Banner Life Insurance Company v. Bultman

                UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT                             
                    DISTRICT OF MINNESOTA                                


Banner Life Insurance Company,           Civ. No. 22-605 (JWB/DLM)       

  Plaintiff/Counter Defendant,                                           

v.                                   ON CROSS-MOTIONS FOR                
                                      SUMMARY JUDGMENT                   
Maxwell Bultman and Jake Lester,                                         

  Defendants/Counter Claimants/                                          
  Crossclaim Plaintiffs/Cross-Defendants,                                

v.                                                                       

Andrea LiBrizzi,                                                         

  Defendant/Counter Claimant/                                            
  Crossclaim Plaintiff/Cross-Defendant.                                  


Joseph Robert Jeffery, Esq., and Kaitlyn Ellie Luther, Esq., Chittenden, Murday & 
Novotny LLC, and Adam S. Huhta, Esq., Huhta Law Firm, PLLC, counsel for   
Plaintiff/Counter Defendant.                                              

Annaliisa Perrier Gifford, Esq., Elizabeth C. Henry, Esq., Francis J. Rondoni, Esq., and 
Jennifer J. Crancer, Esq., Chestnut Cambronne PA, counsel for Defendants/Counter 
Claimants Maxwell Bultman and Jake Lester.                                

Vytas M. Rimas, Esq., Rimas Law Firm, PLLC, counsel for Defendant/Counter Claimant 
Andrea LiBrizzi.                                                          


    This dispute is over competing claims to the proceeds of a life insurance policy 
held by John Bultman (“Mr. Bultman”), who died from cancer in June 2021. On one side 
are his sons Maxwell Bultman (“Max”) and Jake Lester (“Jake”). On the other is his ex-
domestic partner Andrea LiBrizzi (“LiBrizzi”). Both sides seek to be declared the 
beneficiary to the policy’s $250,000 payout. In the middle is the disinterested 
interpleading plaintiff, Banner Life Insurance Company (“Banner”), which seeks to be 

discharged from the matter and to have its attorneys’ fees reimbursed.    
    For the reasons that follow, Banner will be discharged from this action, and a 
portion of its attorneys’ fees will be reimbursed. On the cross-motions between the 
competing claimants, summary judgment will be granted for Max and Jake because the 
record lacks sufficient evidence to question whether Mr. Bultman validly changed his 
beneficiary designation in the weeks before he died.                      

                         BACKGROUND                                      
I.   The Underlying Policy and Events Preceding Mr. Bultman’s Death       
    A.   Mr. Bultman purchases the policy and names LiBrizzi the beneficiary 
    Nearly seven years before he died, Mr. Bultman opened a $250,000 life insurance 
policy with Banner in 2014. (See generally Doc. No. 1-1, Complaint (“Compl.”) Ex. A.) 

As the policy owner, Mr. Bultman was given an online account with Banner that he could 
access with a username and password. Through the online account, he could submit 
documents related to his policy, including beneficiary change forms.      
    The policy initially listed LiBrizzi as the sole primary beneficiary and indicates 
that it was signed in Prior Lake, Minnesota. (Id. at 24–25, 28.) Mr. Bultman and LiBrizzi 

were not married but lived together in Minnesota before moving to Florida in 2016.  
    B.   Mr. Bultman is diagnosed with cancer; his relationship with     
         LiBrizzi deteriorates                                           
    Mr. Bultman was diagnosed with cancer in 2016 and began receiving treatment. 
Starting in late 2019, Mr. Bultman’s sister, Jeanne Femrite (“Femrite”), and her husband 
began staying with the couple intermittently while Femrite, her husband, and  

Mr. Bultman worked on a nearby investment property that the trio had purchased 
together. According to LiBrizzi, Femrite’s presence and involvement in Florida drove a 
wedge between the couple, which ultimately caused Mr. Bultman to move out of their 
shared home and into the investment property in July 2020.                
    Despite treatment, Mr. Bultman’s cancer continued to progress and required 
surgery in September 2020. Before the surgery, Mr. Bultman assigned Femrite his power 

of attorney and health care directive and included her in his will. He did not change 
anything about his life insurance at that time. Following the operation, Femrite and other 
family members would take turns staying with Mr. Bultman at the investment property. 
    Meanwhile, Mr. Bultman and LiBrizzi’s relationship soured to such an extent that 
Mr. Bultman initiated a court proceeding in the fall of 2020 over custody of the couple’s 

dog Otis, which Mr. Bultman saw as rightfully his. LiBrizzi distanced herself from  
Mr. Bultman as the situation escalated, and Mr. Bultman later authored an online apology 
to LiBrizzi, calling her the girl of his dreams. After Mr. Bultman moved to the investment 
property, LiBrizzi saw him in person once in August 2020 and for the last time in 
December 2020.                                                            

    The investment property sold the next spring, and Mr. Bultman began renting an 
apartment in March 2021. He began receiving palliative care visits at the apartment in 
April 2021. All the while, LiBrizzi remained the sole designated beneficiary on  
Mr. Bultman’s life insurance policy, as she had been from the start.      
    C.   Banner receives beneficiary change requests in mid-2021         
    The beneficiary designation appeared to change, however, on May 20, 2021, when 

a beneficiary change form bearing an electronic signature for “John David Bultman” was 
filed with Banner that named Mr. Bultman’s son Max as the sole primary beneficiary. 
(Doc. No. 1-2, Compl. Ex. B.) The form listed Mr. Bultman’s address as being the 
residence he had shared with LiBrizzi but had not lived at since August 2020. (Id.)  
    The same day, Mr. Bultman sent Jake (Max’s older half-brother) the following 
text message:                                                             

    Hi Jake. What’s your current address? I’m updating some of my insurance 
    policies. I would rather have you on the policy rather [sic] than that woman 
    who took my dog.                                                     
(Doc. No. 133-9.) Jake responded with his address, and two weeks later on June 3, 2021, 
a second beneficiary change form was filed with Banner, naming Max and Jake as 
primary beneficiaries, with Max to receive 75% of the proceeds and Jake to receive 25%. 
(Doc. No. 1-3, Compl. Ex. C, at 1.) The second change form again included the electronic 
“John David Bultman” signature but listed Mr. Bultman’s apartment address. (Id. at 3.)  
    Medical notes from around that time report that Mr. Bultman remained alert and 
oriented, able to communicate and partially care for himself, and able to work on his 
computer, despite experiencing occasional pain, weakness, exhaustion, or confusion.  

    D.   Mr. Bultman dies weeks later                                    
    Mr. Bultman’s condition worsened in the few weeks that followed. The weekend 
after the second change form was submitted, Mr. Bultman’s pain increased, and he was 
taken to the emergency room. Afterward, he consulted with his sister and decided that he 
should move to hospice care. He was discharged from palliative care and referred for 
hospice care the following Monday, June 7.                                

    Over the next week, Mr. Bultman and Femrite worked on updating his will but 
could not get it notarized before Mr. Bultman’s cancer rendered him incapable of signing 
documents on June 14. He died in hospice the next week, on June 20, 2021. 
II.  Events Following Mr. Bultman’s Death                                 
    A.   Banner receives notice of Mr. Bultman’s death; Femrite takes custody 
         of his laptop                                                   
    Banner first learned of Mr. Bultman’s death a month later, on July 20, 2021, when 
Max called to notify the company. (Doc. No. 115-1 at 13.) Banner prepared a Notice of 
Claim memorializing the call and added it to Mr. Bultman’s policy file. (Id. at 5.) 

    Around the same time in July, several of Mr. Bultman’s family members went to 
his residence to pick up his ashes and collect his possessions, with Femrite serving as 
executor of the estate. Mr. Bultman’s possessions included his laptop, which Femrite 
took back to her home in Minnesota—where Max had also been living in a basement 
apartment. Femrite kept the computer for the next year, until she recycled it with other 

electronics as part of moving to a new address. Before doing so, however, Femrite 
removed pictures and tax and business documents that were stored on the computer. 
    B.   Banner declines to process beneficiary changes without additional 
         information and opens an investigation                          
    On July 28, 2021, Banner informed Max and Jake by letter that due to how close 
in time the beneficiary change form was submitted to Mr. Bultman’s death, the company 
could not consider the recent submission naming them as beneficiaries without additional 
documentation to confirm the submission’s validity. (Doc. No. 115-1 at 15, 16.) Banner 
hired KAS*Per Resources Inc. (“KAS*Per”) to investigate and report on whether the 

submitted change of beneficiary forms were acceptable.                    
    As part of the investigation, KAS*Per contacted Jake, Femrite, and Mr. Bultman’s 
palliative and hospice care providers. KAS*Per left messages with Max but did not speak 
with him. KAS*Per reviewed Mr. Bultman’s treatment records from May 28, June 7, and 
June 8, 2021, and summarized them in its final report to Banner as follows: 
    •  5/28/21- Note from palliative care with no reference to mental status, 
      but the Insured was communicating with the Staff.                  
    •  6/7/21- Initial hospice visit with no reference to mental status. 
    •  6/8/21- Hospice note indicated Insured was forgetful. He was sleeping 
      most of the time, but oriented to person, place and time.          
(Doc. No. 118-1 at 3.) KAS*Per requested additional care records for dates between May 
28 and June 6, but Mr. Bultman had no records of care visits during that period. 
    Banner updated Max, Jake, and LiBrizzi by letter on October 6, 2021, informing 

them that Banner had not made a final beneficiary determination, and that it would need 
to obtain medical records to verify that Mr. Bultman was mentally and physically able to 
make the June 3, 2021 beneficiary change. (Doc. No. 115-1 at 17–19.) Banner provided 
each of the three with forms to submit a claim to the insurance policy benefit. (Id.)  
    C.   Jake, Max, and LiBrizzi each file a benefit claim               

    Over the course of the next eight days, Banner received claims from Jake, Max, 
and LiBrizzi. Jake submitted his claim on October 6, 2021 (Doc. No. 1-4, Compl. Ex. D.) 
Max submitted his on October 11, 2021 (Doc. No. 1-5, Compl. Ex. E.) And LiBrizzi filed 
hers on October 14, 2021. (Doc. No. 1-6, Compl. Ex. F.)                   
    On October 20, 2021, LiBrizzi emailed a Banner claims representative to request 

that the company “do a signature analysis,” claiming that a “hospice caretaker” told her 
that Mr. Bultman had forms he was unable to sign around the beginning of June 2021. 
(Doc. No. 115-1 at 21.) LiBrizzi later testified that the “hospice caretaker” was not an 
employee of Mr. Bultman’s provider but his ex-wife, who had been part of the rotation of 
family members staying with Mr. Bultman in his final weeks. (See Doc. No. 137-8, 
LiBrizzi Dep. at 97:13–98:4, 100:9–101:19.)                               

    D.   Banner gives the claimants time to resolve their competing claims  
    Faced with the competing claims and having no interest in which side would 
receive the funds, Banner granted Max, Jake, and LiBrizzi a period to negotiate how to 
distribute Mr. Bultman’s policy proceeds. (Doc. No. 115-1 at 51–53.) If no agreement 
could be reached, Banner would file suit to have a court resolve the matter. (Id.) 

III.  Procedural History                                                  
    A.   Banner files interpleader and deposits funds                    
    Having received no notice that the claimants had agreed on how to distribute the 
policy funds, Banner filed a Complaint for Interpleader under Rule 22 of the Federal 
Rules of Civil Procedure on March 8, 2022, naming Max, Jake, and LiBrizzi as 

Defendants. (Doc. No. 1.) Six days later, Banner moved to deposit the life insurance 
proceeds with the Court Registry. (Doc. No. 5.) Banner’s motion went unopposed and 
was granted on March 23, 2022. (Doc. No. 7.) After discovering a mathematical error, 
Banner filed an amended deposit motion (Doc. No. 8), which was also unopposed and 
granted on April 20, 2022. (Doc. No. 12.) Banner deposited the corrected proceeds 
amount of $256,517.89 with the Court Registry on May 3, 2022. (Doc. No. 13.) 

    B.   Defendants file responsive pleadings                            
    Max and Jake waived service of Banner’s Complaint on April 18, 2022, 
acknowledging that they received waiver requests from Banner on March 14, 2022 (the 
day Banner filed its first motion to deposit the interpleaded funds). (Doc. Nos. 10, 11.) 
They filed their Answer on May 9, 2022, which included a combined counterclaim 
against Banner and crossclaim against LiBrizzi seeking to be declared the beneficiaries to 

Mr. Bultman’s life insurance policy. (Doc. No. 15.)                       
    LiBrizzi was served with Banner’s Complaint on May 17, 2022. (Doc. No. 19.) 
She filed her Answer on June 7, 2022, which responded to both Banner’s Complaint and 
Max and Jake’s crossclaim and included her own counterclaim against Banner and 
crossclaims against Max and Jake. (Doc. No. 24.) In LiBrizzi’s first count, she seeks to 

be declared the rightful policy beneficiary, and her second count claims tortious 
interference with expected inheritance against Max and Jake. (Id. at 19–21.) 
    C.   Counter- and cross-defendants file responsive pleadings, discovery 
         begins, and LiBrizzi tries to add Femrite to the case           
    Each party’s final responsive pleadings were filed on June 8, June 21, and June 28, 
2022. (Doc. Nos. 25, 28, 32.) The next year of proceedings included taking and disputing 
discovery, informal dispute resolution sessions, and attempts by LiBrizzi to add Femrite 
as a party to the case and to compel Femrite to produce documents. (See Doc. Nos. 43, 

61, 96.) At the same time, Banner tried to facilitate an agreement with the Defendants to 
discharge it from the litigation by stipulation, but LiBrizzi would not agree. After 
LiBrizzi’s motions regarding Femrite were ultimately denied (Doc. Nos. 86, 112), Banner 

moved for summary judgment. (Doc. No. 113.)                               
IV.  The Present Cross-Motions for Summary Judgment                       
    Banner moves for summary judgment on its Complaint, seeking to be discharged 
from the interpleader action and an award of its attorneys’ fees. (Doc. No. 113.) LiBrizzi 
opposes Banner’s motion. (Doc. No. 117.) The sons do not oppose discharging Banner 
and stipulated to dismiss their counterclaim for declaratory relief against Banner. (Doc. 

No. 121.) The sons did not stipulate to awarding Banner its fees, however. 
    LiBrizzi moves for summary judgment on both her counterclaim against Banner 
and her crossclaims against the sons. (Doc. No. 128.) The sons oppose LiBrizzi’s motion 
as it relates to her crossclaims against them and move for summary judgment in their 
favor on their crossclaim against LiBrizzi. (Doc. No. 130.)               

                          DISCUSSION                                     
I.   Legal Standard                                                       
    Summary judgment is proper if the record establishes that there is no genuine 
issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. 
R. Civ. P. 56(a). In order to determine which facts are material, courts should look to the 

substantive law in a dispute and identify the facts which are critical to the outcome.  
Com. Union Ins. Co. v. Schmidt, 

 (8th Cir. 1992) (citing Anderson v. 
Liberty Lobby, 

 (1986)). A genuine issue of material fact exists when 
the evidence is sufficient for a reasonable jury to return a verdict for the nonmoving 
party. Anderson, 

. If the evidence would permit a reasonable jury to return 
a verdict in favor of the nonmoving party, then summary judgment is inappropriate. 

