience and some widely accepted principles such as
inclusivity, she does little more than assert she is an expert and that she knows
best.
The Court finds that Khalil’s testimony is not “so fundamentally
unsupported” as to be excluded. See Bonner, 259 F.3d at 929–30. Again, because
Khalil’s opinions concern “social sciences” the Court looks to other indicia of
reliability, such as professional experience, education, training and observations.
Longoria, 2007 WL 4618452, at *4. Khalil has over twenty years’ experience in
the educational field concerning equity issues. In addition, she references
numerous peer-reviewed articles, scholarly texts, and statistics from the U.S.
government. Accordingly, her testimony is admissible.
D. David Wolowitz
Wolowitz is a senior director in the law firm McLane Middleton, P.A. and
he is licensed and actively practicing law in New Hampshire and Massachusetts.
(Doc. 246 (Johnson Decl.), Ex. B (Wolowitz Rep.) at 1.) He received an A.B. from
Washington University in 1968, an M.A. from Harvard University in 1971, and
his J.D. from the University of Michigan in 1975. (Id.)
Since 1990, he has advised schools on a variety of issues, including policy
review, employment issues, compliance and all aspects of student safeguarding.
(Id. at 2.) He has conducted and supervised many investigations of misconduct
by students and teachers reported to constitute bullying, harassment and
discrimination, and has trained administrators on how to conduct such
investigations. (Id.) He currently consults with schools and other youth-serving
organizations (“YSOs”) on child safeguarding practices and has conducted
audits of policies and practices relating to child safeguarding. (Id.)
He has served as an expert witness for plaintiffs and defendants in
multiple cases nationally, in state and federal courts, with regard to issues
relating to the standard of care for public and private schools and other YSOs to
safeguard children in a variety of settings. (Id. at 3.) The cases have involved
issues relating to the standard of care including adequacy of policies and
procedures relating to bullying and harassment and has provided expert
opinions on whether the actions of the schools and their employees were
reasonable under the circumstances. (Id.)
In this case, Wolowitz was retained by ECCS to provide an expert opinion
on the adequacy of policies and practices of ECCS relating to the prevention of
and response to bullying, harassment and discrimination with respect to the
claims asserted by T.B. and J.F.R. (Id. at 1.) Based on his review of the pleadings,
documents, depositions and exhibits, Wolowitz concluded, inter alia, that ECCS’s
policies contained the key elements for such policies and were reasonable and
appropriate to address bullying, harassment and discrimination. (Id. at 18.) He
further concluded it was his opinion that ECCS’s training and education with
regard to preventing and responding to bullying, harassment and discrimination
were reasonable and appropriate. (Id.) He further opined that ECCS did not act
with deliberate indifference to the reports of bullying, harassment and
discrimination of T.B. (Id. at 19.)
With regard to J.F.R.’s claims, Wolowitz came to similar conclusions, and
opined that ECCS did not act with deliberate indifference to the reports of
bullying, harassment, and discrimination from J.F.R. and his parents. (Id. at 41.)
Plaintiffs raise a number of challenges to Wolowitz’s expert testimony,
including that his opinions provide no insight or observation that a layperson
could not draw for themselves. (Doc. 244 at 8–10.) Plaintiffs further argue there
are analytical gaps in Wolowitz’s opinions and that he does not have the relevant
background to reliably opine on whether a school district was deliberately
indifferent to race discrimination. (Id. at 11–12.) Plaintiffs further argue that
Wolowitz has improperly provided legal opinions as to whether ECCS acted
with “deliberate indifference.” (Id. at 12–15.)
As to the last argument, Plaintiffs argue the phrase “deliberate
indifference” is improper because it is a statement of legal conclusion that
invades the Court’s domain. (Id. at 13.) The Court agrees. Ordinarily, an
expert’s testimony is not defective simply because it utilizes the words of a legal
standard. United States v. Eagle, 318 F.3d 785, 792(8th Cir. 2003). An expert may “express his opinion on the ultimate jury question” in some circumstances.Id.
But the Court must scrutinize such testimony closely because the use of legal phrases in testimony concerning the ultimate issue in a case presents an appreciable risk of juror confusion. Peterson v. City of Plymouth,60 F.3d 469, 475
(8th Cir. 1995); Mace v. Johnson, Civ. No. 11-cv-477 (MJD/LIB),2014 WL 538580
, at *8–*9 (D. Minn. Feb. 11, 2014). The Court determines that the risk of
juror confusion is sufficiently severe in this case to warrant precluding Wolowitz
from using the phrase “deliberate indifference” at trial.
