In Re: Lindell Management LLC Litigation

U.S. District Court, District of Minnesota February 21, 2024

Trial Court Opinion

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
DISTRICT OF MINNESOTA
ROBERT ZEIDMAN,
Civil No. 23-1433 (JRT/DJF)
Plaintiff,

v.
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
LINDELL MANAGEMENT LLC, CONFIRMING ARBITRATION AWARD

Defendant.

Brian A. Glasser, BAILEY & GLASSER LLP, 209 Capitol Street, Charleston, WV
25301; Cary Joshi, BAILEY & GLASSER LLP, 1055 Thomas Jefferson Street
Northwest, Suite 540, Washington, DC 20007; David E. Schlesinger,
NICHOLS KASTER PLLP, 4700 IDS Center, 80 South Eighth Street,
Minneapolis, MN 55402, for Plaintiff.

Alec J. Beck and Andrew D. Parker, PARKER DANIELS KIBORT LLC, 123 North
Third Street, Suite 888, Minneapolis, MN 55401, for Defendant.

Plaintiff Robert Zeidman responded to Defendant Lindell Management LLC’s
(“Lindell LLC”) “Prove Mike Wrong Challenge” (“Challenge”) concerning November 2020
election fraud allegations. Zeidman presented his findings to the Challenge judges and
upon receipt of an unfavorable outcome, he filed an arbitration demand. The arbitration
panel (“panel”) unanimously found Zeidman won the Challenge and ordered Lindell LLC
to pay Zeidman the $5 million reward. Both parties have asked the Court to review the
arbitration award. Because the panel arguably interpreted and applied the contract, the
Court will confirm the arbitration award and deny Lindell LLC’s motion to vacate the
award.

BACKGROUND
I. FACTS
Zeidman has 45 years of software development experience. (Decl. David E.
Schlesinger (“Schlesinger Decl.”) ¶ 3, Ex. B (“Arb. Award”) at 3, May 19, 2023, Docket No.
2-2.)1 Lindell LLC is a Minnesota LLC owned and operated by Michael Lindell. (Id.) Lindell

is widely known to have disputed the 2020 election results. (Id. at 3–4.) Under suspicions
of Chinese involvement in the 2020 presidential election, Lindell LLC hosted a Cyber
Symposium which included a “Prove Mike Wrong Challenge.” (Id. at 3–4.) A participant

who proved “that this cyber data is not valid data from the November Election” would be
awarded $5 million. (Id. at 5.)
Zeidman signed the Challenge rules, which included mandatory arbitration. (Id. at
6; Schlesinger Decl. ¶ 2, Ex. A (“Challenge Official Rules”) ¶ 9, May 19, 2023, Docket No.

2-1.) The relevant Challenge rules stated:
1. Overview. Lindell Management, LLC. (“Lindell [LLC]”) has created a
Challenge where participants will participate in a challenge to prove that
the data Lindell [LLC] provides, and represents reflects information from
the November 2020 election, unequivocally does NOT reflect
information related to the November 2020 election (the “Challenge”). …

1 The parties agreed that the record for the Court’s review is the uncontested factual
record from the arbitration proceedings. (Joint Stipulation Factual R. at 1, July 31, 2023, Docket
No. 21.)
5. Participants must submit all of their evidence in writing to a three
member panel selected by Lindell [LLC] who will determine whether the
submission proves to a 100% degree of certainty that the data shown at
the Symposium is not reflective of November 2020 election data.
6. Winners. The winners will be determined on August 12, 2021 by 8:00
pm CDT. The three-member panel selected by Lindell [LLC] will identify
the winners based on their professional opinion that the submission
proves to a 100% degree of certainty that the data shown at the
Symposium is not reflective of November 2020 election data. …
7. … In the event there is an alleged or actual ambiguity, discrepancy or
inconsistency between disclosures or other statements contained in any
Challenge-related materials and/or these Official Rules (including any
alleged discrepancy or inconsistency in these Official Rules), it will be
resolved in Lindell [LLC]’s sole discretion. …