Krenik v. Cnty. of Le Sueur, 

 (8th Cir. 1995).            
    On summary judgment, evidence is considered in the light most favorable to the 
nonmoving party, drawing all reasonable inferences in that party’s favor. See Windstream 
Corp. v. Da Gragnano, 

, 802–03 (8th Cir. 2014). This means believing the 
nonmoving party’s evidence and drawing all justifiable inferences in their favor. See 
Schmidt, 

 (citing Anderson, 

). Courts considering 

summary judgment do not weigh evidence to find the truth of the matter; the task is to 
decide whether a genuine trial issue exists. See 

 (quoting Anderson, 

). 
II.  Analysis                                                             
    Analysis of the parties’ cross-motions will proceed as follows: first is Banner’s 
request to be discharged from the matter; second is Banner’s request for attorneys’ fees; 

third is summary judgment as to Defendants’ counterclaims against Banner; and last is 
summary judgment as to Defendants’ crossclaims against each other.        
    A.   Banner’s request to be discharged                               

    Interpleader allows a party holding money or property to bring a single suit joining 
individuals asserting exclusive claims to the fund, to protect against double liability and 
the burden of multiple lawsuits. See Protective Life Ins. Co. v. Kridner, Civ. No. 12-582 
(JRT/JJG), 

, at *2 (D. Minn. Mar. 27, 2013) (quoting Wittry v. Nw. 
Mut. Life Ins. Co., 

, 499–500 (D. Minn. 1989)); see also Dakota 
Livestock Co. v. Keim, 

 (8th Cir. 1977). Interpleader is an equitable 
action controlled by equitable principles. Primerica Life Ins. Co. v. Woodall, 

 (8th Cir. 2020) (quotation omitted). As such, if the interpleading party has acted 

unfairly to create the underlying conflict, then interpleader will not shield against 
counterclaims asserting that the party is at fault in creating the dispute. See 

. 
    Here, the undisputed record shows that instead of processing Mr. Bultman’s 
beneficiary change requests, Banner opted to investigate the validity of the submissions 
because they were made just weeks before Mr. Bultman died. Eight days after learning 
Mr. Bultman had died, Banner sent letters to Max and Jake explaining that it needed 

documentation to validate the submissions. Banner then hired a contractor who obtained 
access to medical records, reviewed the available records, and reported its findings. 
    In early October 2021, based on KAS*Per’s investigative report, Banner informed 
the three potential beneficiaries that it still could not make a final determination and 
provided them the forms to submit benefit claims. Banner received claims from Max, 

Jake, and LiBrizzi shortly thereafter. Banner then sent notices to all three informing them 
of the competing claims and indicating that Banner would pursue an interpleader action if 
the three could not reach an agreement on how to distribute the funds. After receiving no 
notice of an agreement, Banner filed the interpleader action.             
    On its face, there appears to be nothing improper about how Banner proceeded in 

the months between receiving notice of Mr. Bultman’s death and filing this interpleader 
action. However, LiBrizzi contends that Banner’s failure to investigate the competing 
claims, undue delay in filing its Complaint, and unfair choice to file suit in Minnesota all 
support finding that Banner has operated unfairly in pursuing interpleader relief. Upon 
review, each claimed unfairness falls short of invalidating Banner’s use of interpleader. 
         1.   Failure to investigate                                     

    LiBrizzi contends that Banner failed to fully investigate Mr. Bultman’s capacity to 
sign the beneficiary change forms submitted in May and June 2021. Specifically, LiBrizzi 
faults Banner for not “following up” on her request to “do a signature analysis.”  
    After submitting her benefit claim, LiBrizzi emailed Banner to advise that the 
company should analyze the electronic signatures on the beneficiary change forms 
because she had heard a comment from a “hospice caretaker” that made her question 

whether Mr. Bultman could have submitted the electronic documents himself—that is, 
whether he was capable of doing so. But LiBrizzi’s email came two weeks after Banner 
had sent letters specifically explaining that it could not consider the beneficiary changes 
absent documentation establishing Mr. Bultman’s capacity to make the proposed 
changes. And weeks before those letters, KAS*Per’s initial September 17, 2021 report to 

Banner referenced Banner’s “request to secure medical records in an attempt to determine 
whether the Insured was capable of making the Beneficiary change that was submitted to 
your company.” (Doc. No. 118-1 at 1.) LiBrizzi’s email did no more than raise an issue 
that Banner had already asked its contractor to investigate.              
    LiBrizzi’s belief that signature analysis would have resolved the matter in her 

favor is not evidence that Banner’s investigation was improper or insufficient. LiBrizzi’s 
perceived investigatory shortcomings do not provide a reasonable basis to conclude that 
Banner’s failure to conduct an unspecified signature analysis at LiBrizzi’s request caused 
or contributed to the competing claims.                                   
         2.   Unreasonable delay                                         

    LiBrizzi next contends that Banner unreasonably delayed initiating the 
interpleader lawsuit. She sets out the unduly delayed timeline as follows: Banner was 
notified on July 20, 2021 of Mr. Bultman’s death; Banner sent letters giving notice of 
competing claims on October 22, 2021; and then Banner deposited the interpleader funds 
on May 3, 2022. She then declares nine months to be an unreasonable delay, without 
setting out what evidence shows why nine months is unreasonable in this case.  
    Banner, on the other hand, details how those nine months were spent: seeking 

access to medical records; awaiting its contractor’s review of medical records once given 
access; notifying LiBrizzi and the sons of their competing claims; waiting to see whether 
the claimants would agree on how to apportion the funds; filing its interpleader lawsuit 
when no agreement materialized after four months; moving to deposit the funds six days 
after filing suit; and then later depositing the funds after correcting a calculation error. 

    To agree with LiBrizzi would require finding that nine months is an unreasonable 
delay in and of itself, not based on record evidence. Instead, the record establishes that 
the months between when Banner learned of Mr. Bultman’s death and commenced the 
interpleader lawsuit were spent on necessary and proper efforts to investigate, confirm, 
and avoid liability on competing beneficiary claims.                      

         3.   Unfair venue                                               

    LiBrizzi’s contention that Banner unfairly filed its lawsuit in Minnesota is futile. 
She cites no authority for her position that venue choice bears on whether an interpleader 
plaintiff unfairly contributed to the conflict between claimants. And even so, venue in an 
interpleader action is proper in the judicial district where one or more claimants reside, 

, and Max is an admitted Minnesota resident. (Doc. No. 15 ¶ 2.) As the 

plaintiff, Banner is free to file in a valid venue of its choosing.       
         4.   Conclusion on Banner’s request to be discharged            

    LiBrizzi fails to establish a basis to deny Banner’s request to be discharged from 
this interpleader action. Banner received the beneficiary change forms shortly before  
Mr. Bultman died, reviewed whether it could process the forms, determined that it could 
not, and then received claims from each potential beneficiary. On those facts, no 
reasonable jury could determine that Banner unfairly created the conflict that give rise to 
competing claims to the insurance proceeds. Therefore, Banner’s motion for summary 
judgment is granted on this issue, and Banner is discharged from this matter. 
    B.   Banner’s request for attorneys’ fees                            

    As is common in interpleaded life insurance proceedings, Banner requests an 
award of its attorneys’ fees upon being discharged from the matter. Banner requests not 
just its costs to prepare and initiate the interpleader lawsuit, but also its “substantial” fees 
from litigating against LiBrizzi’s “unnecessary and unreasonable litigation positions” 
through discovery to the dispositive motion stage. (Doc. No. 114 at 5–6.) 
    Judge Tunheim’s order on attorneys’ fees in Protective Life Ins. Co. v. Kridner, 

Civ. No. 12-582 (JRT/JJG), 

 (D. Minn. Mar. 27, 2013), and its cited 
authorities, are particularly instructive and help guide the analysis of Banner’s fee request 
here. Because Banner validly initiated the interpleader, its fees for that portion of the case 
will be awarded. However, an award that depletes the interpleader fund to cover the cost 
of Banner’s prolonged presence in the case would not be fair to the competing claimants.  
         1.   Interpleading plaintiffs are generally awarded attorneys’ fees, 
              although some courts treat interpleader suits as an expected cost 
              of the life insurance business                             

    A disinterested stakeholder who faces multiple liability and interpleads the 
claimants—like Banner did here—should not ordinarily bear the expenses incurred in 
bringing the action. Kridner, 

, at *2, n.4 (collecting cases). In part 
because claimants benefit from quickly resolving disputes over the claimed funds, courts 
often award fees and costs to the disinterested, interpleading insurance company. See 

 
(quoting Allianz Life Ins. v. Agorio, 

 (N.D. Cal. 2012)). 
    Some courts bar insurance companies from recovering costs and fees because 
filing interpleader actions to resolve competing beneficiary claims is a normal part of the 
life insurance business. See 

 at *3 n.7. However, the Eighth Circuit has not wholly 
precluded fee awards to interpleading insurance companies on that basis. See 

 (citing 

N.Y. Life Ins. Co. v. Miller, 

 (8th Cir. 1944); Hunter v. Federal Life Ins. 
Co., 

 (1940)). Such a rule will not be applied here.     
    In addition, LiBrizzi’s contention that Florida law and its rule barring recovery 
should govern here fails because the underlying life insurance policy contract—which 
includes the terms under which a beneficiary designation can be validly changed—was 

formed in Minnesota. Therefore, Minnesota law governs the policy, not Florida law. 
         2.   Banner will be awarded modest fees and costs for initiating the 
              interpleader action, but not for litigating subsequent discovery 
              disputes and dispositive motion practice                   

    To recoup fees and costs, a court must find (1) a disinterested stakeholder, (2) who 
has conceded liability, (3) has deposited the disputed funds into court, and (4) has sought 
discharge from liability. Kridner, 

, at *3 (quotation omitted). While a 

disinterested stakeholder usually recovers its costs and fees, the amount should be modest 
because interpleader actions do not typically demand great skill, labor, or responsibility. 
See Federated Mut. Ins. Co. v. Moody Station & Grocery, 

 (8th Cir. 
2016) (quoting Hunter v. Fed. Life Ins. Co., 

 (8th Cir. 1940)). 
    Banner plainly meets the four requirements for recovery, having been discharged 
from liability for the reasons provided in Section II.A. However, Banner will not be 

awarded costs and fees beyond those reasonably necessary to prepare and initiate the 
interpleader action. While Banner is correct that the timing of its effort to be discharged 
from this matter does not bear upon its right to recover its costs and fees, the timing does 
bear upon the amount of costs and fees it will recover.                   
              a.   Banner is mistaken that it could not have sought      
                   discharge before summary judgment                     

    Banner did not seek discharge from this matter for more than a year after 
depositing the interpleader funds. It argues that LiBrizzi’s litigation positions prolonged 
its involvement, essentially contending that it could not have sought discharge before 
summary judgment. However, the record reveals both a behind-the-scenes effort by 
Banner to leave early in the case and missed opportunities to do the same by motion.  
    Banner circulated a proposed stipulation to discharge it from the case on August 
11, 2022. As of that date, all parties had been served, all responsive pleadings had been 

filed, and the policy proceeds had been deposited. The groundwork was laid for 
discharge, which Banner pursued by stipulation instead of through a potentially contested 
motion. When the stipulation effort failed because LiBrizzi declined to sign, Banner did 

not then seek discharge by motion but opted instead to await summary judgment. 
    At the very earliest, Banner could have sought discharge as part of a motion to 
deposit the interpleader funds filed after serving Defendants with its Complaint. The time 
to contest the propriety of the interpleader action is at the time the interpleader seeks to 
deposit the funds. Cf. Kridner, 

, at *3. LiBrizzi could not have 
contested Banner’s use of interpleader when Banner sought to deposit the funds because 

Banner had not served her with its Complaint at that time. She was served on May 17, 
2022—two weeks after the proceeds were deposited. Even though LiBrizzi’s arguments 
about the propriety interpleader fail on their merits, she was precluded from making them 
against Banner’s motion to deposit because of Banner’s lack of service. By moving to 
deposit the funds well before completing initial service of the interpleader suit, Banner 

skipped an early opportunity to consider discharge.                       
    Banner also argues that LiBrizzi’s counterclaim required it to stay in the case 
through discovery. But the merits and impact of LiBrizzi’s counterclaim could have been 
addressed sooner had Banner pursued discharge after receiving Defendants’ responsive 
pleadings. Banner chose not to file a motion to dismiss what it believed to be a meritless 

counterclaim that stood in the way of its discharge from the action. Instead, Banner 
sought discharge by stipulation, which then broke down (in Banner’s view) due to 
LiBrizzi’s meritless counterclaim and related discovery requests. Banner later rejected 
LiBrizzi’s offer to drop her counterclaim because she did not also offer to discharge 
Banner and award its fees. (Doc. No. 114 at 23.) At least in part, Banner’s actions 
contributed to the reasons for pursuing discharge at summary judgment and not before. 

              b.   Banner will not automatically be awarded fees for     
                   defending a counterclaim that overlaps with the propriety 
                   of it seeking interpleader                            

    Banner quotes Kridner’s statement that “fees expended in responding to 
counterclaims which essentially challenge only the propriety of an interpleader action are 
recoverable by a stakeholder,” 

, at *6, but that does not give Banner 
license to litigate without abandon with the guarantee that it will be fully reimbursed. 
Banner litigated against LiBrizzi’s counterclaim as if it were an independent claim but 
declined to take steps to defeat that claim earlier in the case.          
    Interpleading plaintiffs should be readily discharged unless there is a basis for 
independent liability to a claimant. See Metro. Life Ins. Co. v. Mitchell, 

 (E.D.N.Y. 2013) (quoting 4 James Wm. Moore et al., Moore’s Federal Practice 
§ 23.03[2][a] (3d ed. 2005)). Under the old interpleader practice, if a claimant alleged 
independent liability, the stakeholder would lose its right to bring the interpleader action. 
Prudential Ins. Co. of Am. v. Hovis, 

 (3d Cir. 2009) (citations omitted). 
Today’s practice is to keep the stakeholder in the litigation to defend the counterclaim, 
even after depositing the disputed funds. See 

 (citing Wayzata Bank & Trust Co. v.  

A & B Farms, 

 (8th Cir. 1988)).                          
    Upon inspection, LiBrizzi’s counterclaim does not raise any legal issue other than 
who should be entitled to life insurance proceeds—which is the dispute that the 
interpleader action was brought to settle. LiBrizzi raised negligence in a single paragraph 
affirmative defense and alleged that Banner failed to uphold its contractual obligation to 
pay LiBrizzi the policy proceeds. (Doc. No. 24 ¶¶ 31, 58–59.) Failing to choose between 

claimants rather than filing for interpleader cannot itself be a breach of a legal duty. 
Hovis, 

. LiBrizzi alleged no wrongdoing by Banner outside of its failure 
to choose her as the beneficiary. Therefore, she did not claim any basis for Banner to be 
independently liable to her.                                              
    Nonetheless, Banner treated LiBrizzi’s filing like an independent claim. If 
Banner’s position from the start was that LiBrizzi’s claims had no merit and that 

discovery would not bear on the propriety of interpleader, Banner could have sought 
dismissal or early summary judgment and then requested discharge if successful. And 
even if LiBrizzi’s claim could not have been defeated early on, potential independent 
liability would not bar a ruling on whether Banner properly filed for interpleader. 
    The mere presence of LiBrizzi’s counterclaim does not automatically require 

awarding all of Banner’s fees spent litigating the case through summary judgment. 
Banner’s choice not to seek discharge until summary judgment is not a basis to award the 
fees it incurred by making that choice. Although Banner has acted in good faith 
throughout this litigation, its tactics and reasoning unnecessarily increased the overall 
amount of fees it now seeks to have reimbursed from the interpleaded funds. 

              c.   LiBrizzi is incorrect that Banner would only be subject to 
                   discovery if it remained a named defendant            

    Banner is certainly not the only party that contributed to prolonging its presence in 
this litigation. LiBrizzi’s failure to sufficiently allege a counterclaim that was 
independent from Banner’s failure to choose her as the rightful beneficiary led Banner in 
part to take its chosen litigation course. LiBrizzi also declined to cooperate with Banner’s 

efforts to form an agreement discharging it from the case. LiBrizzi claims she kept 
Banner in the case because it would not have been subject to discovery otherwise. That 
belief is mistaken. Even as a nonparty, Banner could be compelled to sit for a deposition 
under Rule 30 and would remain subject to document subpoenas under Rule 34. 
    LiBrizzi’s mistakes do not determine the issue, however. Whether Banner was a 
named party or not, LiBrizzi would still have pursued (in Banner’s view, unreasonable) 

discovery, for which Banner would likely have incurred legal fees. The mere fact that 
Banner remained subject to LiBrizzi’s discovery requests as a named party does not 
justify awarding its fees incurred in responding to her requests.         
              d.   Depleting the interpleader fund to cover costs of litigation 
                   between Banner and LiBrizzi would not be equitable    