As to the remaining challenges, the Court finds that Wolowitz is more than
qualified to provide an opinion as to whether ECCS acted reasonably in response
to known acts of discrimination that occurred under ECCS’s control. He has
served as an expert witness in eighteen cases. (Doc. 275 (Brinkman Decl.), Ex. 1
at 2–3.) Plaintiffs cite two instances in which Wolowitz’s testimony was
excluded, but those cases are distinguishable. The California state case was a
bench trial, and the court held Wolowitz’s opinion would not assist him as the
trier of fact. More importantly, the court acknowledged Wolowitz’s testimony
could be helpful to a jury and acknowledged case law that would permit
attorneys to testify in their areas of expertise. (Doc. 246 (Johnson Decl.), Ex. C
(Los Angeles Unified Sch. Dist. v. Ace Property Casualty, Minute Order No.
BC593234 at 3–4, (Cal. Super. Ct., November 23, 2020).) In Thomsen v. Kefalas,
Civ. No. 15-cv-2668, 2018 WL 1508735, at *18 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 26, 2018), the court,
in deciding a legal issue at summary judgment, declined to rely on Wolowitz’s
declaration in which he provided an expert opinion as to the interpretation and
application of relevant laws. Here, Wolowitz is not providing an opinion on law,
he is providing an opinion on the factual question of whether ECCS acted
reasonably.
Wolowitz has decades of experience advising and counseling schools on
issues related to bullying, harassment, and discrimination, and has attended
trainings, and presented trainings on these matters. Thus, Wolowitz’s testimony
will address, based on his experience, the adequacy and the reasonableness of
ECCS’s policies and practices, and will aid the trier of fact in understanding the
scope of a school’s ability to address and respond to alleged peer bullying,
harassment, and discrimination.
Moreover, Plaintiffs and their parents will be offering their own subjective
opinion testimony to the jury about the alleged inadequacies in ECCS’s policies
and responses to their allegations. ECCS has the right to put on a defense to such
allegations by relying on the decades of relevant experience of its outside expert.
Accordingly, based upon the files, records, and proceedings herein, IT IS
HEREBY ORDERED that:
1. Defendant’s Motion to Exclude the Expert Testimony of Mia Smith-
Bynum (Doc. 224) is DENIED.
2. Defendant’s Motion to Exclude the Expert Testimony of Naomi Khalil
(Doc. 233) is GRANTED to the extent Khalil is precluded from
testifying as to a legal duty owed by ECCS to students and DENIED in
all other respects; and
3. Plaintiffs’ Motion to Exclude the Expert Testimony of David Wolowitz
(Doc. 241) is GRANTED to the extent Wolowitz is precluded from
using the phrase “deliberate indifference” at trial and DENIED in all
other respects.
Dated: August 4, 2022 s/ Michael J. Davis
Michael J. Davis
United States District Court Trial Court Opinion
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
DISTRICT OF MINNESOTA
T.B., a minor, by and through his parent
and natural guardian, Ashley Bursch, et
al.,
AMENDED MEMORANDUM
Plaintiffs, OPINION AND ORDER
Case No. 19-cv-2414 (MJD/BRT)
v.
Independent School District 112,
a/k/a Eastern Carver County Schools,
Defendant.
Matthew H. Morgan, Anna P. Prakash, Laura A. Baures, Melanie A. Johnson,
Nichols Kaster, PLLP, and Joshua A. Newville, Madia Newville, LLC, Counsel
for Plaintiffs.
Ellen A. Brinkman, Gordon Rees Sully Mansukhani, LLP, Courtney M.
Blanchard, Erin S. Conlin, Nilan Johnson Lewis, P.A., Counsel for Defendant.
INTRODUCTION
This matter is before the Court on Defendant Independent School District
112, a/k/a Eastern Carver County Schools’ (“ECCS”) motions to exclude the
expert testimony of Naomi Khalil and Mia Smith-Bynum (Doc. Nos. 224, 233)
and on Plaintiffs’ motion to exclude the expert testimony of David Wolowitz
(Doc. 241).