(Arb. Award at 6 (omission in original).)
Before the Challenge, Lindell LLC had a group of software professionals review the
data. (Id. at 7.) The format of the data surprised the professionals as they expected it to
be packet capture data, or PCAP files. (Id.) “Most or all” of the data originated from
Dennis Montgomery who claimed to have captured the data from internet traffic. (Id. at
8.) Data extracted in real time from the internet is expected to be packet capture data
or PCAP files. (Id.)
Lindell LLC provided Zeidman with 11 files, only a portion of the total data. (Id. at
9–10.) After reviewing the files, Zeidman presented a 15-page report explaining that each
file he received lacked packet capture data. (Id. at 10.) After considering Zeidman’s
response, the Challenge judges determined he had not provided enough information to
unequivocally prove the data was not election data. (Id. at 11.) In response, Zeidman
filed an arbitration demand. (Id.)
The panel limited its decision to whether Zeidman won the Challenge, whether the
Challenge rules were unconscionable, and whether Lindell LLC violated the Minnesota

Consumer Fraud Act. (Id.) The panel further limited itself to the 11 files Zeidman
analyzed. (Id. at 11.)
The panel determined Minnesota contract law applied to the legal issues. (Id.) The
panel began by interpreting two phrases: (1) “prove that the data Lindell [LLC] provides,

and represents reflects information from the November 2020 election, unequivocally
does NOT reflect information related to the November 2020 election,” and (2) “whether
the submission proves to a 100% degree of certainty that the data shown at the

Symposium is not reflective of November 2020 election data.” (Id. at 12–13 (emphasis in
Arb. Award).)
The parties and the panel agreed that the language in the Challenge rules was
unambiguous, and thus interpretation required no parole or extrinsic evidence. (Id. at 13,

15.) The panel determined that “from the election” unambiguously meant data
specifically “from the election process itself,” rather than any data broadly “related to” or
“about” the election as Lindell LLC argued. (Id. at 13–14.) While unambiguous contract
terms are to be given their plain meaning, the panel explained that the meaning still must

be reasonable in the context of the entire contract, construed with the parties’ intent in
mind, and the panel feared the reading proposed by Lindell LLC would render the
Challenge unwinnable and thus unreasonable. (Id. at 13–15.) The panel also concluded
that the only possible election data would be packet capture data, so if the participant
concluded it was not that type of data, they would have proven it cannot be “related to

the November 2020 election.” (Id. at 14.)
With the meanings of the unambiguous terms established, the panel then looked
at Zeidman’s proof for each file, his expert support, and the responses of Lindell LLC’s
experts. (Id.) The panel concluded that Zeidman proved that each file did not include

packet capture data and thus was not related to the November 2020 election, so he had
satisfied the Challenge rules, and was entitled to the $5 million reward. (Id. at 15–22.)
The panel then disposed of the unconscionability and Minnesota Consumer Fraud Act

claims. (Id. at 23.)
II. PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Lindell LLC filed a motion in state court to vacate the arbitration award. (See Order
at 1, Jun. 22, 2023, Docket No. 1.) Zeidman filed this current action to confirm the

arbitration award. (Pet., May 19, 2023, Docket No. 1.) The state action was removed to
federal court and consolidated with this action. (See Order at 2–3.)
DISCUSSION
I. STANDARD OF REVIEW
A court’s review of an arbitration award is very limited. Lee v. Chica,

983 F.2d 883, 885

 (8th Cir. 1993).  Where parties agree to arbitrate, a court cannot substitute a judicial 
determination for the arbitrator’s decision.  United Paperworkers Int’l Union, AFL-CIO v. 
Misco, Inc.,

484 U.S. 29

, 40–41 n.10 (1987).  Courts may not review the merits of an 
arbitration award “even though the parties may allege that the award rests on errors of 
fact or on misinterpretation of the contract.”  Bureau of Engraving, Inc. v. Graphic 

Commc’n Int’l Union, Loc. 1B,

284 F.3d 821, 824

 (8th Cir. 2002) (quoting Misco,

484 U.S. at 36

).  Even if the Court is convinced that the arbitrator committed serious factual or legal 
error, so “long as the arbitrator is even arguably construing or applying the contract and 
acting within the scope of his authority,” arbitration awards must be confirmed.

Id.

 

(quoting Misco,

484 U.S. at 38

).                                          
    Although extremely limited, arbitration awards are not entirely free from judicial 
review.  The Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”) provides limited grounds on  which an 

arbitration award may be vacated.