    Banner seeks to recoup all of its legal fees only from the interpleader fund, and not 
in part from LiBrizzi—the party whom Banner blames for its additional litigation costs. 
When pressed at oral argument, Banner declined to characterize any of LiBrizzi’s 
positions or actions as being taken in bad faith, despite believing that certain of LiBrizzi’s 
positions entirely lack legal merit. Cf. Kridner, 

, at *8–9 (discussing 
that a bad faith finding can justify awarding costs and fees from the losing claimant 
instead of from the interpleaded funds). That is Banner’s choice. But Banner’s decision to 
forego recovering fees from LiBrizzi is no reason to diminish the pool of funds that 

Banner itself acknowledges rightfully belongs to only either LiBrizzi or Max and Jake.  
    Diminishing the fund would be particularly unfair to Max and Jake because they 
demonstrated willingness to cooperate with Banner by stipulating to dismiss their 

counterclaims, and Banner provides no basis to question the fairness or legal merit of any 
of the sons’ positions or tactics.                                        
    To be clear, even if certain litigation choices were based on a misunderstanding, 
limiting Banner’s fee award is not a punishment for making those choices. Rather, as a 
matter of fairness, the most proportionate outcome is to award Banner’s fees and costs 
related to filing the interpleader action—which was done fairly—but to exclude the fees 

and costs that it incurred thereafter.                                    
              e.   Banner identifies $9,221.00 in fees and $641.58 in costs as 
                   attributable to filing the interpleader Complaint     

    Banner’s first proposed stipulation to be discharged from this case in August 2022 
included the following term:                                              
    Awarding Banner Life its reasonable attorney’s fees in the amount of 
    $9,221.00 and costs in the amount of $641.58, which were incurred in 
    connection with prosecuting this Complaint for Interpleader, with such fees 
    and costs to be deducted from the amount deposited into the Registry of the 
    Court[.]                                                             

(Doc. No. 115-2 at 16 (emphasis added).) Presumably, this is the amount of fees and 
costs attributable to initiating the interpleader suit. That amount is proportionate to 
Banner’s efforts in bringing this matter from notice of death to deposited funds. 
Therefore, Banner is awarded $9,862.58 from the interpleaded funds.       
    Having addressed whether interpleader is appropriate and whether Banner should 
be discharged, it is necessary to evaluate the rights to the interpleaded fund. Those rights 
are determined by resolving the Defendants’ cross-motions for summary judgment. 
    C.   Summary judgment on Defendants’ counterclaims against Banner    

    LiBrizzi’s counterclaim against Banner mirrors her complaints about whether 
Banner acted unfairly in bringing the interpleader lawsuit. She seeks to be declared the 
rightful beneficiary to Mr. Bultman’s policy because Banner failed to sufficiently 
investigate and reject the sons’ benefit claims. Her claim fails for the reasons given in 
Section II.A. Because there is no genuine issue of material fact as to Banner’s alleged 
misconduct, and because the record supports finding Banner’s conduct reasonable under 

the circumstances, Banner is entitled to summary judgment on LiBrizzi’s counterclaim. 
    Max and Jake stipulated to dismiss their declaratory judgment counterclaim 
against Banner with prejudice. (Doc. No. 121.) That stipulation was accepted, and the 
claim was dismissed with prejudice by court order on July 19, 2023. (Doc. No. 123.) Max 
and Jake seek summary judgment only on their remaining crossclaim against LiBrizzi. 

    D.   Summary judgment on Defendants’ crossclaims                     

    Cross-motions for summary judgment do not change the summary judgment 
standard. Hanson v. Loparex, Inc., 

 (D. Minn. 2011). To obtain 
summary judgment, the moving party must demonstrate an absence of evidence 
supporting the nonmoving party’s case. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 

 
(1986). If the moving party does so, the nonmoving party must raise more than a 
metaphysical doubt about material facts to establish a genuine fact issue. Conseco Life 
Ins. Co. v. Williams, 

 (8th Cir. 2010) (quoting Matsushita Elec. Indus. 
Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 

 (1986)). Resting on allegations or denials in 
a pleading is not enough—the nonmoving party must identify specific facts that show a 
genuine issue for trial. 

 (quoting Matsushita, 

).       

    When a party opposing summary judgment fails to show a genuine issue for trial, 
summary judgment “may and should be granted” if the moving party otherwise satisfies 
the summary judgment requirements. Schmidt, 

 (quoting Celotex, 

). The purpose of summary judgment is to isolate and dispose of factually 
unsupported claims and defenses. See 

 (quoting Celotex, 

). 

         1.   Declaratory judgment as to policy beneficiary              

    Max and Jake seek summary judgment on their declaratory judgment crossclaim, 
arguing there is no reasonable dispute that the forms naming them as Mr. Bultman’s 
beneficiaries are valid. LiBrizzi seeks summary judgment on her declaratory judgment 
crossclaim only as it relates to her argument that she was the intended beneficiary under 
Minnesota’s “intent to benefit” test. She contends that material fact issues preclude 
summary judgment for either side on the questions of whether Mr. Bultman lacked 
capacity to submit the forms and whether the forms were the product of undue influence. 
    LiBrizzi also argues that the stipulated dismissal of the sons’ counterclaim against 
Banner estops them from relitigating the same issue—whether they should be declared 
the rightful beneficiaries—in their crossclaim against her. The argument fails because the 

order accepting Max, Jake, and Banner’s stipulated dismissal did not adjudicate all of the 
claims or rights and liabilities of all parties to the action—nor could it have. By rule, this 
action has not ended as to any of the claims or parties. Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(b). Accordingly, 
Max and Jake cannot relitigate an issue or claim for which the litigation has not ended, 
and the summary judgment analysis of the crossclaims may proceed without issue. 
    In an interpleader action, questions of jurisdiction and procedure are determined 

by federal law, but the rights of parties bringing crossclaims are controlled by state law. 
Coastal Air Lines v. Dockery, 

 (8th Cir. 1950). Only Max and Jake 
brief the issue of whether to apply Minnesota or Florida law to analyze the crossclaims; 
LiBrizzi does not brief the issue but argues her “intent to benefit” theory under Minnesota 
law and her opposition to the sons’ motion under Florida law.             
    The applicable law will be discussed in the analysis of each issue below. But 

regardless of which state supplies the law, summary judgment must be granted against a 
party who fails to sufficiently establish an essential element of their case for which that 
party bears the burden of proof. See Celotex, 

. On the record presented 
here, it is LiBrizzi who fails to make the requisite showing to survive summary judgment. 
              a.   LiBrizzi’s “intent to benefit” argument is misplaced  

    Even assuming Minnesota law applies for the sake of considering LiBrizzi’s 
“intent to benefit” argument, the argument lacks merit. Under Minnesota law, a third 
party may recover as an intended beneficiary to a contract if they can show that the 
contracting parties intended to provide them a benefit through the contract. See Kruger v. 
Lely North Am., Inc., 

, 1289 (D. Minn. 2021) (citations omitted).  

    LiBrizzi’s argument about Mr. Bultman’s intent rests on a fundamental 
misunderstanding of the state of Mr. Bultman’s beneficiary designation. Reiterated 
throughout her briefing, LiBrizzi surmises that because Banner did not process the 
beneficiary change forms, Banner rejected the submissions as not being in an acceptable 
form as the policy requires and concluded that Mr. Bultman lacked capacity to make the 
changes or did not make the changes himself. (See Doc. No. 136 at 11; Doc. No. 139 at 

18; Doc. No. 144 at 2–6.). This misconstrues Banner’s response and the current 
disposition of the beneficiary designation.                               
    Banner raised a concern over the timing of the submissions, not their form. After 
investigating because the requests were submitted just weeks before Mr. Bultman died, 
Banner still felt it could not decide whether to approve or reject the submissions and 
submitted the matter for resolution in court. Therefore, it is no surprise that LiBrizzi is 

still listed as the policy beneficiary. Banner never decided whether that should change. 
LiBrizzi painting the scenario as resolved in her favor is misplaced.     
    LiBrizzi’s position that Mr. Bultman never wavered in his intent for her to benefit 
from the policy is refuted by clear record evidence—most notably the text message from 
Mr. Bultman to Jake stating that he was updating his insurance policies, and the two 

beneficiary change requests. For LiBrizzi to prevail on summary judgment, that evidence 
would have to be conclusively refuted. As explained above, her argument that Banner 
rejected the purported beneficiary changes misinterprets the record. Mr. Bultman’s intent 
was undetermined at the time of his death due to the pending beneficiary changes. 
    Turning then to whether the change forms represent a change in Mr. Bultman’s 

intent, LiBrizzi offers lack of capacity and undue influence as reasons to question the 
forms’ validity. She contends that fact disputes preclude summary judgment on those 
issues. Max and Jake see no genuine fact issues and believe the record warrants entering 
judgment in their favor.                                                  
              b.   Lack of capacity                                      
    Both Minnesota and Florida recognize a presumption of competence. See 

Jasperson v. Jacobson, 

 (Minn. 1947); Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. v. 
Taylor, No. 3:11–cv–334–J–34JBT, 

, at *3 (M.D. Fla. Aug.14, 2012) 
(citation omitted). Both states also recognize that competence is measured at the time the 
document in question was executed, and that incompetence must be shown by something 
more than mental weakness. See Sullivan v. Joint Indep. Consolid. Sch. Dist. No. 102, 

, 4–5 (Minn. 1958); Timm v. Schneider, 

 (Minn. 1938); In re 

Seminole Walls & Ceilings, Corp., 

 (Bankr. M.D. Fla. 2007) (citation 
omitted). Mr. Bultman cannot be said to lack mental capacity where he could reasonably 
understand the nature and effect of his actions. See Timm, 

.  
    The party alleging lack of capacity must prove it by a preponderance of the 
evidence. Metro. Life Ins. Co. v. Washington, No. 8:14-CV-00886-T-24TB, 

, at *3 (M.D. Fla. Aug. 31, 2015) (citation omitted); cf. Ivers v. CMFG Life Ins. 
Co., No. 15-CV-1577 (WMW/BRT), 

, at *9 (D. Minn. June 29, 2017) 
(“Because a party is presumed to possess the required capacity to contract, the burden of 
overcoming this presumption rests with the party asserting lack of capacity.”). 
    LiBrizzi offers no direct evidence of Mr. Bultman’s mental or physical state on 

May 20 or June 3, 2021. Instead, she collects pieces of evidence she believes are grounds 
to question Mr. Bultman’s ability to request the beneficiary changes on either date. 
Specifically, she points out that the forms are electronically signed with Mr. Bultman’s 
full name (which she says was not his custom), that the May 20 submission uses an 
outdated address, that Mr. Bultman made errors on a May 29, 2021 disability benefits 
application, and that he grew too sick to sign documents by June 14. She then cites her 

own testimony explaining why those pieces of evidence indicate questionable capacity. 
    Competency or the lack thereof may be proven by circumstantial evidence. See 
Krueger v. Zoch, 

 (Minn. 1969). Indeed, any fact may be established 
by adequate circumstantial evidence. Northern States Power Co. v. Lyon Food Products, 
Inc., 

 (Minn. 1975). However, circumstantial evidence is not 
adequate if it requires speculation to fill in evidentiary gaps. Cf. Besett v. Hegg, 

 (D. Minn. 2012) (“Circumstantial evidence . . . cannot create a 
genuine issue of material fact if a key inference is left to conjecture and speculation.”) 
(quotation omitted); Hernandez v. Sam’s E., Inc., No. 20-CV-61648-RAR, 

, at *6 (S.D. Fla. Apr. 26, 2021) (stating that circumstantial evidence does not 
adequately establish fact if it requires piling “inferences upon inferences”).  

    LiBrizzi relies on her own assumptions and speculation to question mental 
capacity in the circumstances here. She questions why the beneficiary change forms were 
signed “John David Bultman” because Mr. Bultman’s typical signature did not include 
his middle name. But the digital signature does match the full name listed for the Policy 
Owner in Banner’s system. She similarly questions the use of an old address on the May 

20 form. But Banner’s corporate representative testified that the incorrect address on the 
May 20 form matched the address in Banner’s system for Mr. Bultman on that date. 
Finally, checking the wrong box for whether Mr. Bultman was right- or left-handed on 
his disability benefits application form could simply be a typo on the otherwise error free 
application. And listing only Max as his son on the form could be explained by the fact 
that Jake had been given up for adoption at a young age. Seeing mental decline as the 

cause of those mistakes is a pure guess.                                  
    The medical circumstances LiBrizzi points to also fall short of adequately 
combatting the presumption of competence. Compare Schmidt, 

 
(affidavits from attending nurses stating that decedent was “confused, forgetful, unable to 
answer questions, mumbling to herself, and even incoherent in the days before the change 
of beneficiary form was executed” should have been found sufficient to raise a fact issue 

on capacity), with Ivers, 

, at *10 (circumstantial evidence did not 
overcome presumption of capacity to enter life insurance contract, even though decedent 
had physical and mental deficits, where decedent voiced clear preferences for his living 
and care arrangements), and Am. Gen. Life Ins. Co. v. Schreiber, 

 (W.D. Wis. 2008) (evidence that decedent took psychotropic medication months 

before he changed his beneficiary, misstated how many times he had been married, tried 
to carry a gun on a bus, and could not identify the time of day did not establish lack of 
capacity to change life insurance beneficiary).                           
    The nursing notes in the record indicate that Mr. Bultman was largely alert and 
oriented, although he experienced fatigue and confusion at times. Even viewing the notes 

in a light favorable to LiBrizzi, they do not raise a question over whether Mr. Bultman 
was so fatigued or confused on or around May 20 or June 3, 2021, that he could not 
understand he was submitting beneficiary change forms. LiBrizzi identifies no evidence 
to raise a fact issue over the nature and extent of Mr. Bultman’s symptoms, or when 
specifically he experienced them. And even assuming Mr. Bultman was fatigued or 
confused on or around May 20 or June 3, there is no evidence showing the ailments 

would have lasted for an extended duration.                               
    LiBrizzi also does not raise a competency question from the evidence that  
Mr. Bultman’s pain grew so severe by June 14, 2021, that a social worker said he could 
not legitimately sign an updated will. Medical notes from June 7 and 8 report  
Mr. Bultman as being awake, alert, oriented to self, time, and place, having intact 
judgment, and even working on his laptop, despite being bedbound and experiencing 

bouts of pain and confusion. (See Doc. No. 115-1 at 34–35, 39–41, 45, 47–48.) A nursing 
note from 11:50 a.m. on June 8 expressly indicates no cognitive impairment. (Id. at 47.) 
The notes from Monday, June 7 indicate that the provider worked with Mr. Bultman over 
the preceding weekend, which included him reporting his own symptoms, adamantly 
declining an offer to go to the hospital but eventually seeking emergency room treatment 

for a distended bladder, and electing to move to hospice after discussing it with his sister. 
(See id. at 31.) Notes from May 28 describe Mr. Bultman as being pleasant, alert, 
oriented, and cooperative. (Id. at 25–28.) Physically, he was able to shower, dress 
himself, and walk without assistive devices, although he could not perform tasks 
requiring a lot of energy. (Id.) Even though some medical notes document Mr. Bultman 

experiencing bouts of confusion, fatigue, pain, and weakness (see, e.g., id. at 25, 27, 31, 
35), the notes from days before and after the June 3 beneficiary change submission show 
he was otherwise awake, aware, and functional enough to discuss matters with his 
medical providers and use his computer.                                   
    Although the law does not require LiBrizzi to offer independent medical evidence 
to raise a fact issue on lack of capacity, her failure to present any is especially glaring in 

light of medical records showing Mr. Bultman as being mostly alert and oriented, able to 
communicate with medical staff about his condition and symptoms, and somewhat 
capable of caring for himself and using his computer, up to and including the immediate 
days after the second beneficiary change form was submitted. The record shows his 
condition did not deteriorate to the point of incapacitation until June 14. 
    In the end, LiBrizzi’s speculation and theories are not sufficient to create a fact 

issue over whether Mr. Bultman was capable of submitting the beneficiary change forms, 
even as his disease progressed. Combining the presumption of capacity with the medical 
records from the days surrounding the beneficiary change requests, a reasonable jury 
could find Mr. Bultman had capacity to submit the forms and rule for Max and Jake. 
              c.   Undue influence                                       

    Under both Minnesota and Florida law, the party claiming undue influence has the 
burden to submit evidence sufficient to raise the presumption of undue influence. See 
Washington, 

, at *3 (citations omitted); Norlander v. Cronk, 

 (Minn. 1974). A presumption of undue influence arises when a 
beneficiary (1) had a confidential relationship with the decedent at the time the alleged 

influence occurred, and (2) actively procured the bequest. Metro. Life Ins. Co. v. Carter, 
No. 3:04-CV-668-J32HTS, 

, at *15 (M.D. Fla. Oct. 27, 2005) (citing 
In re Estate of Stetzko, 

 (Fla. 4th DCA 1998)). Active procurement 
warning signs include:                                                    
    (1) the presence of the beneficiary at execution of the will;        
    (2) the presence of the beneficiary on those occasions when the testator 
    expressed a desire to make a will;                                   
    (3) a recommendation by the beneficiary of an attorney to draw the will;  
    (4) knowledge of the contents of the will by the beneficiary prior to 
    execution;                                                           
    (5) giving of instruction on preparation of the will by the beneficiary to the 
    attorney drawing the will;                                           
    (6) securing of witnesses to the will by the beneficiary; and        
    (7) safekeeping of the will by the beneficiary subsequent to execution.  