I. Motion to Exclude Expert Opinion
A. Standard
Rule 702 of the Federal Rules of Evidence provides:
A witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill,
experience, training, or education may testify in the form of an
opinion or otherwise if:
(a) the expert's scientific, technical, or other specialized
knowledge will help the trier of fact to understand the
evidence or to determine a fact in issue;
(b) the testimony is based on sufficient facts or data;
(c) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and
methods; and
(d) the expert has reliably applied the principles and methods
to the facts of the case.
The role of trial courts is to serve as “gatekeepers to ‘insure that the
proffered expert testimony is both relevant and reliable.’” Wagner v. Hesston
Corp., 450 F.3d 756, 758(8th Cir. 2006) (quoting Anderson v. Raymond Corp.,340 F.3d 520, 523
(8th Cir. 2003)). In Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., the Supreme Court provided some general observations for the lower courts to consider in making determinations as to whether an expert’s testimony is relevant and reliable, such as whether it has been tested, subjected to peer review and publication, what is the known or potential rate of error, and whether it is generally accepted.509 U.S. 579, 592-95
(1993).
In Kumho Tire Company, Ltd. v. Carmichael, the Court extended the
Daubert reasoning to non-scientist experts stating:
We conclude that Daubert’s general principles apply to the expert
matters described in Rule 702. The Rule, in respect to all such
matters, ‘establishes a standard of evidentiary reliability. It requires
a valid . . . connection to the pertinent inquiry as a precondition to
admissibility. And where such testimony’s factual basis, data,
principles, methods, or their application are called sufficiently into
question, . . . the trial judge must determine whether the testimony
has ‘a reliable basis in the knowledge and experience of the the
relevant discipline.
526 U.S. 137, 149(1999) (cleaned up) (quoting Daubert,509 U.S. at 590-92
)).
When addressing the reliability factor, the Supreme Court has also held
that “nothing in either Daubert or the Federal Rules of Evidence requires a
district court to admit opinion evidence that is connected to existing data only by
the ipse dixit of the expert. A court may conclude that there is simply too great
an analytical gap between the data and the opinion proffered.” Gen. Elec. Co. v.
Joiner, 522 U.S. 136, 146 (1997).
Challenges to the factual basis of expert testimony go “to the credibility of
the testimony, not the admissibility, and it is up to the opposing party to examine
the factual basis for the opinion in cross-examination. Only if the expert’s
opinion is so fundamentally unsupported that it can offer no assistance to the
jury must such testimony be excluded.” Bonner v. ISP Tech, Inc., 259 F. 3d 924,
929-30(8th Cir. 2001) (quoting Hose v. Chicago Northwestern Transp. Co.,70 F. 3d 968, 974
(8th Cir. 1996)).
B. Mia Smith-Bynum
Smith-Bynum is a Professor of Family Science in the School of Public
Health at the University of Maryland College Park. (Doc. 228 (Brinkman Decl.),
Ex. 1 (Smith-Bynum Rep.) at 1.) She has a bachelor's degree in psychology with
honors from the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill and a master's degree
and doctoral degree in clinical psychology from the University of Virginia. (Id.)
She is a trained therapist with the skills necessary to evaluate and treat mental
health problems in children, adults, and families and to diagnose the severe end
of the mental health spectrum. (Id.)
Smith-Bynum has made scientific contributions in the following areas of
study: (1) family communication about racial issues in both ethnic/racial minority
families and white families; (2) health effects of racism on Black youth and
adults; and (3) the psychological health effects of racial identity among ethnic
and racial minority children and adolescents. (Id.) In this case, Smith-Bynum
has provided her opinions as to whether Plaintiffs’ mental health struggles are
linked to the racial harassment they experienced while attending ECCS schools.
To render her opinions in this matter, she interviewed both T.B. and J.F.R.
T.B.’s mother and attorney were present during his interview, which lasted
approximately one hour and 15 minutes. (Id. at App’x C.) During the interview,
T.B. explained to Smith-Bynum his experiences with racial harassment at ECCS.
(Id.) Smith-Bynum also asked a number of questions concerning family
dynamics and how he identified racially – as he is from a biracial family. (Id.)
Smith-Bynum also confirmed T.B. experienced several symptoms consistent with
depression and anxiety, and that T.B. may have attempted suicide. (Id.)