Washington, 

, at *3 (citation omitted). Once the presumption is raised, 
the opposing party must establish the absence of undue influence by a preponderance. 

 
LiBrizzi fails to identify sufficient record evidence to raise the presumption here. 
    Nothing on the face of the beneficiary change forms raises a reasonable question 
about undue influence. LiBrizzi’s theorizing and supposition about the significance of an 
incorrect address and the use of Mr. Bultman’s middle name in the digital signature are 
insufficient to challenge the facial validity of the forms. Her theorizing and supposition 
are not themselves evidence, and documents appearing valid on their face are presumed 
valid against questions of undue influence. See Washington, 

, at *3 
(citation omitted). Similarly, LiBrizzi’s concern that Mr. Bultman eventually was unable 
to sign documents is not evidence that he was vulnerable to undue influence in the 
preceding weeks. Evidence of confusion or memory problems in the last week of life is 
not evidence that such mental problems manifested earlier. See Stetzko, 

. If anything, the record evidence from the dates surrounding the change form 
submissions reinforces their validity.                                    
    LiBrizzi also points out that Mr. Bultman did not change the life insurance at the 
same time that he changed other legal documents in September 2020, that she was still 
listed as the policy beneficiary as of March 2021, that Mr. Bultman still loved her 

because he penned an extensive apology to her online in October 2020, and that he was 
trying to include her in a new will before he died. Those points show nothing about  
Mr. Bultman’s thinking about life insurance on or around May 20 or June 3, 2021, much 
less whether he was subject to undue influence around that time. Events from more than 
half a year in the past say nothing about Mr. Bultman’s intent months into the future. 
Femrite’s presence at Mr. Bultman’s residence during the time period that the change 

requests were submitted does not suggest undue influence—despite LiBrizzi’s personal 
distrust of Femrite. LiBrizzi was listed as the policy beneficiary in March 2021 because 
no request to change the policy had been made. And attempting to include LiBrizzi in a 
will says nothing about whether Mr. Bultman changed his plans for the life insurance 
policy. Drawing an inference of undue influence from this evidence is speculative at best. 

    Instead, record evidence plainly undermines LiBrizzi’s beliefs. Max and Jake both 
testified that they did not specifically know about the life insurance before Mr. Bultman 
died. (See Doc. No. 133-7, Maxwell Dep. at 38:12-14; 40:4-7; Doc. No. 133-8, Lester 
Dep. at 21:1-23.) The record also shows Mr. Bultman was a former Chief Information 
Officer and used his computer even up to the time that he was leaving palliative care and 

entering hospice, days after the change forms had been submitted. Femrite testified that 
Mr. Bultman gave her the information to access his laptop in June before she left for the 
last time before he died, but she did not take his computer until after he died. And even if 
Femrite had both the computer and its login credentials, there is no evidence she knew 
Mr. Bultman’s credentials to Banner’s online portal.                      
    The same day that the first beneficiary change form was submitted, Mr. Bultman 

messaged Jake an express statement that he was updating insurance policies and wanted 
Jake on the policy, not LiBrizzi. This explains why Jake did not appear on the first 
submission and why the changes were necessary: as of May 20, 2021, Mr. Bultman 
wanted to send the life insurance proceeds to his sons, not to LiBrizzi. It also shows  
Mr. Bultman initiating with Jake, not Jake actively procuring the change. If the record is 
clear about anything regarding Mr. Bultman’s intent at the time of the beneficiary 

changes, it is that he no longer wished to send his life insurance proceeds to LiBrizzi.  
    In sum, LiBrizzi does not identify sufficient evidence to raise the presumption of 
undue influence, much less to support a jury finding in her favor.        
              d.   Conclusion on declaratory judgment                    
    LiBrizzi’s representation that Banner rejected the beneficiary change requests is 

factually incorrect. The matter has been interpleaded for resolution in court. For LiBrizzi 
to be declared the policy beneficiary, the beneficiary change forms must be found invalid. 
And for Max and Jake to prevail, the June 3, 2021 change form must be found valid. 
    LiBrizzi does not point to sufficient evidence to create a fact issue over the forms’ 
validity, either through lack of capacity or undue influence. She points to various pieces 

of evidence, but to find lack of capacity or undue influence from that evidence as she 
does requires speculation. At best, LiBrizzi’s beliefs raise a metaphysical doubt, not a 
genuine issue of material fact, as to lack of capacity and undue influence. 
    Because Mr. Bultman is presumed to have had capacity to change his beneficiary 
designation, because LiBrizzi has not provided enough evidence to raise a presumption of 
undue influence, and because record evidence provides support for a jury to find the 

presence of mental capacity and the absence of undue influence, the change forms are 
valid as a matter of law. Accordingly, Max and Jake’s request for summary judgment on 
the crossclaims for declaratory judgment is granted, and LiBrizzi’s request is denied. 
         2.   Tortious interference with inheritance                     

    LiBrizzi also moves for summary judgment on her crossclaim for tortious 
interference with inheritance against Max and Jake. Even granting LiBrizzi her choice of 
Florida law (where this claim is recognized), the claim still fails.      
    Tortious interference with an expectancy of inheritance includes these elements: 
(1) the existence of an expectancy; (2) intentional interference with the expectancy 
through tortious conduct; (3) causation; and (4) damages. Schilling v. Herrera, 

 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2007) (citations omitted). Important to remember is that 

the tort is meant to protect the testator (Mr. Bultman), not the beneficiary (LiBrizzi). See 

 (citation omitted). Accordingly, the tortious conduct must be directed at the testator. 
See 

 (quoting Whalen v. Prosser, 

 (Fla. 2d DCA 1998)).   
              a.   LiBrizzi does not pursue the claim against Jake, and her 
                   claim against Max is too speculative to raise a fact issue 

    LiBrizzi contends she is entitled to judgment on tortious interference “based on the 
actions [of] Defendant Maxwell Bultman and his Aunt Jeanne Femrite under Florida 
law.” (Doc. No. 136 at 11–12.) She does not argue that she is entitled to judgment based 
on any action by Jake, so at minimum her crossclaim fails as asserted against Jake.  
    LiBrizzi goes on to treat Max as a joint tortfeasor with Femrite, even though 
Femrite is not a named defendant. LiBrizzi lost her bid to file a complaint asserting 

tortious interference against Femrite because the allegations founded on LiBrizzi’s 
“information and belief” were insufficient to plausibly state tortious conduct. (See Doc. 
No. 75 at 11–13.) Now at summary judgment, LiBrizzi does not offer sufficient evidence 
for her tortious interference theory to survive as a crossclaim against Max.  
    At times, LiBrizzi intimates that someone other than Mr. Bultman submitted the 
beneficiary changes. However, she points to no record evidence that Max or Femrite had 

the opportunity or capability to access Mr. Bultman’s computer prior to his death 
generally, and not when the beneficiary change forms were submitted specifically—much 
less that either one knew Mr. Bultman’s credentials to access Banner’s online portal and 
submit the forms. Max testified that he first learned of the insurance policy after his 
father died and had not seen the beneficiary change request. (Maxwell Dep. at 111:9-12.) 

So did Femrite. (Doc. No. 137-8, Femrite Dep. at 20:14-25; 98:2-8; 136:16-138:14.) 
Femrite also expressly denied using her power of attorney to change insurance 
beneficiaries and denied that she and Mr. Bultman ever discussed making beneficiary 
changes. (Id. at 97:20-98:1.) LiBrizzi does not rebut this testimony with anything other 
than her own firmly held beliefs about foul play.                         

    LiBrizzi admitted that her notion that someone other than Mr. Bultman submitted 
the forms was just that—a notion—and could not point to any evidence outside of her 
own suspicions to support it. Speculative beliefs do not create a genuine fact issue. See 
Feinman v. Target Corp., No. 11-62480-CIV, 

, at *6 (S.D. Fla. Dec. 6, 
2012) (quotation omitted). Additionally, to rule for LiBrizzi, a jury would have to find 
that Max (or Femrite with Max’s cooperation) had the opportunity and the means to 

access not just Mr. Bultman’s computer but also his password protected online account 
with Banner, all to change the terms of a life insurance policy Max did not know about 
until after his father died. The jury would also have to believe either that Mr. Bultman did 
not send the message telling Jake that he was changing insurance forms, or that  
Mr. Bultman was so sick that he did not understand the message—but not so sick that he 
could type and send it. Accordingly, like lack of capacity and undue influence, LiBrizzi’s 

fraudulent submission theory is wholly speculative and not supported by sufficient record 
evidence to raise a fact issue, much less to award her summary judgment.  
              b.   Recycling Mr. Bultman’s computer is not evidence of a 
                   cover up                                              
    The critical act LiBrizzi believes signifies tortious interference is the “destruction” 
of Mr. Bultman’s computer. She argues that Femrite and Max destroyed the computer, 
but there is no evidence other than LiBrizzi’s say-so that Max was involved in recycling 
Mr. Bultman’s computer. Femrite testified that she recycled the computer at the time that 

she was preparing to move to a new home. (Femrite Dep. at 34:24–35:13.) To attribute 
any misconduct related to recycling the computer to Max, one must believe that Max was 
involved in or knew about the act, with some intent to interfere with Mr. Bultman’s 
wishes for LiBrizzi to inherit the life insurance proceeds.               
    LiBrizzi points to Max living in the basement apartment of Femrite’s home as 

evidence that Max was involved with or aware of the decision to recycle the computer. 
That is pure speculation. LiBrizzi failed to sufficiently allege tortious interference by 
Femrite, whom the evidence shows actually recycled the computer. LiBrizzi’s effort to 

extend the alleged wrongdoing to Max and establish joint, cooperative tortious 
interference is rooted in the same information and belief that failed previously.  
    LiBrizzi likewise concludes without evidence that Mr. Bultman’s computer held 
documents showing how he desired to distribute his property. Both Femrite and Max 
testified that documents were removed from the computer and have been produced in 
discovery. Max specifically testified that if a document was not included in the discovery 

production, then it was not on his father’s computer. (Maxwell Dep. at 89:6-9.) LiBrizzi’s 
speculation is insufficient to raise a fact question over the computer’s contents. 
    Instead, LiBrizzi asks to draw a negative inference against Max and Femrite 
because destroying the computer violated a court order to preserve evidence. The relevant 
order did not include a wholesale directive to preserve any and all evidence under any 

and all circumstances, however. The applicable portion directs the parties to “use 
reasonable, good faith and proportional efforts to preserve, request, identify and produce 
relevant information.” (Doc. No. 30 at 2.) Recycling the computer after first downloading 
documents and producing those documents in discovery is not indicative of an 
unreasonable, bad faith, or disproportionate effort to preserve relevant information. 

    LiBrizzi’s claim ultimately fails because recycling the computer a year after  
Mr. Bultman died is not itself indicative of a cover up. Nor is the fact that Femrite and 
Max shared an address between 2020 and 2021. Mr. Bultman mistaking his dominant 
hand and reporting only Max as his son on a disability benefits application do not signify 
some larger issue. Reports that Mr. Bultman was unable to sign forms days before he 
died do not raise a question over his capacity to do so when the beneficiary change forms 

were submitted weeks earlier. The full-name digital signatures on the forms matched the 
data in Banner’s system, and an outdated address was updated on the same day that the 
last change form was submitted. None of these facts points to interference. 
    Aggregating the evidence fares no better. LiBrizzi attempts to string together a 
timeline under which Mr. Bultman’s capacity was diminishing or diminished, and under 
which his sister and/or son conspired to fabricate the beneficiary changes and then 

destroy evidence of the truth a year later. LiBrizzi’s speculative interpretation does not 
support an inference that the beneficiary changes were the result of Femrite and Max’s 
meddling or did not align with Mr. Bultman’s wishes. To view the record as LiBrizzi 
asks and find in her favor requires too great a leap and relies on too little record evidence. 
              c.   Conclusion on tortious interference                   

    On the record presented here, no reasonable jury could find that Mr. Bultman’s 
sister and son surreptitiously submitted multiple beneficiary change requests or corruptly 
destroyed evidence, all to stop LiBrizzi from inheriting the life insurance proceeds. There 
is not sufficient evidence to justify such findings, even by inference. The only justifiable 
inferences to be drawn here are those of a man getting his affairs in order as he neared the 

end of his life, and then his next of kin managing his affairs in the weeks and months that 
followed. Therefore, LiBrizzi’s tortious interference claim fails and is dismissed. 
         3.   Conclusion on crossclaims                                  
    Even taking LiBrizzi at her word and drawing all reasonable inferences in her 
favor, her case amounts to no more than a metaphysical doubt about the validity of the 
beneficiary change forms. There is not sufficient record evidence to raise a genuine fact 

issue over Mr. Bultman’s beneficiary changes. Rather, the record supports a finding of 
capacity, refutes the possibility of undue influence, and rules out tortious interference.  
Therefore, as a matter of law Max and Jake are the beneficiaries of Mr. Bultman’s life 
insurance policy as reflected in the June 3, 2021 beneficiary change request. The policy 
proceeds will be disbursed in accordance with those terms, with Max receiving 75% and 
Jake receiving 25%.                                                       

    Based on the foregoing, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED as follows:             
    1.   Plaintiff Banner Life Insurance Company’s Motion for Summary Judgment 
(Doc. No. 113.) is GRANTED, and Defendant Andrea LiBrizzi’s counterclaim is 
DISMISSED. Plaintiff Banner Life Insurance Company is discharged from any further 

liability with respect to the funds deposited with the Clerk of Court and is DISMISSED 
WITH PREJUDICE from this matter.                                          
    2.   Plaintiff Banner Life Insurance Company’s request for attorneys’ fees is 
GRANTED as to its request for its fees and costs incurred in initiating this interpleader 
action, and the request is DENIED as to its request for its fees in litigating the 

counterclaims filed against Banner.                                       
    3.   Defendant Andrea LiBrizzi’s Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. No. 
128) is DENIED.                                                           
    4.   Defendants Maxwell Bultman and Jake Lester’s Motion for Summary 
Judgment (Doc. No. 130) is GRANTED, and Defendant Andrea LiBrizzi’s crossclaims 
are DISMISSED.                                                            

    5.    Defendants Maxwell Bultman and Jake Lester are the sole legal  
beneficiaries and rightful recipients of all proceeds of John Bultman’s life insurance 
policy, Policy No. 180960285.                                             
    6.   The Clerk of Court is directed to disburse all funds deposited into the 
Registry of the Court pursuant to the April 20, 2022 Order (Doc. No. 12) as follows: 
         a.   $9,862.58 to Plaintiff Banner Life Insurance Company for its 

    reasonable attorney’s fees and costs;                                
         b.   75% of the remainder to Defendant Maxwell Bultman; and     
         c.   25% of the remainder to Defendant Jake Lester.             
    LET JUDGMENT BE ENTERED ACCORDINGLY.                                 

Date: January 8, 2024          s/ Jerry W. Blackwell                     
                               JERRY W. BLACKWELL                        
                               United States District Judge              

                UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT                             
                    DISTRICT OF MINNESOTA                                


Banner Life Insurance Company,           Civ. No. 22-605 (JWB/DLM)       

  Plaintiff/Counter Defendant,                                           

v.                                   ON CROSS-MOTIONS FOR                
                                      SUMMARY JUDGMENT                   
Maxwell Bultman and Jake Lester,                                         

  Defendants/Counter Claimants/                                          
  Crossclaim Plaintiffs/Cross-Defendants,                                

v.                                                                       

Andrea LiBrizzi,                                                         

  Defendant/Counter Claimant/                                            
  Crossclaim Plaintiff/Cross-Defendant.                                  


Joseph Robert Jeffery, Esq., and Kaitlyn Ellie Luther, Esq., Chittenden, Murday & 
Novotny LLC, and Adam S. Huhta, Esq., Huhta Law Firm, PLLC, counsel for   
Plaintiff/Counter Defendant.                                              

Annaliisa Perrier Gifford, Esq., Elizabeth C. Henry, Esq., Francis J. Rondoni, Esq., and 
Jennifer J. Crancer, Esq., Chestnut Cambronne PA, counsel for Defendants/Counter 
Claimants Maxwell Bultman and Jake Lester.                                

Vytas M. Rimas, Esq., Rimas Law Firm, PLLC, counsel for Defendant/Counter Claimant 
Andrea LiBrizzi.                                                          


    This dispute is over competing claims to the proceeds of a life insurance policy 
held by John Bultman (“Mr. Bultman”), who died from cancer in June 2021. On one side 
are his sons Maxwell Bultman (“Max”) and Jake Lester (“Jake”). On the other is his ex-
domestic partner Andrea LiBrizzi (“LiBrizzi”). Both sides seek to be declared the 
beneficiary to the policy’s $250,000 payout. In the middle is the disinterested 
interpleading plaintiff, Banner Life Insurance Company (“Banner”), which seeks to be 

discharged from the matter and to have its attorneys’ fees reimbursed.    
    For the reasons that follow, Banner will be discharged from this action, and a 
portion of its attorneys’ fees will be reimbursed. On the cross-motions between the 
competing claimants, summary judgment will be granted for Max and Jake because the 
record lacks sufficient evidence to question whether Mr. Bultman validly changed his 
beneficiary designation in the weeks before he died.                      

                         BACKGROUND                                      
I.   The Underlying Policy and Events Preceding Mr. Bultman’s Death       
    A.   Mr. Bultman purchases the policy and names LiBrizzi the beneficiary 
    Nearly seven years before he died, Mr. Bultman opened a $250,000 life insurance 
policy with Banner in 2014. (See generally Doc. No. 1-1, Complaint (“Compl.”) Ex. A.) 

As the policy owner, Mr. Bultman was given an online account with Banner that he could 
access with a username and password. Through the online account, he could submit 
documents related to his policy, including beneficiary change forms.      
    The policy initially listed LiBrizzi as the sole primary beneficiary and indicates 
that it was signed in Prior Lake, Minnesota. (Id. at 24–25, 28.) Mr. Bultman and LiBrizzi 

were not married but lived together in Minnesota before moving to Florida in 2016.  
    B.   Mr. Bultman is diagnosed with cancer; his relationship with     
         LiBrizzi deteriorates                                           
    Mr. Bultman was diagnosed with cancer in 2016 and began receiving treatment. 
Starting in late 2019, Mr. Bultman’s sister, Jeanne Femrite (“Femrite”), and her husband 
began staying with the couple intermittently while Femrite, her husband, and  

Mr. Bultman worked on a nearby investment property that the trio had purchased 
together. According to LiBrizzi, Femrite’s presence and involvement in Florida drove a 
wedge between the couple, which ultimately caused Mr. Bultman to move out of their 
shared home and into the investment property in July 2020.                
    Despite treatment, Mr. Bultman’s cancer continued to progress and required 
surgery in September 2020. Before the surgery, Mr. Bultman assigned Femrite his power 

of attorney and health care directive and included her in his will. He did not change 
anything about his life insurance at that time. Following the operation, Femrite and other 
family members would take turns staying with Mr. Bultman at the investment property. 
    Meanwhile, Mr. Bultman and LiBrizzi’s relationship soured to such an extent that 
Mr. Bultman initiated a court proceeding in the fall of 2020 over custody of the couple’s 

dog Otis, which Mr. Bultman saw as rightfully his. LiBrizzi distanced herself from  
Mr. Bultman as the situation escalated, and Mr. Bultman later authored an online apology 
to LiBrizzi, calling her the girl of his dreams. After Mr. Bultman moved to the investment 
property, LiBrizzi saw him in person once in August 2020 and for the last time in 
December 2020.                                                            

    The investment property sold the next spring, and Mr. Bultman began renting an 
apartment in March 2021. He began receiving palliative care visits at the apartment in 
April 2021. All the while, LiBrizzi remained the sole designated beneficiary on  
Mr. Bultman’s life insurance policy, as she had been from the start.      
    C.   Banner receives beneficiary change requests in mid-2021         
    The beneficiary designation appeared to change, however, on May 20, 2021, when 

a beneficiary change form bearing an electronic signature for “John David Bultman” was 
filed with Banner that named Mr. Bultman’s son Max as the sole primary beneficiary. 
(Doc. No. 1-2, Compl. Ex. B.) The form listed Mr. Bultman’s address as being the 
residence he had shared with LiBrizzi but had not lived at since August 2020. (Id.)  
    The same day, Mr. Bultman sent Jake (Max’s older half-brother) the following 
text message:                                                             

    Hi Jake. What’s your current address? I’m updating some of my insurance 
    policies. I would rather have you on the policy rather [sic] than that woman 
    who took my dog.                                                     
(Doc. No. 133-9.) Jake responded with his address, and two weeks later on June 3, 2021, 
a second beneficiary change form was filed with Banner, naming Max and Jake as 
primary beneficiaries, with Max to receive 75% of the proceeds and Jake to receive 25%. 
(Doc. No. 1-3, Compl. Ex. C, at 1.) The second change form again included the electronic 
“John David Bultman” signature but listed Mr. Bultman’s apartment address. (Id. at 3.)  
    Medical notes from around that time report that Mr. Bultman remained alert and 
oriented, able to communicate and partially care for himself, and able to work on his 
computer, despite experiencing occasional pain, weakness, exhaustion, or confusion.  

    D.   Mr. Bultman dies weeks later                                    
    Mr. Bultman’s condition worsened in the few weeks that followed. The weekend 
after the second change form was submitted, Mr. Bultman’s pain increased, and he was 
taken to the emergency room. Afterward, he consulted with his sister and decided that he 
should move to hospice care. He was discharged from palliative care and referred for 
hospice care the following Monday, June 7.                                

    Over the next week, Mr. Bultman and Femrite worked on updating his will but 
could not get it notarized before Mr. Bultman’s cancer rendered him incapable of signing 
documents on June 14. He died in hospice the next week, on June 20, 2021. 
II.  Events Following Mr. Bultman’s Death                                 
    A.   Banner receives notice of Mr. Bultman’s death; Femrite takes custody 
         of his laptop                                                   
    Banner first learned of Mr. Bultman’s death a month later, on July 20, 2021, when 
Max called to notify the company. (Doc. No. 115-1 at 13.) Banner prepared a Notice of 
Claim memorializing the call and added it to Mr. Bultman’s policy file. (Id. at 5.) 

    Around the same time in July, several of Mr. Bultman’s family members went to 
his residence to pick up his ashes and collect his possessions, with Femrite serving as 
executor of the estate. Mr. Bultman’s possessions included his laptop, which Femrite 
took back to her home in Minnesota—where Max had also been living in a basement 
apartment. Femrite kept the computer for the next year, until she recycled it with other 

electronics as part of moving to a new address. Before doing so, however, Femrite 
removed pictures and tax and business documents that were stored on the computer. 
    B.   Banner declines to process beneficiary changes without additional 
         information and opens an investigation                          
    On July 28, 2021, Banner informed Max and Jake by letter that due to how close 
in time the beneficiary change form was submitted to Mr. Bultman’s death, the company 
could not consider the recent submission naming them as beneficiaries without additional 
documentation to confirm the submission’s validity. (Doc. No. 115-1 at 15, 16.) Banner 
hired KAS*Per Resources Inc. (“KAS*Per”) to investigate and report on whether the 

submitted change of beneficiary forms were acceptable.                    
    As part of the investigation, KAS*Per contacted Jake, Femrite, and Mr. Bultman’s 
palliative and hospice care providers. KAS*Per left messages with Max but did not speak 
with him. KAS*Per reviewed Mr. Bultman’s treatment records from May 28, June 7, and 
June 8, 2021, and summarized them in its final report to Banner as follows: 
    •  5/28/21- Note from palliative care with no reference to mental status, 
      but the Insured was communicating with the Staff.                  
    •  6/7/21- Initial hospice visit with no reference to mental status. 
    •  6/8/21- Hospice note indicated Insured was forgetful. He was sleeping 
      most of the time, but oriented to person, place and time.          
(Doc. No. 118-1 at 3.) KAS*Per requested additional care records for dates between May 
28 and June 6, but Mr. Bultman had no records of care visits during that period. 
    Banner updated Max, Jake, and LiBrizzi by letter on October 6, 2021, informing 

them that Banner had not made a final beneficiary determination, and that it would need 
to obtain medical records to verify that Mr. Bultman was mentally and physically able to 
make the June 3, 2021 beneficiary change. (Doc. No. 115-1 at 17–19.) Banner provided 
each of the three with forms to submit a claim to the insurance policy benefit. (Id.)  
    C.   Jake, Max, and LiBrizzi each file a benefit claim               

    Over the course of the next eight days, Banner received claims from Jake, Max, 
and LiBrizzi. Jake submitted his claim on October 6, 2021 (Doc. No. 1-4, Compl. Ex. D.) 
Max submitted his on October 11, 2021 (Doc. No. 1-5, Compl. Ex. E.) And LiBrizzi filed 
hers on October 14, 2021. (Doc. No. 1-6, Compl. Ex. F.)                   
    On October 20, 2021, LiBrizzi emailed a Banner claims representative to request 

that the company “do a signature analysis,” claiming that a “hospice caretaker” told her 
that Mr. Bultman had forms he was unable to sign around the beginning of June 2021. 
(Doc. No. 115-1 at 21.) LiBrizzi later testified that the “hospice caretaker” was not an 
employee of Mr. Bultman’s provider but his ex-wife, who had been part of the rotation of 
family members staying with Mr. Bultman in his final weeks. (See Doc. No. 137-8, 
LiBrizzi Dep. at 97:13–98:4, 100:9–101:19.)                               

    D.   Banner gives the claimants time to resolve their competing claims  
    Faced with the competing claims and having no interest in which side would 
receive the funds, Banner granted Max, Jake, and LiBrizzi a period to negotiate how to 
distribute Mr. Bultman’s policy proceeds. (Doc. No. 115-1 at 51–53.) If no agreement 
could be reached, Banner would file suit to have a court resolve the matter. (Id.) 

III.  Procedural History                                                  
    A.   Banner files interpleader and deposits funds                    
    Having received no notice that the claimants had agreed on how to distribute the 
policy funds, Banner filed a Complaint for Interpleader under Rule 22 of the Federal 
Rules of Civil Procedure on March 8, 2022, naming Max, Jake, and LiBrizzi as 

Defendants. (Doc. No. 1.) Six days later, Banner moved to deposit the life insurance 
proceeds with the Court Registry. (Doc. No. 5.) Banner’s motion went unopposed and 
was granted on March 23, 2022. (Doc. No. 7.) After discovering a mathematical error, 
Banner filed an amended deposit motion (Doc. No. 8), which was also unopposed and 
granted on April 20, 2022. (Doc. No. 12.) Banner deposited the corrected proceeds 
amount of $256,517.89 with the Court Registry on May 3, 2022. (Doc. No. 13.) 

    B.   Defendants file responsive pleadings                            
    Max and Jake waived service of Banner’s Complaint on April 18, 2022, 
acknowledging that they received waiver requests from Banner on March 14, 2022 (the 
day Banner filed its first motion to deposit the interpleaded funds). (Doc. Nos. 10, 11.) 
They filed their Answer on May 9, 2022, which included a combined counterclaim 
against Banner and crossclaim against LiBrizzi seeking to be declared the beneficiaries to 

Mr. Bultman’s life insurance policy. (Doc. No. 15.)                       
    LiBrizzi was served with Banner’s Complaint on May 17, 2022. (Doc. No. 19.) 
She filed her Answer on June 7, 2022, which responded to both Banner’s Complaint and 
Max and Jake’s crossclaim and included her own counterclaim against Banner and 
crossclaims against Max and Jake. (Doc. No. 24.) In LiBrizzi’s first count, she seeks to 

be declared the rightful policy beneficiary, and her second count claims tortious 
interference with expected inheritance against Max and Jake. (Id. at 19–21.) 
    C.   Counter- and cross-defendants file responsive pleadings, discovery 
         begins, and LiBrizzi tries to add Femrite to the case           
    Each party’s final responsive pleadings were filed on June 8, June 21, and June 28, 
2022. (Doc. Nos. 25, 28, 32.) The next year of proceedings included taking and disputing 
discovery, informal dispute resolution sessions, and attempts by LiBrizzi to add Femrite 
as a party to the case and to compel Femrite to produce documents. (See Doc. Nos. 43, 

61, 96.) At the same time, Banner tried to facilitate an agreement with the Defendants to 
discharge it from the litigation by stipulation, but LiBrizzi would not agree. After 
LiBrizzi’s motions regarding Femrite were ultimately denied (Doc. Nos. 86, 112), Banner 

moved for summary judgment. (Doc. No. 113.)                               
IV.  The Present Cross-Motions for Summary Judgment                       
    Banner moves for summary judgment on its Complaint, seeking to be discharged 
from the interpleader action and an award of its attorneys’ fees. (Doc. No. 113.) LiBrizzi 
opposes Banner’s motion. (Doc. No. 117.) The sons do not oppose discharging Banner 
and stipulated to dismiss their counterclaim for declaratory relief against Banner. (Doc. 

No. 121.) The sons did not stipulate to awarding Banner its fees, however. 
    LiBrizzi moves for summary judgment on both her counterclaim against Banner 
and her crossclaims against the sons. (Doc. No. 128.) The sons oppose LiBrizzi’s motion 
as it relates to her crossclaims against them and move for summary judgment in their 
favor on their crossclaim against LiBrizzi. (Doc. No. 130.)               

                          DISCUSSION                                     
I.   Legal Standard                                                       
    Summary judgment is proper if the record establishes that there is no genuine 
issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. 
R. Civ. P. 56(a). In order to determine which facts are material, courts should look to the 

substantive law in a dispute and identify the facts which are critical to the outcome.  
Com. Union Ins. Co. v. Schmidt, 

 (8th Cir. 1992) (citing Anderson v. 
Liberty Lobby, 

 (1986)). A genuine issue of material fact exists when 
the evidence is sufficient for a reasonable jury to return a verdict for the nonmoving 
party. Anderson, 

. If the evidence would permit a reasonable jury to return 
a verdict in favor of the nonmoving party, then summary judgment is inappropriate. 