Based on her interview of T.B., the review of T.B.’s medical records and
school records, her experience and research, Smith-Bynum determined that
“T.B.’s previous and current struggles with depression and anxiety are directly
linked to the harassment he experienced in the school system. . . And while the
sheer chronic natures of the harassment and threats to school safety are enough
alone to render traumatic harm, the inaction and minimization by the school staff
and administrators have served to re-traumatize this student and his family.” (Id.
at 12.)
Smith-Bynum’s interview of J.F.R. was also one hour and 15 minutes,
which was attended by his parents and counsel. (Id. at App’x C.) During the
interview, J.F.R. described his experiences of racial harassment and bullying at
Pioneer Ridge Middle School and Chaska High School. (Id.) J.F.R. described the
racial taunting during football practice his sophomore year as the worst of these
experiences. (Id.) Smith-Bynum also asked J.F.R. whether he suffered symptoms
of depression and anxiety, whether he had trouble sleeping, and whether he
experienced chronic fatigue and low self-esteem. (Id.) J.F.R. confirmed other
symptoms such as nervousness and tension, that he did not want to go to school,
that he excessively worried and that seeing former classmates around town
brings back traumatic memories. (Id.) Smith-Bynum also recognized that J.F.R.’s
mental health struggles could be because of his complicated early psychosocial
history (family troubles and adoption), but that in her opinion, J.F.R.’s
experiences with racial harassment and bullying rendered their own distinct and
harmful impact on his life. (Id.)
Based on her interview of J.F.R., the review of J.F.R.’s medical records and
school records, her experience and research, Smith-Bynum determined that
J.F.R.’s experiences of racial harassment and bullying resulted in J.F.R. not being
able to perform academically to his full potential. (Id. at 16).) She also concluded
that the impact of the egregious events suffered by J.F.R. damaged his sense of
psychological agency and he suffered a profound loss of innocence during his
years at ECCS. (Id.)
ECCS moves to exclude Smith-Bynum’s expert testimony for a number of
reasons: the opinions are based on insufficient facts and data; Smith-Bynum is
not qualified to render a diagnosis as part of her report; she did not conduct a
differential diagnosis; and her methodology is not an accepted methodology to
issue an opinion on causation of medical conditions.
Plaintiffs note that Smith-Bynum did not purport to provide Plaintiffs with
medical diagnoses. Instead, she provided an opinion on the consistency between
the mental health issues Plaintiffs experienced after enduring racial
discrimination based on academic research she and her colleagues have
conducted. Plaintiffs argue her testimony is highly relevant to Plaintiffs’ claims
and will therefore be helpful to the factfinder. The average layperson is not an
expert on what constitutes racism, how racism should be addressed or the effects
of different forms of racism on African American adolescents. Smith-Bynum’s
testimony will be helpful in answering these critical questions because she will
explain why the incidents Plaintiffs experienced constituted severe and/or
pervasive racism based on scientific research. (See id. at 11.) Plaintiffs further
argue that trauma caused by subtle, but repeated racist incidents, is unlike
physical injury or other types of psychological injury because of the
dehumanization that racism entails. Smith-Bynum explains how racist incidents
such as those experienced by Plaintiffs and the inadequate reactions to such
incidents by school administrators have a proven and scientific effect on
adolescent mental health. (Id. at 8, 13–14.)
Plaintiffs further argue that Smith-Bynum’s testimony is based on reliable
principles and methods, as they are based on scientific research into the
connection between racism and mental health. In cases involving social sciences,
where “the research, theories, and opinions cannot have the exactness of ‘hard’
science methodologies,” the Court should look to other indicia of reliability, such
as professional experience, education, training, and observations. Longoria v.
Texas, Civ. No. 5:02-cv-112, 2007 WL 4618452, at *4 (E.D. Tex. May 18, 2007); Arnold v. Cargill Inc., Civ. No. 01-cv-2086,2006 WL 1716221
, at *7 (D. Minn. June
20, 2006) (denying motion to exclude expert testimony because the fact that some
social science research is inconsistent goes to the weight of the evidence, not its
admissibility). Smith-Bynum’s academic methods have been subjected to peer
review and publication. Her theories linking racism and mental health issues are
generally accepted within the field of psychology.
Finally, Smith-Bynum applied these methods to the facts of this case.