Krenik v. Cnty. of Le Sueur, 

 (8th Cir. 1995).            
    On summary judgment, evidence is considered in the light most favorable to the 
nonmoving party, drawing all reasonable inferences in that party’s favor. See Windstream 
Corp. v. Da Gragnano, 

, 802–03 (8th Cir. 2014). This means believing the 
nonmoving party’s evidence and drawing all justifiable inferences in their favor. See 
Schmidt, 

 (citing Anderson, 

). Courts considering 

summary judgment do not weigh evidence to find the truth of the matter; the task is to 
decide whether a genuine trial issue exists. See 

 (quoting Anderson, 

). 
II.  Analysis                                                             
    Analysis of the parties’ cross-motions will proceed as follows: first is Banner’s 
request to be discharged from the matter; second is Banner’s request for attorneys’ fees; 

third is summary judgment as to Defendants’ counterclaims against Banner; and last is 
summary judgment as to Defendants’ crossclaims against each other.        
    A.   Banner’s request to be discharged                               

    Interpleader allows a party holding money or property to bring a single suit joining 
individuals asserting exclusive claims to the fund, to protect against double liability and 
the burden of multiple lawsuits. See Protective Life Ins. Co. v. Kridner, Civ. No. 12-582 
(JRT/JJG), 

, at *2 (D. Minn. Mar. 27, 2013) (quoting Wittry v. Nw. 
Mut. Life Ins. Co., 

, 499–500 (D. Minn. 1989)); see also Dakota 
Livestock Co. v. Keim, 

 (8th Cir. 1977). Interpleader is an equitable 
action controlled by equitable principles. Primerica Life Ins. Co. v. Woodall, 

 (8th Cir. 2020) (quotation omitted). As such, if the interpleading party has acted 

unfairly to create the underlying conflict, then interpleader will not shield against 
counterclaims asserting that the party is at fault in creating the dispute. See 

. 
    Here, the undisputed record shows that instead of processing Mr. Bultman’s 
beneficiary change requests, Banner opted to investigate the validity of the submissions 
because they were made just weeks before Mr. Bultman died. Eight days after learning 
Mr. Bultman had died, Banner sent letters to Max and Jake explaining that it needed 

documentation to validate the submissions. Banner then hired a contractor who obtained 
access to medical records, reviewed the available records, and reported its findings. 
    In early October 2021, based on KAS*Per’s investigative report, Banner informed 
the three potential beneficiaries that it still could not make a final determination and 
provided them the forms to submit benefit claims. Banner received claims from Max, 

Jake, and LiBrizzi shortly thereafter. Banner then sent notices to all three informing them 
of the competing claims and indicating that Banner would pursue an interpleader action if 
the three could not reach an agreement on how to distribute the funds. After receiving no 
notice of an agreement, Banner filed the interpleader action.             
    On its face, there appears to be nothing improper about how Banner proceeded in 

the months between receiving notice of Mr. Bultman’s death and filing this interpleader 
action. However, LiBrizzi contends that Banner’s failure to investigate the competing 
claims, undue delay in filing its Complaint, and unfair choice to file suit in Minnesota all 
support finding that Banner has operated unfairly in pursuing interpleader relief. Upon 
review, each claimed unfairness falls short of invalidating Banner’s use of interpleader. 
         1.   Failure to investigate                                     

    LiBrizzi contends that Banner failed to fully investigate Mr. Bultman’s capacity to 
sign the beneficiary change forms submitted in May and June 2021. Specifically, LiBrizzi 
faults Banner for not “following up” on her request to “do a signature analysis.”  
    After submitting her benefit claim, LiBrizzi emailed Banner to advise that the 
company should analyze the electronic signatures on the beneficiary change forms 
because she had heard a comment from a “hospice caretaker” that made her question 

whether Mr. Bultman could have submitted the electronic documents himself—that is, 
whether he was capable of doing so. But LiBrizzi’s email came two weeks after Banner 
had sent letters specifically explaining that it could not consider the beneficiary changes 
absent documentation establishing Mr. Bultman’s capacity to make the proposed 
changes. And weeks before those letters, KAS*Per’s initial September 17, 2021 report to 

Banner referenced Banner’s “request to secure medical records in an attempt to determine 
whether the Insured was capable of making the Beneficiary change that was submitted to 
your company.” (Doc. No. 118-1 at 1.) LiBrizzi’s email did no more than raise an issue 
that Banner had already asked its contractor to investigate.              
    LiBrizzi’s belief that signature analysis would have resolved the matter in her 

favor is not evidence that Banner’s investigation was improper or insufficient. LiBrizzi’s 
perceived investigatory shortcomings do not provide a reasonable basis to conclude that 
Banner’s failure to conduct an unspecified signature analysis at LiBrizzi’s request caused 
or contributed to the competing claims.                                   
         2.   Unreasonable delay                                         

    LiBrizzi next contends that Banner unreasonably delayed initiating the 
interpleader lawsuit. She sets out the unduly delayed timeline as follows: Banner was 
notified on July 20, 2021 of Mr. Bultman’s death; Banner sent letters giving notice of 
competing claims on October 22, 2021; and then Banner deposited the interpleader funds 
on May 3, 2022. She then declares nine months to be an unreasonable delay, without 
setting out what evidence shows why nine months is unreasonable in this case.  
    Banner, on the other hand, details how those nine months were spent: seeking 

access to medical records; awaiting its contractor’s review of medical records once given 
access; notifying LiBrizzi and the sons of their competing claims; waiting to see whether 
the claimants would agree on how to apportion the funds; filing its interpleader lawsuit 
when no agreement materialized after four months; moving to deposit the funds six days 
after filing suit; and then later depositing the funds after correcting a calculation error. 

    To agree with LiBrizzi would require finding that nine months is an unreasonable 
delay in and of itself, not based on record evidence. Instead, the record establishes that 
the months between when Banner learned of Mr. Bultman’s death and commenced the 
interpleader lawsuit were spent on necessary and proper efforts to investigate, confirm, 
and avoid liability on competing beneficiary claims.                      

         3.   Unfair venue                                               

    LiBrizzi’s contention that Banner unfairly filed its lawsuit in Minnesota is futile. 
She cites no authority for her position that venue choice bears on whether an interpleader 
plaintiff unfairly contributed to the conflict between claimants. And even so, venue in an 
interpleader action is proper in the judicial district where one or more claimants reside, 

, and Max is an admitted Minnesota resident. (Doc. No. 15 ¶ 2.) As the 

plaintiff, Banner is free to file in a valid venue of its choosing.       
         4.   Conclusion on Banner’s request to be discharged            

    LiBrizzi fails to establish a basis to deny Banner’s request to be discharged from 
this interpleader action. Banner received the beneficiary change forms shortly before  
Mr. Bultman died, reviewed whether it could process the forms, determined that it could 
not, and then received claims from each potential beneficiary. On those facts, no 
reasonable jury could determine that Banner unfairly created the conflict that give rise to 
competing claims to the insurance proceeds. Therefore, Banner’s motion for summary 
judgment is granted on this issue, and Banner is discharged from this matter. 
    B.   Banner’s request for attorneys’ fees                            

    As is common in interpleaded life insurance proceedings, Banner requests an 
award of its attorneys’ fees upon being discharged from the matter. Banner requests not 
just its costs to prepare and initiate the interpleader lawsuit, but also its “substantial” fees 
from litigating against LiBrizzi’s “unnecessary and unreasonable litigation positions” 
through discovery to the dispositive motion stage. (Doc. No. 114 at 5–6.) 
    Judge Tunheim’s order on attorneys’ fees in Protective Life Ins. Co. v. Kridner, 

Civ. No. 12-582 (JRT/JJG), 

 (D. Minn. Mar. 27, 2013), and its cited 
authorities, are particularly instructive and help guide the analysis of Banner’s fee request 
here. Because Banner validly initiated the interpleader, its fees for that portion of the case 
will be awarded. However, an award that depletes the interpleader fund to cover the cost 
of Banner’s prolonged presence in the case would not be fair to the competing claimants.  
         1.   Interpleading plaintiffs are generally awarded attorneys’ fees, 
              although some courts treat interpleader suits as an expected cost 
              of the life insurance business                             

    A disinterested stakeholder who faces multiple liability and interpleads the 
claimants—like Banner did here—should not ordinarily bear the expenses incurred in 
bringing the action. Kridner, 

, at *2, n.4 (collecting cases). In part 
because claimants benefit from quickly resolving disputes over the claimed funds, courts 
often award fees and costs to the disinterested, interpleading insurance company. See 

 
(quoting Allianz Life Ins. v. Agorio, 

 (N.D. Cal. 2012)). 
    Some courts bar insurance companies from recovering costs and fees because 
filing interpleader actions to resolve competing beneficiary claims is a normal part of the 
life insurance business. See 

 at *3 n.7. However, the Eighth Circuit has not wholly 
precluded fee awards to interpleading insurance companies on that basis. See 

 (citing 

N.Y. Life Ins. Co. v. Miller, 

 (8th Cir. 1944); Hunter v. Federal Life Ins. 
Co., 

 (1940)). Such a rule will not be applied here.     
    In addition, LiBrizzi’s contention that Florida law and its rule barring recovery 
should govern here fails because the underlying life insurance policy contract—which 
includes the terms under which a beneficiary designation can be validly changed—was 

formed in Minnesota. Therefore, Minnesota law governs the policy, not Florida law. 
         2.   Banner will be awarded modest fees and costs for initiating the 
              interpleader action, but not for litigating subsequent discovery 
              disputes and dispositive motion practice                   

    To recoup fees and costs, a court must find (1) a disinterested stakeholder, (2) who 
has conceded liability, (3) has deposited the disputed funds into court, and (4) has sought 
discharge from liability. Kridner, 

, at *3 (quotation omitted). While a 

disinterested stakeholder usually recovers its costs and fees, the amount should be modest 
because interpleader actions do not typically demand great skill, labor, or responsibility. 
See Federated Mut. Ins. Co. v. Moody Station & Grocery, 

 (8th Cir. 
2016) (quoting Hunter v. Fed. Life Ins. Co., 

 (8th Cir. 1940)). 
    Banner plainly meets the four requirements for recovery, having been discharged 
from liability for the reasons provided in Section II.A. However, Banner will not be 

awarded costs and fees beyond those reasonably necessary to prepare and initiate the 
interpleader action. While Banner is correct that the timing of its effort to be discharged 
from this matter does not bear upon its right to recover its costs and fees, the timing does 
bear upon the amount of costs and fees it will recover.                   
              a.   Banner is mistaken that it could not have sought      
                   discharge before summary judgment                     

    Banner did not seek discharge from this matter for more than a year after 
depositing the interpleader funds. It argues that LiBrizzi’s litigation positions prolonged 
its involvement, essentially contending that it could not have sought discharge before 
summary judgment. However, the record reveals both a behind-the-scenes effort by 
Banner to leave early in the case and missed opportunities to do the same by motion.  
    Banner circulated a proposed stipulation to discharge it from the case on August 
11, 2022. As of that date, all parties had been served, all responsive pleadings had been 

filed, and the policy proceeds had been deposited. The groundwork was laid for 
discharge, which Banner pursued by stipulation instead of through a potentially contested 
motion. When the stipulation effort failed because LiBrizzi declined to sign, Banner did 

not then seek discharge by motion but opted instead to await summary judgment. 
    At the very earliest, Banner could have sought discharge as part of a motion to 
deposit the interpleader funds filed after serving Defendants with its Complaint. The time 
to contest the propriety of the interpleader action is at the time the interpleader seeks to 
deposit the funds. Cf. Kridner, 

, at *3. LiBrizzi could not have 
contested Banner’s use of interpleader when Banner sought to deposit the funds because 

Banner had not served her with its Complaint at that time. She was served on May 17, 
2022—two weeks after the proceeds were deposited. Even though LiBrizzi’s arguments 
about the propriety interpleader fail on their merits, she was precluded from making them 
against Banner’s motion to deposit because of Banner’s lack of service. By moving to 
deposit the funds well before completing initial service of the interpleader suit, Banner 

skipped an early opportunity to consider discharge.                       
    Banner also argues that LiBrizzi’s counterclaim required it to stay in the case 
through discovery. But the merits and impact of LiBrizzi’s counterclaim could have been 
addressed sooner had Banner pursued discharge after receiving Defendants’ responsive 
pleadings. Banner chose not to file a motion to dismiss what it believed to be a meritless 

counterclaim that stood in the way of its discharge from the action. Instead, Banner 
sought discharge by stipulation, which then broke down (in Banner’s view) due to 
LiBrizzi’s meritless counterclaim and related discovery requests. Banner later rejected 
LiBrizzi’s offer to drop her counterclaim because she did not also offer to discharge 
Banner and award its fees. (Doc. No. 114 at 23.) At least in part, Banner’s actions 
contributed to the reasons for pursuing discharge at summary judgment and not before. 

              b.   Banner will not automatically be awarded fees for     
                   defending a counterclaim that overlaps with the propriety 
                   of it seeking interpleader                            

    Banner quotes Kridner’s statement that “fees expended in responding to 
counterclaims which essentially challenge only the propriety of an interpleader action are 
recoverable by a stakeholder,” 

, at *6, but that does not give Banner 
license to litigate without abandon with the guarantee that it will be fully reimbursed. 
Banner litigated against LiBrizzi’s counterclaim as if it were an independent claim but 
declined to take steps to defeat that claim earlier in the case.          
    Interpleading plaintiffs should be readily discharged unless there is a basis for 
independent liability to a claimant. See Metro. Life Ins. Co. v. Mitchell, 

 (E.D.N.Y. 2013) (quoting 4 James Wm. Moore et al., Moore’s Federal Practice 
§ 23.03[2][a] (3d ed. 2005)). Under the old interpleader practice, if a claimant alleged 
independent liability, the stakeholder would lose its right to bring the interpleader action. 
Prudential Ins. Co. of Am. v. Hovis, 

 (3d Cir. 2009) (citations omitted). 
Today’s practice is to keep the stakeholder in the litigation to defend the counterclaim, 
even after depositing the disputed funds. See 

 (citing Wayzata Bank & Trust Co. v.  

A & B Farms, 

 (8th Cir. 1988)).                          
    Upon inspection, LiBrizzi’s counterclaim does not raise any legal issue other than 
who should be entitled to life insurance proceeds—which is the dispute that the 
interpleader action was brought to settle. LiBrizzi raised negligence in a single paragraph 
affirmative defense and alleged that Banner failed to uphold its contractual obligation to 
pay LiBrizzi the policy proceeds. (Doc. No. 24 ¶¶ 31, 58–59.) Failing to choose between 

claimants rather than filing for interpleader cannot itself be a breach of a legal duty. 
Hovis, 

. LiBrizzi alleged no wrongdoing by Banner outside of its failure 
to choose her as the beneficiary. Therefore, she did not claim any basis for Banner to be 
independently liable to her.                                              
    Nonetheless, Banner treated LiBrizzi’s filing like an independent claim. If 
Banner’s position from the start was that LiBrizzi’s claims had no merit and that 

discovery would not bear on the propriety of interpleader, Banner could have sought 
dismissal or early summary judgment and then requested discharge if successful. And 
even if LiBrizzi’s claim could not have been defeated early on, potential independent 
liability would not bar a ruling on whether Banner properly filed for interpleader. 
    The mere presence of LiBrizzi’s counterclaim does not automatically require 

awarding all of Banner’s fees spent litigating the case through summary judgment. 
Banner’s choice not to seek discharge until summary judgment is not a basis to award the 
fees it incurred by making that choice. Although Banner has acted in good faith 
throughout this litigation, its tactics and reasoning unnecessarily increased the overall 
amount of fees it now seeks to have reimbursed from the interpleaded funds. 

              c.   LiBrizzi is incorrect that Banner would only be subject to 
                   discovery if it remained a named defendant            

    Banner is certainly not the only party that contributed to prolonging its presence in 
this litigation. LiBrizzi’s failure to sufficiently allege a counterclaim that was 
independent from Banner’s failure to choose her as the rightful beneficiary led Banner in 
part to take its chosen litigation course. LiBrizzi also declined to cooperate with Banner’s 

efforts to form an agreement discharging it from the case. LiBrizzi claims she kept 
Banner in the case because it would not have been subject to discovery otherwise. That 
belief is mistaken. Even as a nonparty, Banner could be compelled to sit for a deposition 
under Rule 30 and would remain subject to document subpoenas under Rule 34. 
    LiBrizzi’s mistakes do not determine the issue, however. Whether Banner was a 
named party or not, LiBrizzi would still have pursued (in Banner’s view, unreasonable) 

discovery, for which Banner would likely have incurred legal fees. The mere fact that 
Banner remained subject to LiBrizzi’s discovery requests as a named party does not 
justify awarding its fees incurred in responding to her requests.         
              d.   Depleting the interpleader fund to cover costs of litigation 
                   between Banner and LiBrizzi would not be equitable    

    Banner seeks to recoup all of its legal fees only from the interpleader fund, and not 
in part from LiBrizzi—the party whom Banner blames for its additional litigation costs. 
When pressed at oral argument, Banner declined to characterize any of LiBrizzi’s 
positions or actions as being taken in bad faith, despite believing that certain of LiBrizzi’s 
positions entirely lack legal merit. Cf. Kridner, 

, at *8–9 (discussing 
that a bad faith finding can justify awarding costs and fees from the losing claimant 
instead of from the interpleaded funds). That is Banner’s choice. But Banner’s decision to 
forego recovering fees from LiBrizzi is no reason to diminish the pool of funds that 

Banner itself acknowledges rightfully belongs to only either LiBrizzi or Max and Jake.  
    Diminishing the fund would be particularly unfair to Max and Jake because they 
demonstrated willingness to cooperate with Banner by stipulating to dismiss their 

counterclaims, and Banner provides no basis to question the fairness or legal merit of any 
of the sons’ positions or tactics.                                        
    To be clear, even if certain litigation choices were based on a misunderstanding, 
limiting Banner’s fee award is not a punishment for making those choices. Rather, as a 
matter of fairness, the most proportionate outcome is to award Banner’s fees and costs 
related to filing the interpleader action—which was done fairly—but to exclude the fees 

and costs that it incurred thereafter.                                    
              e.   Banner identifies $9,221.00 in fees and $641.58 in costs as 
                   attributable to filing the interpleader Complaint     

    Banner’s first proposed stipulation to be discharged from this case in August 2022 
included the following term:                                              
    Awarding Banner Life its reasonable attorney’s fees in the amount of 
    $9,221.00 and costs in the amount of $641.58, which were incurred in 
    connection with prosecuting this Complaint for Interpleader, with such fees 
    and costs to be deducted from the amount deposited into the Registry of the 
    Court[.]                                                             

(Doc. No. 115-2 at 16 (emphasis added).) Presumably, this is the amount of fees and 
costs attributable to initiating the interpleader suit. That amount is proportionate to 
Banner’s efforts in bringing this matter from notice of death to deposited funds. 
Therefore, Banner is awarded $9,862.58 from the interpleaded funds.       
    Having addressed whether interpleader is appropriate and whether Banner should 
be discharged, it is necessary to evaluate the rights to the interpleaded fund. Those rights 
are determined by resolving the Defendants’ cross-motions for summary judgment. 
    C.   Summary judgment on Defendants’ counterclaims against Banner    

    LiBrizzi’s counterclaim against Banner mirrors her complaints about whether 
Banner acted unfairly in bringing the interpleader lawsuit. She seeks to be declared the 
rightful beneficiary to Mr. Bultman’s policy because Banner failed to sufficiently 
investigate and reject the sons’ benefit claims. Her claim fails for the reasons given in 
Section II.A. Because there is no genuine issue of material fact as to Banner’s alleged 
misconduct, and because the record supports finding Banner’s conduct reasonable under 

the circumstances, Banner is entitled to summary judgment on LiBrizzi’s counterclaim. 
    Max and Jake stipulated to dismiss their declaratory judgment counterclaim 
against Banner with prejudice. (Doc. No. 121.) That stipulation was accepted, and the 
claim was dismissed with prejudice by court order on July 19, 2023. (Doc. No. 123.) Max 
and Jake seek summary judgment only on their remaining crossclaim against LiBrizzi. 

    D.   Summary judgment on Defendants’ crossclaims                     

    Cross-motions for summary judgment do not change the summary judgment 
standard. Hanson v. Loparex, Inc., 

 (D. Minn. 2011). To obtain 
summary judgment, the moving party must demonstrate an absence of evidence 
supporting the nonmoving party’s case. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 

 
(1986). If the moving party does so, the nonmoving party must raise more than a 
metaphysical doubt about material facts to establish a genuine fact issue. Conseco Life 
Ins. Co. v. Williams, 

 (8th Cir. 2010) (quoting Matsushita Elec. Indus. 
Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 

 (1986)). Resting on allegations or denials in 
a pleading is not enough—the nonmoving party must identify specific facts that show a 
genuine issue for trial. 

 (quoting Matsushita, 

).       

    When a party opposing summary judgment fails to show a genuine issue for trial, 
summary judgment “may and should be granted” if the moving party otherwise satisfies 
the summary judgment requirements. Schmidt, 

 (quoting Celotex, 

). The purpose of summary judgment is to isolate and dispose of factually 
unsupported claims and defenses. See 

 (quoting Celotex, 

). 

         1.   Declaratory judgment as to policy beneficiary              

    Max and Jake seek summary judgment on their declaratory judgment crossclaim, 
arguing there is no reasonable dispute that the forms naming them as Mr. Bultman’s 
beneficiaries are valid. LiBrizzi seeks summary judgment on her declaratory judgment 
crossclaim only as it relates to her argument that she was the intended beneficiary under 
Minnesota’s “intent to benefit” test. She contends that material fact issues preclude 
summary judgment for either side on the questions of whether Mr. Bultman lacked 
capacity to submit the forms and whether the forms were the product of undue influence. 
    LiBrizzi also argues that the stipulated dismissal of the sons’ counterclaim against 
Banner estops them from relitigating the same issue—whether they should be declared 
the rightful beneficiaries—in their crossclaim against her. The argument fails because the 

order accepting Max, Jake, and Banner’s stipulated dismissal did not adjudicate all of the 
claims or rights and liabilities of all parties to the action—nor could it have. By rule, this 
action has not ended as to any of the claims or parties. Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(b). Accordingly, 
Max and Jake cannot relitigate an issue or claim for which the litigation has not ended, 
and the summary judgment analysis of the crossclaims may proceed without issue. 
    In an interpleader action, questions of jurisdiction and procedure are determined 

by federal law, but the rights of parties bringing crossclaims are controlled by state law. 
Coastal Air Lines v. Dockery, 

 (8th Cir. 1950). Only Max and Jake 
brief the issue of whether to apply Minnesota or Florida law to analyze the crossclaims; 
LiBrizzi does not brief the issue but argues her “intent to benefit” theory under Minnesota 
law and her opposition to the sons’ motion under Florida law.             
    The applicable law will be discussed in the analysis of each issue below. But 

regardless of which state supplies the law, summary judgment must be granted against a 
party who fails to sufficiently establish an essential element of their case for which that 
party bears the burden of proof. See Celotex, 

. On the record presented 
here, it is LiBrizzi who fails to make the requisite showing to survive summary judgment. 
              a.   LiBrizzi’s “intent to benefit” argument is misplaced  

    Even assuming Minnesota law applies for the sake of considering LiBrizzi’s 
“intent to benefit” argument, the argument lacks merit. Under Minnesota law, a third 
party may recover as an intended beneficiary to a contract if they can show that the 
contracting parties intended to provide them a benefit through the contract. See Kruger v. 
Lely North Am., Inc., 

, 1289 (D. Minn. 2021) (citations omitted).  

    LiBrizzi’s argument about Mr. Bultman’s intent rests on a fundamental 
misunderstanding of the state of Mr. Bultman’s beneficiary designation. Reiterated 
throughout her briefing, LiBrizzi surmises that because Banner did not process the 
beneficiary change forms, Banner rejected the submissions as not being in an acceptable 
form as the policy requires and concluded that Mr. Bultman lacked capacity to make the 
changes or did not make the changes himself. (See Doc. No. 136 at 11; Doc. No. 139 at 

18; Doc. No. 144 at 2–6.). This misconstrues Banner’s response and the current 
disposition of the beneficiary designation.                               
    Banner raised a concern over the timing of the submissions, not their form. After 
investigating because the requests were submitted just weeks before Mr. Bultman died, 
Banner still felt it could not decide whether to approve or reject the submissions and 
submitted the matter for resolution in court. Therefore, it is no surprise that LiBrizzi is 

still listed as the policy beneficiary. Banner never decided whether that should change. 
LiBrizzi painting the scenario as resolved in her favor is misplaced.     
    LiBrizzi’s position that Mr. Bultman never wavered in his intent for her to benefit 
from the policy is refuted by clear record evidence—most notably the text message from 
Mr. Bultman to Jake stating that he was updating his insurance policies, and the two 

beneficiary change requests. For LiBrizzi to prevail on summary judgment, that evidence 
would have to be conclusively refuted. As explained above, her argument that Banner 
rejected the purported beneficiary changes misinterprets the record. Mr. Bultman’s intent 
was undetermined at the time of his death due to the pending beneficiary changes. 
    Turning then to whether the change forms represent a change in Mr. Bultman’s 

intent, LiBrizzi offers lack of capacity and undue influence as reasons to question the 
forms’ validity. She contends that fact disputes preclude summary judgment on those 
issues. Max and Jake see no genuine fact issues and believe the record warrants entering 
judgment in their favor.                                                  
              b.   Lack of capacity                                      
    Both Minnesota and Florida recognize a presumption of competence. See 

Jasperson v. Jacobson, 

 (Minn. 1947); Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. v. 
Taylor, No. 3:11–cv–334–J–34JBT, 

, at *3 (M.D. Fla. Aug.14, 2012) 
(citation omitted). Both states also recognize that competence is measured at the time the 
document in question was executed, and that incompetence must be shown by something 
more than mental weakness. See Sullivan v. Joint Indep. Consolid. Sch. Dist. No. 102, 

, 4–5 (Minn. 1958); Timm v. Schneider, 

 (Minn. 1938); In re 

Seminole Walls & Ceilings, Corp., 

 (Bankr. M.D. Fla. 2007) (citation 
omitted). Mr. Bultman cannot be said to lack mental capacity where he could reasonably 
understand the nature and effect of his actions. See Timm, 

.  
    The party alleging lack of capacity must prove it by a preponderance of the 
evidence. Metro. Life Ins. Co. v. Washington, No. 8:14-CV-00886-T-24TB, 

, at *3 (M.D. Fla. Aug. 31, 2015) (citation omitted); cf. Ivers v. CMFG Life Ins. 
Co., No. 15-CV-1577 (WMW/BRT), 

, at *9 (D. Minn. June 29, 2017) 
(“Because a party is presumed to possess the required capacity to contract, the burden of 
overcoming this presumption rests with the party asserting lack of capacity.”). 
    LiBrizzi offers no direct evidence of Mr. Bultman’s mental or physical state on 

May 20 or June 3, 2021. Instead, she collects pieces of evidence she believes are grounds 
to question Mr. Bultman’s ability to request the beneficiary changes on either date. 
Specifically, she points out that the forms are electronically signed with Mr. Bultman’s 
full name (which she says was not his custom), that the May 20 submission uses an 
outdated address, that Mr. Bultman made errors on a May 29, 2021 disability benefits 
application, and that he grew too sick to sign documents by June 14. She then cites her 

own testimony explaining why those pieces of evidence indicate questionable capacity. 
    Competency or the lack thereof may be proven by circumstantial evidence. See 
Krueger v. Zoch, 

 (Minn. 1969). Indeed, any fact may be established 
by adequate circumstantial evidence. Northern States Power Co. v. Lyon Food Products, 
Inc., 

 (Minn. 1975). However, circumstantial evidence is not 
adequate if it requires speculation to fill in evidentiary gaps. Cf. Besett v. Hegg, 

 (D. Minn. 2012) (“Circumstantial evidence . . . cannot create a 
genuine issue of material fact if a key inference is left to conjecture and speculation.”) 
(quotation omitted); Hernandez v. Sam’s E., Inc., No. 20-CV-61648-RAR, 

, at *6 (S.D. Fla. Apr. 26, 2021) (stating that circumstantial evidence does not 
adequately establish fact if it requires piling “inferences upon inferences”).  

    LiBrizzi relies on her own assumptions and speculation to question mental 
capacity in the circumstances here. She questions why the beneficiary change forms were 
signed “John David Bultman” because Mr. Bultman’s typical signature did not include 
his middle name. But the digital signature does match the full name listed for the Policy 
Owner in Banner’s system. She similarly questions the use of an old address on the May 

20 form. But Banner’s corporate representative testified that the incorrect address on the 
May 20 form matched the address in Banner’s system for Mr. Bultman on that date. 
Finally, checking the wrong box for whether Mr. Bultman was right- or left-handed on 
his disability benefits application form could simply be a typo on the otherwise error free 
application. And listing only Max as his son on the form could be explained by the fact 
that Jake had been given up for adoption at a young age. Seeing mental decline as the 

cause of those mistakes is a pure guess.                                  
    The medical circumstances LiBrizzi points to also fall short of adequately 
combatting the presumption of competence. Compare Schmidt, 

 
(affidavits from attending nurses stating that decedent was “confused, forgetful, unable to 
answer questions, mumbling to herself, and even incoherent in the days before the change 
of beneficiary form was executed” should have been found sufficient to raise a fact issue 

on capacity), with Ivers, 

, at *10 (circumstantial evidence did not 
overcome presumption of capacity to enter life insurance contract, even though decedent 
had physical and mental deficits, where decedent voiced clear preferences for his living 
and care arrangements), and Am. Gen. Life Ins. Co. v. Schreiber, 

 (W.D. Wis. 2008) (evidence that decedent took psychotropic medication months 

before he changed his beneficiary, misstated how many times he had been married, tried 
to carry a gun on a bus, and could not identify the time of day did not establish lack of 
capacity to change life insurance beneficiary).                           
    The nursing notes in the record indicate that Mr. Bultman was largely alert and 
oriented, although he experienced fatigue and confusion at times. Even viewing the notes 

in a light favorable to LiBrizzi, they do not raise a question over whether Mr. Bultman 
was so fatigued or confused on or around May 20 or June 3, 2021, that he could not 
understand he was submitting beneficiary change forms. LiBrizzi identifies no evidence 
to raise a fact issue over the nature and extent of Mr. Bultman’s symptoms, or when 
specifically he experienced them. And even assuming Mr. Bultman was fatigued or 
confused on or around May 20 or June 3, there is no evidence showing the ailments 

would have lasted for an extended duration.                               
    LiBrizzi also does not raise a competency question from the evidence that  
Mr. Bultman’s pain grew so severe by June 14, 2021, that a social worker said he could 
not legitimately sign an updated will. Medical notes from June 7 and 8 report  
Mr. Bultman as being awake, alert, oriented to self, time, and place, having intact 
judgment, and even working on his laptop, despite being bedbound and experiencing 

bouts of pain and confusion. (See Doc. No. 115-1 at 34–35, 39–41, 45, 47–48.) A nursing 
note from 11:50 a.m. on June 8 expressly indicates no cognitive impairment. (Id. at 47.) 
The notes from Monday, June 7 indicate that the provider worked with Mr. Bultman over 
the preceding weekend, which included him reporting his own symptoms, adamantly 
declining an offer to go to the hospital but eventually seeking emergency room treatment 

for a distended bladder, and electing to move to hospice after discussing it with his sister. 
(See id. at 31.) Notes from May 28 describe Mr. Bultman as being pleasant, alert, 
oriented, and cooperative. (Id. at 25–28.) Physically, he was able to shower, dress 
himself, and walk without assistive devices, although he could not perform tasks 
requiring a lot of energy. (Id.) Even though some medical notes document Mr. Bultman 

experiencing bouts of confusion, fatigue, pain, and weakness (see, e.g., id. at 25, 27, 31, 
35), the notes from days before and after the June 3 beneficiary change submission show 
he was otherwise awake, aware, and functional enough to discuss matters with his 
medical providers and use his computer.                                   
    Although the law does not require LiBrizzi to offer independent medical evidence 
to raise a fact issue on lack of capacity, her failure to present any is especially glaring in 

light of medical records showing Mr. Bultman as being mostly alert and oriented, able to 
communicate with medical staff about his condition and symptoms, and somewhat 
capable of caring for himself and using his computer, up to and including the immediate 
days after the second beneficiary change form was submitted. The record shows his 
condition did not deteriorate to the point of incapacitation until June 14. 
    In the end, LiBrizzi’s speculation and theories are not sufficient to create a fact 

issue over whether Mr. Bultman was capable of submitting the beneficiary change forms, 
even as his disease progressed. Combining the presumption of capacity with the medical 
records from the days surrounding the beneficiary change requests, a reasonable jury 
could find Mr. Bultman had capacity to submit the forms and rule for Max and Jake. 
              c.   Undue influence                                       

    Under both Minnesota and Florida law, the party claiming undue influence has the 
burden to submit evidence sufficient to raise the presumption of undue influence. See 
Washington, 

, at *3 (citations omitted); Norlander v. Cronk, 

 (Minn. 1974). A presumption of undue influence arises when a 
beneficiary (1) had a confidential relationship with the decedent at the time the alleged 

influence occurred, and (2) actively procured the bequest. Metro. Life Ins. Co. v. Carter, 
No. 3:04-CV-668-J32HTS, 

, at *15 (M.D. Fla. Oct. 27, 2005) (citing 
In re Estate of Stetzko, 

 (Fla. 4th DCA 1998)). Active procurement 
warning signs include:                                                    
    (1) the presence of the beneficiary at execution of the will;        
    (2) the presence of the beneficiary on those occasions when the testator 
    expressed a desire to make a will;                                   
    (3) a recommendation by the beneficiary of an attorney to draw the will;  
    (4) knowledge of the contents of the will by the beneficiary prior to 
    execution;                                                           
    (5) giving of instruction on preparation of the will by the beneficiary to the 
    attorney drawing the will;                                           
    (6) securing of witnesses to the will by the beneficiary; and        
    (7) safekeeping of the will by the beneficiary subsequent to execution.  