Because she is not offering a medical diagnosis, she was not required to conduct
a differential diagnosis on potential causes of Plaintiffs’ mental health concerns.
See Murphy v. Wheelock, Civ. No. 16-cv-2623, 2019 WL 3719035, at *8 (D. Minn.
Aug. 7, 2019) (“The fact that [plaintiff’s expert] does not offer a formal opinion on
cost does not negate the overall helpfulness of his opinions with respect to the
reasonableness of Plaintiffs’ requested relief . . . [t]he Court resolves any doubts
regarding the overall value of [the expert’s] in favor of its admissibility.”)
(citation omitted). Even so, Plaintiffs argue that Smith-Bynum did consider the
effects of preexisting medical conditions to the extent relevant to her opinion and
determined, based on her professional experience as a clinical practitioner,
supervisor and researcher, that Plaintiffs’ preexisting medical conditions would
not negate the experiences of racial harassment and bullying, which are widely
understood to have a negative impact on a child’s mental health and stress
levels. (Doc. 228 (Brinkman Decl.), Ex. 1 (Smith-Bynum Rep.) at App’x C; Doc.
280 (Johnson Decl.), Ex. A (Smith-Bynum Dep.) at 191.)
Based on the above, the Court agrees that Smith-Bynum’s testimony is
relevant and will be helpful to the jury in this case. She is clearly qualified to
render the opinions included in her report, and any challenges to the factual
bases of her opinions go to the weight of the testimony, not its admissibility.
C. Naomi Khalil
Khalil is an Educational Consultant and owner of Creating Fires for
Justice, LLC., through which she advocates for issues of equity in school districts.
(Doc. 236 (Brinkman Decl.), Ex. 1 (Khalil Dep.) at 71–72.) She holds a bachelor’s
degree from the University of Michigan, and a master’s and educational
specialist’s degrees from Wayne State University. (Id., Ex. 2 (Khalil Rep.) at 4.)
She taught for 6 years, was a school administrator for 7 years, and a district
administrator for 13 years. (Id.) Currently, Khalil is the Deputy Executive
Director of Equity, Advocacy and Civil Rights for the Detroit Public Schools
Community District, and in this role she leads district diversity initiatives,
employee compliance with civil rights laws, grants coordinator, a MTSS (multi-
tiered system of support) district coordinator, stakeholder advocacy projects and
district strategic planning. (Id.) As an educational equity expert, Khalil was
retained by Plaintiffs’ counsel to render an opinion on “whether ECCS failed in
its educational duty to provide a school climate free of racial discrimination and
harassment for its Black students.” (Id.) To do so, she examined T.B.’s and
J.F.R.’s claims and “address[ed] why ECCS’s lack of swift and decisive response
failed to support and protect these students, neglected to provide an
environment of cultural inclusivity, violated their own policies that call for
accountability of staff to policies and practices, and was clearly unreasonable.”
(Id.)
In her report, Khalil opines that it is paramount for schools to continually
create an inclusive environment and have proper implementation of their
policies. (Id. at 6–9.) Policies and practices are only as effective as their
implementation, so they must be well-communicated, disseminated, and
enforced. (Id. at 9–12.) Khalil also opines that schools should address racial
bullying and should strive to follow their policies and commit to having
accountability measures. (Id. at 13–20.) Khalil found that ECCS’s policies,
practices, and training did not meaningfully address racial bullying and
harassment. (Id. at 21–23.) She further concluded that ECCS did not enforce
policies to achieve equity to help maintain an environment free from racial
bullying, and that the school’s lack of implementation and enforcement was a
significant contributing cause to the harm alleged by Plaintiffs. (Id. at 24–28.)
ECCS moves to exclude Khalil’s expert testimony for two reasons: Khalil’s
expert testimony is based on an erroneous legal standard and is therefore
irrelevant and unhelpful to the jury; and Khalil’s reports and opinions are not
supported by sound methodology. (Doc. 235 at 6–10.)
To demonstrate that Khalil’s testimony is based on an erroneous legal
standard, ECCS points to Khalil’s assertion in her report that “ECCS’s dereliction
of duty to address racial bullying and harassment . . . created an environment
ripe with racial behaviors that were complicity supported by ECCS staff.” (Doc.