Washington, 

, at *3 (citation omitted). Once the presumption is raised, 
the opposing party must establish the absence of undue influence by a preponderance. 

 
LiBrizzi fails to identify sufficient record evidence to raise the presumption here. 
    Nothing on the face of the beneficiary change forms raises a reasonable question 
about undue influence. LiBrizzi’s theorizing and supposition about the significance of an 
incorrect address and the use of Mr. Bultman’s middle name in the digital signature are 
insufficient to challenge the facial validity of the forms. Her theorizing and supposition 
are not themselves evidence, and documents appearing valid on their face are presumed 
valid against questions of undue influence. See Washington, 

, at *3 
(citation omitted). Similarly, LiBrizzi’s concern that Mr. Bultman eventually was unable 
to sign documents is not evidence that he was vulnerable to undue influence in the 
preceding weeks. Evidence of confusion or memory problems in the last week of life is 
not evidence that such mental problems manifested earlier. See Stetzko, 

. If anything, the record evidence from the dates surrounding the change form 
submissions reinforces their validity.                                    
    LiBrizzi also points out that Mr. Bultman did not change the life insurance at the 
same time that he changed other legal documents in September 2020, that she was still 
listed as the policy beneficiary as of March 2021, that Mr. Bultman still loved her 

because he penned an extensive apology to her online in October 2020, and that he was 
trying to include her in a new will before he died. Those points show nothing about  
Mr. Bultman’s thinking about life insurance on or around May 20 or June 3, 2021, much 
less whether he was subject to undue influence around that time. Events from more than 
half a year in the past say nothing about Mr. Bultman’s intent months into the future. 
Femrite’s presence at Mr. Bultman’s residence during the time period that the change 

requests were submitted does not suggest undue influence—despite LiBrizzi’s personal 
distrust of Femrite. LiBrizzi was listed as the policy beneficiary in March 2021 because 
no request to change the policy had been made. And attempting to include LiBrizzi in a 
will says nothing about whether Mr. Bultman changed his plans for the life insurance 
policy. Drawing an inference of undue influence from this evidence is speculative at best. 

    Instead, record evidence plainly undermines LiBrizzi’s beliefs. Max and Jake both 
testified that they did not specifically know about the life insurance before Mr. Bultman 
died. (See Doc. No. 133-7, Maxwell Dep. at 38:12-14; 40:4-7; Doc. No. 133-8, Lester 
Dep. at 21:1-23.) The record also shows Mr. Bultman was a former Chief Information 
Officer and used his computer even up to the time that he was leaving palliative care and 

entering hospice, days after the change forms had been submitted. Femrite testified that 
Mr. Bultman gave her the information to access his laptop in June before she left for the 
last time before he died, but she did not take his computer until after he died. And even if 
Femrite had both the computer and its login credentials, there is no evidence she knew 
Mr. Bultman’s credentials to Banner’s online portal.                      
    The same day that the first beneficiary change form was submitted, Mr. Bultman 

messaged Jake an express statement that he was updating insurance policies and wanted 
Jake on the policy, not LiBrizzi. This explains why Jake did not appear on the first 
submission and why the changes were necessary: as of May 20, 2021, Mr. Bultman 
wanted to send the life insurance proceeds to his sons, not to LiBrizzi. It also shows  
Mr. Bultman initiating with Jake, not Jake actively procuring the change. If the record is 
clear about anything regarding Mr. Bultman’s intent at the time of the beneficiary 

changes, it is that he no longer wished to send his life insurance proceeds to LiBrizzi.  
    In sum, LiBrizzi does not identify sufficient evidence to raise the presumption of 
undue influence, much less to support a jury finding in her favor.        
              d.   Conclusion on declaratory judgment                    
    LiBrizzi’s representation that Banner rejected the beneficiary change requests is 

factually incorrect. The matter has been interpleaded for resolution in court. For LiBrizzi 
to be declared the policy beneficiary, the beneficiary change forms must be found invalid. 
And for Max and Jake to prevail, the June 3, 2021 change form must be found valid. 
    LiBrizzi does not point to sufficient evidence to create a fact issue over the forms’ 
validity, either through lack of capacity or undue influence. She points to various pieces 

of evidence, but to find lack of capacity or undue influence from that evidence as she 
does requires speculation. At best, LiBrizzi’s beliefs raise a metaphysical doubt, not a 
genuine issue of material fact, as to lack of capacity and undue influence. 
    Because Mr. Bultman is presumed to have had capacity to change his beneficiary 
designation, because LiBrizzi has not provided enough evidence to raise a presumption of 
undue influence, and because record evidence provides support for a jury to find the 

presence of mental capacity and the absence of undue influence, the change forms are 
valid as a matter of law. Accordingly, Max and Jake’s request for summary judgment on 
the crossclaims for declaratory judgment is granted, and LiBrizzi’s request is denied. 
         2.   Tortious interference with inheritance                     

    LiBrizzi also moves for summary judgment on her crossclaim for tortious 
interference with inheritance against Max and Jake. Even granting LiBrizzi her choice of 
Florida law (where this claim is recognized), the claim still fails.      
    Tortious interference with an expectancy of inheritance includes these elements: 
(1) the existence of an expectancy; (2) intentional interference with the expectancy 
through tortious conduct; (3) causation; and (4) damages. Schilling v. Herrera, 

 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2007) (citations omitted). Important to remember is that 

the tort is meant to protect the testator (Mr. Bultman), not the beneficiary (LiBrizzi). See 

 (citation omitted). Accordingly, the tortious conduct must be directed at the testator. 
See 

 (quoting Whalen v. Prosser, 

 (Fla. 2d DCA 1998)).   
              a.   LiBrizzi does not pursue the claim against Jake, and her 
                   claim against Max is too speculative to raise a fact issue 

    LiBrizzi contends she is entitled to judgment on tortious interference “based on the 
actions [of] Defendant Maxwell Bultman and his Aunt Jeanne Femrite under Florida 
law.” (Doc. No. 136 at 11–12.) She does not argue that she is entitled to judgment based 
on any action by Jake, so at minimum her crossclaim fails as asserted against Jake.  
    LiBrizzi goes on to treat Max as a joint tortfeasor with Femrite, even though 
Femrite is not a named defendant. LiBrizzi lost her bid to file a complaint asserting 

tortious interference against Femrite because the allegations founded on LiBrizzi’s 
“information and belief” were insufficient to plausibly state tortious conduct. (See Doc. 
No. 75 at 11–13.) Now at summary judgment, LiBrizzi does not offer sufficient evidence 
for her tortious interference theory to survive as a crossclaim against Max.  
    At times, LiBrizzi intimates that someone other than Mr. Bultman submitted the 
beneficiary changes. However, she points to no record evidence that Max or Femrite had 

the opportunity or capability to access Mr. Bultman’s computer prior to his death 
generally, and not when the beneficiary change forms were submitted specifically—much 
less that either one knew Mr. Bultman’s credentials to access Banner’s online portal and 
submit the forms. Max testified that he first learned of the insurance policy after his 
father died and had not seen the beneficiary change request. (Maxwell Dep. at 111:9-12.) 

So did Femrite. (Doc. No. 137-8, Femrite Dep. at 20:14-25; 98:2-8; 136:16-138:14.) 
Femrite also expressly denied using her power of attorney to change insurance 
beneficiaries and denied that she and Mr. Bultman ever discussed making beneficiary 
changes. (Id. at 97:20-98:1.) LiBrizzi does not rebut this testimony with anything other 
than her own firmly held beliefs about foul play.                         

    LiBrizzi admitted that her notion that someone other than Mr. Bultman submitted 
the forms was just that—a notion—and could not point to any evidence outside of her 
own suspicions to support it. Speculative beliefs do not create a genuine fact issue. See 
Feinman v. Target Corp., No. 11-62480-CIV, 

, at *6 (S.D. Fla. Dec. 6, 
2012) (quotation omitted). Additionally, to rule for LiBrizzi, a jury would have to find 
that Max (or Femrite with Max’s cooperation) had the opportunity and the means to 

access not just Mr. Bultman’s computer but also his password protected online account 
with Banner, all to change the terms of a life insurance policy Max did not know about 
until after his father died. The jury would also have to believe either that Mr. Bultman did 
not send the message telling Jake that he was changing insurance forms, or that  
Mr. Bultman was so sick that he did not understand the message—but not so sick that he 
could type and send it. Accordingly, like lack of capacity and undue influence, LiBrizzi’s 

fraudulent submission theory is wholly speculative and not supported by sufficient record 
evidence to raise a fact issue, much less to award her summary judgment.  
              b.   Recycling Mr. Bultman’s computer is not evidence of a 
                   cover up                                              
    The critical act LiBrizzi believes signifies tortious interference is the “destruction” 
of Mr. Bultman’s computer. She argues that Femrite and Max destroyed the computer, 
but there is no evidence other than LiBrizzi’s say-so that Max was involved in recycling 
Mr. Bultman’s computer. Femrite testified that she recycled the computer at the time that 

she was preparing to move to a new home. (Femrite Dep. at 34:24–35:13.) To attribute 
any misconduct related to recycling the computer to Max, one must believe that Max was 
involved in or knew about the act, with some intent to interfere with Mr. Bultman’s 
wishes for LiBrizzi to inherit the life insurance proceeds.               
    LiBrizzi points to Max living in the basement apartment of Femrite’s home as 

evidence that Max was involved with or aware of the decision to recycle the computer. 
That is pure speculation. LiBrizzi failed to sufficiently allege tortious interference by 
Femrite, whom the evidence shows actually recycled the computer. LiBrizzi’s effort to 

extend the alleged wrongdoing to Max and establish joint, cooperative tortious 
interference is rooted in the same information and belief that failed previously.  
    LiBrizzi likewise concludes without evidence that Mr. Bultman’s computer held 
documents showing how he desired to distribute his property. Both Femrite and Max 
testified that documents were removed from the computer and have been produced in 
discovery. Max specifically testified that if a document was not included in the discovery 

production, then it was not on his father’s computer. (Maxwell Dep. at 89:6-9.) LiBrizzi’s 
speculation is insufficient to raise a fact question over the computer’s contents. 
    Instead, LiBrizzi asks to draw a negative inference against Max and Femrite 
because destroying the computer violated a court order to preserve evidence. The relevant 
order did not include a wholesale directive to preserve any and all evidence under any 

and all circumstances, however. The applicable portion directs the parties to “use 
reasonable, good faith and proportional efforts to preserve, request, identify and produce 
relevant information.” (Doc. No. 30 at 2.) Recycling the computer after first downloading 
documents and producing those documents in discovery is not indicative of an 
unreasonable, bad faith, or disproportionate effort to preserve relevant information. 

    LiBrizzi’s claim ultimately fails because recycling the computer a year after  
Mr. Bultman died is not itself indicative of a cover up. Nor is the fact that Femrite and 
Max shared an address between 2020 and 2021. Mr. Bultman mistaking his dominant 
hand and reporting only Max as his son on a disability benefits application do not signify 
some larger issue. Reports that Mr. Bultman was unable to sign forms days before he 
died do not raise a question over his capacity to do so when the beneficiary change forms 

were submitted weeks earlier. The full-name digital signatures on the forms matched the 
data in Banner’s system, and an outdated address was updated on the same day that the 
last change form was submitted. None of these facts points to interference. 
    Aggregating the evidence fares no better. LiBrizzi attempts to string together a 
timeline under which Mr. Bultman’s capacity was diminishing or diminished, and under 
which his sister and/or son conspired to fabricate the beneficiary changes and then 

destroy evidence of the truth a year later. LiBrizzi’s speculative interpretation does not 
support an inference that the beneficiary changes were the result of Femrite and Max’s 
meddling or did not align with Mr. Bultman’s wishes. To view the record as LiBrizzi 
asks and find in her favor requires too great a leap and relies on too little record evidence. 
              c.   Conclusion on tortious interference                   

    On the record presented here, no reasonable jury could find that Mr. Bultman’s 
sister and son surreptitiously submitted multiple beneficiary change requests or corruptly 
destroyed evidence, all to stop LiBrizzi from inheriting the life insurance proceeds. There 
is not sufficient evidence to justify such findings, even by inference. The only justifiable 
inferences to be drawn here are those of a man getting his affairs in order as he neared the 

end of his life, and then his next of kin managing his affairs in the weeks and months that 
followed. Therefore, LiBrizzi’s tortious interference claim fails and is dismissed. 
         3.   Conclusion on crossclaims                                  
    Even taking LiBrizzi at her word and drawing all reasonable inferences in her 
favor, her case amounts to no more than a metaphysical doubt about the validity of the 
beneficiary change forms. There is not sufficient record evidence to raise a genuine fact 

issue over Mr. Bultman’s beneficiary changes. Rather, the record supports a finding of 
capacity, refutes the possibility of undue influence, and rules out tortious interference.  
Therefore, as a matter of law Max and Jake are the beneficiaries of Mr. Bultman’s life 
insurance policy as reflected in the June 3, 2021 beneficiary change request. The policy 
proceeds will be disbursed in accordance with those terms, with Max receiving 75% and 
Jake receiving 25%.                                                       

    Based on the foregoing, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED as follows:             
    1.   Plaintiff Banner Life Insurance Company’s Motion for Summary Judgment 
(Doc. No. 113.) is GRANTED, and Defendant Andrea LiBrizzi’s counterclaim is 
DISMISSED. Plaintiff Banner Life Insurance Company is discharged from any further 

liability with respect to the funds deposited with the Clerk of Court and is DISMISSED 
WITH PREJUDICE from this matter.                                          
    2.   Plaintiff Banner Life Insurance Company’s request for attorneys’ fees is 
GRANTED as to its request for its fees and costs incurred in initiating this interpleader 
action, and the request is DENIED as to its request for its fees in litigating the 

counterclaims filed against Banner.                                       
    3.   Defendant Andrea LiBrizzi’s Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. No. 
128) is DENIED.                                                           
    4.   Defendants Maxwell Bultman and Jake Lester’s Motion for Summary 
Judgment (Doc. No. 130) is GRANTED, and Defendant Andrea LiBrizzi’s crossclaims 
are DISMISSED.                                                            

    5.    Defendants Maxwell Bultman and Jake Lester are the sole legal  
beneficiaries and rightful recipients of all proceeds of John Bultman’s life insurance 
policy, Policy No. 180960285.                                             
    6.   The Clerk of Court is directed to disburse all funds deposited into the 
Registry of the Court pursuant to the April 20, 2022 Order (Doc. No. 12) as follows: 
         a.   $9,862.58 to Plaintiff Banner Life Insurance Company for its 

    reasonable attorney’s fees and costs;                                
         b.   75% of the remainder to Defendant Maxwell Bultman; and     
         c.   25% of the remainder to Defendant Jake Lester.             
    LET JUDGMENT BE ENTERED ACCORDINGLY.                                 

Date: January 8, 2024          s/ Jerry W. Blackwell                     
                               JERRY W. BLACKWELL                        
                               United States District Judge