236 (Brinkman Decl.), Ex. 2 (Khalil Rep.) at 28.) ECCS argues this is not a
negligence case, therefore, there is no legal “duty” at issue. Instead, the issue is
whether ECCS acted with deliberate indifference to the harassment and bullying
that took place, which requires a showing that ECCS acted with intent. Khalil’s
report does not address the deliberate indifference standard. ECCS also takes
issue with Khalil’s use of “best practices” and the term “perfection” when she
noted in her deposition that schools should aim for perfection in the application
of their policies. (Doc. 282 (Prakash Decl.), Ex. A (Khalil Dep.) at 159–61.)
The Court agrees that because the applicable standard is deliberate
indifference, any discussion of an “educational duty” may confuse the jury.
Khalil repeatedly references ECCS’s “duties” to students, therefore Khalil is
precluded from testifying as to a legal duty with regard to whether ECCS’s
response to reports of harassment and bullying were clearly unreasonable.
ECCS’s remaining challenges to Khalil’s testimony, such as her use of the
terms “best practices” and “perfection” go to the weight of her testimony, not its
admissibility. See Murphy, 2019 WL 3719035, at *8.
ECCS also argues that Khalil mentions no specific theory or technique
used for the many opinions she has articulated. As a result, there is little proof
that her methods of evaluation have been or can be tested. ECCS argues that,
while she articulates her experience and some widely accepted principles such as
inclusivity, she does little more than assert she is an expert and that she knows
best.
The Court finds that Khalil’s testimony is not “so fundamentally
unsupported” as to be excluded. See Bonner, 259 F.3d at 929–30. Again, because
Khalil’s opinions concern “social sciences” the Court looks to other indicia of
reliability, such as professional experience, education, training and observations.
Longoria, 2007 WL 4618452, at *4. Khalil has over twenty years’ experience in
the educational field concerning equity issues. In addition, she references
numerous peer-reviewed articles, scholarly texts, and statistics from the U.S.
government. Accordingly, her testimony is admissible.
D. David Wolowitz
Wolowitz is a senior director in the law firm McLane Middleton, P.A. and
he is licensed and actively practicing law in New Hampshire and Massachusetts.
(Doc. 246 (Johnson Decl.), Ex. B (Wolowitz Rep.) at 1.) He received an A.B. from
Washington University in 1968, an M.A. from Harvard University in 1971, and
his J.D. from the University of Michigan in 1975. (Id.)
Since 1990, he has advised schools on a variety of issues, including policy
review, employment issues, compliance and all aspects of student safeguarding.
(Id. at 2.) He has conducted and supervised many investigations of misconduct
by students and teachers reported to constitute bullying, harassment and
discrimination, and has trained administrators on how to conduct such
investigations. (Id.) He currently consults with schools and other youth-serving
organizations (“YSOs”) on child safeguarding practices and has conducted
audits of policies and practices relating to child safeguarding. (Id.)
He has served as an expert witness for plaintiffs and defendants in
multiple cases nationally, in state and federal courts, with regard to issues
relating to the standard of care for public and private schools and other YSOs to
safeguard children in a variety of settings. (Id. at 3.) The cases have involved
issues relating to the standard of care including adequacy of policies and
procedures relating to bullying and harassment and has provided expert
opinions on whether the actions of the schools and their employees were
reasonable under the circumstances. (Id.)
In this case, Wolowitz was retained by ECCS to provide an expert opinion
on the adequacy of policies and practices of ECCS relating to the prevention of
and response to bullying, harassment and discrimination with respect to the
claims asserted by T.B. and J.F.R. (Id. at 1.) Based on his review of the pleadings,
documents, depositions and exhibits, Wolowitz concluded, inter alia, that ECCS’s
policies contained the key elements for such policies and were reasonable and
appropriate to address bullying, harassment and discrimination. (Id. at 18.) He
further concluded it was his opinion that ECCS’s training and education with
regard to preventing and responding to bullying, harassment and discrimination
were reasonable and appropriate. (Id.) He further opined that ECCS did not act
with deliberate indifference to the reports of bullying, harassment and
discrimination of T.B. (Id. at 19.)
With regard to J.F.R.’s claims, Wolowitz came to similar conclusions, and
opined that ECCS did not act with deliberate indifference to the reports of
bullying, harassment, and discrimination from J.F.R. and his parents. (Id. at 41.)
Plaintiffs raise a number of challenges to Wolowitz’s expert testimony,
including that his opinions provide no insight or observation that a layperson
could not draw for themselves. (Doc. 244 at 8–10.) Plaintiffs further argue there
are analytical gaps in Wolowitz’s opinions and that he does not have the relevant
background to reliably opine on whether a school district was deliberately
indifferent to race discrimination. (Id. at 11–12.) Plaintiffs further argue that
Wolowitz has improperly provided legal opinions as to whether ECCS acted
with “deliberate indifference.” (Id. at 12–15.)
As to the last argument, Plaintiffs argue the phrase “deliberate
indifference” is improper because it is a statement of legal conclusion that
invades the Court’s domain. (Id. at 13.) The Court agrees. Ordinarily, an
expert’s testimony is not defective simply because it utilizes the words of a legal
standard. United States v. Eagle, 318 F.3d 785, 792(8th Cir. 2003). An expert may “express his opinion on the ultimate jury question” in some circumstances.Id.
But the Court must scrutinize such testimony closely because the use of legal phrases in testimony concerning the ultimate issue in a case presents an appreciable risk of juror confusion. Peterson v. City of Plymouth,60 F.3d 469, 475
(8th Cir. 1995); Mace v. Johnson, Civ. No. 11-cv-477 (MJD/LIB),2014 WL 538580
, at *8–*9 (D. Minn. Feb. 11, 2014). The Court determines that the risk of
juror confusion is sufficiently severe in this case to warrant precluding Wolowitz
from using the phrase “deliberate indifference” at trial.
As to the remaining challenges, the Court finds that Wolowitz is more than
qualified to provide an opinion as to whether ECCS acted reasonably in response
to known acts of discrimination that occurred under ECCS’s control. He has
served as an expert witness in eighteen cases. (Doc. 275 (Brinkman Decl.), Ex. 1
at 2–3.) Plaintiffs cite two instances in which Wolowitz’s testimony was
excluded, but those cases are distinguishable. The California state case was a
bench trial, and the court held Wolowitz’s opinion would not assist him as the
trier of fact. More importantly, the court acknowledged Wolowitz’s testimony
could be helpful to a jury and acknowledged case law that would permit
attorneys to testify in their areas of expertise. (Doc. 246 (Johnson Decl.), Ex. C
(Los Angeles Unified Sch. Dist. v. Ace Property Casualty, Minute Order No.
BC593234 at 3–4, (Cal. Super. Ct., November 23, 2020).) In Thomsen v. Kefalas,
Civ. No. 15-cv-2668, 2018 WL 1508735, at *18 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 26, 2018), the court,
in deciding a legal issue at summary judgment, declined to rely on Wolowitz’s
declaration in which he provided an expert opinion as to the interpretation and
application of relevant laws. Here, Wolowitz is not providing an opinion on law,
he is providing an opinion on the factual question of whether ECCS acted
reasonably.
Wolowitz has decades of experience advising and counseling schools on
issues related to bullying, harassment, and discrimination, and has attended
trainings, and presented trainings on these matters. Thus, Wolowitz’s testimony
will address, based on his experience, the adequacy and the reasonableness of
ECCS’s policies and practices, and will aid the trier of fact in understanding the
scope of a school’s ability to address and respond to alleged peer bullying,
harassment, and discrimination.
Moreover, Plaintiffs and their parents will be offering their own subjective
opinion testimony to the jury about the alleged inadequacies in ECCS’s policies
and responses to their allegations. ECCS has the right to put on a defense to such
allegations by relying on the decades of relevant experience of its outside expert.
Accordingly, based upon the files, records, and proceedings herein, IT IS
HEREBY ORDERED that:
1. Defendant’s Motion to Exclude the Expert Testimony of Mia Smith-
Bynum (Doc. 224) is DENIED.
2. Defendant’s Motion to Exclude the Expert Testimony of Naomi Khalil
(Doc. 233) is GRANTED to the extent Khalil is precluded from
testifying as to a legal duty owed by ECCS to students and DENIED in
all other respects; and
3. Plaintiffs’ Motion to Exclude the Expert Testimony of David Wolowitz
(Doc. 241) is GRANTED to the extent Wolowitz is precluded from
using the phrase “deliberate indifference” at trial and DENIED in all
other respects.
Dated: August 4, 2022 s/ Michael J. Davis
Michael J. Davis
United States District Court Reference
- Status
- Unknown