9 U.S.C. § 10

.  The FAA requires that an arbitration be 
upheld unless it is obtained by “corruption, fraud, or undue means,” where there is 
“evident partiality or corruption in the arbitrators,” where there was misconduct by the 
arbitrators, or where the arbitrators exceeded their powers.

Id.

 §§ 10(a)(1)–(4).  The 

Eighth Circuit has held that beyond the grounds provided in the FAA, an arbitration award 
will be vacated only where it is “completely irrational or evidences a manifest disregard 
for the law.”  Hoffman v. Cargill, Inc.,

236 F.3d 458, 461

 (8th Cir. 2001) (citation omitted). 
II.  ANALYSIS                                                             

    Lindell LLC challenges the arbitration award on only one ground; that the panel 
acted outside the scope of its authority by modifying the Challenge rules.  
    A.   Contract Interpretation Under Minnesota Law                     
    The arbitration clause of the Challenge rules allowed the panel to interpret the 

contract and apply it to Zeidman’s performance.  The primary goal in interpreting a 
contract is “to determine and enforce the intent of the parties.”  Staffing Specifix, Inc. v. 
TempWorks Mgmt. Servs., Inc.,

913 N.W.2d 687, 692

 (Minn. 2018) (quotation omitted).  
Whether a contract is ambiguous, and the interpretation of an unambiguous term are 

questions of law.  Denelsbeck v. Wells Fargo & Co.,

666 N.W.2d 339, 346

 (Minn. 2003).  “A 
contract is ambiguous only if its language is reasonably susceptible to more than one 
interpretation.”  Winthrop Res. Corp. v. Sabert Corp.,

567 F. Supp. 2d 1084, 1091

 (D. Minn. 
2008) (citing Art Goebel, Inc. v. N. Suburban Agencies, Inc.,

567 N.W.2d 511, 515

 (Minn. 

1997)).  The interpretation of an ambiguous term is a factual question.  See Denelsbeck,

666 N.W.2d at 346

.  Because the parties and the panel agree that the Challenge rules are 
unambiguous, the interpretation is a matter of law for the panel to decide.  

    Unambiguous terms in a contract are to be given their plain and ordinary meaning.  
Minneapolis Pub. Hous. Auth. v. Lor,

591 N.W.2d 700, 704

 (Minn. 1999).  The contract 
terms are also to be interpreted as a whole, within the context of the entire contract, to 
meet the parties’ intent and harmonize all contract provisions.  Trebelhorn v. Agrawal,

905 N.W.2d 237

,  242  (Minn.  Ct.  App.  2017).    Unambiguous  provisions  cannot  be 
rewritten, modified, or limited in effect by a specific construction.  Storms, Inc. v. Mathy 
Constr. Co.,

883 N.W.2d 772, 776

 (Minn. 2016) (citation omitted).  Additionally, extrinsic 
evidence cannot be used when the contract is unambiguous.  Trebelhorn, 905 N.W.2d at 
243.  When the contract term is unambiguous, the parties’ intent must be determined 
from the “language of the written contract alone.”  Minnesota Vikings Football Stadium, 

LLC v. Wells Fargo Bank, Nat’l Ass’n,

193 F. Supp. 3d 1002, 1011

 (D. Minn. 2016) (citation 
omitted).                                                                 
    B.   Contract Modification                                           
    Lindell LLC argues the panel modified the Challenge rules in two ways: inputting 

the requirement of packet capture data and reversing the burden such that it rested with 
Lindell LLC.  Arbitrators are not entitled to deference when their interpretation does not 
“draw its essence” from the contract such that its interpretation of an unambiguous term 
is “expressly contrary to the terms of the agreement.”  United States Postal Serv. v. Am. 

Postal Workers Union, AFL-CIO,

907 F. Supp. 2d 986

, 993–94 (D. Minn. 2012) (citation
omitted).
i. Language Modification
The panel began its analysis of the Challenge rules by accepting the proposition of

both parties that the language was unambiguous and thus could be interpreted without
the use of extrinsic evidence. When it identified the provisions requiring interpretation,
its focus was less on the term “related to” and more on the overall concept of
“information from the November 2020 election” and “November 2020 election data.”

The panel’s conclusion that the contract referred to data specifically from the
election process considered the fact that anything even remotely connected to the
election, as Lindell LLC proposed, could include newspaper articles and broadcast news
which would effectively negate the purpose of having a challenge to begin with. The
Court finds this step in the interpretation to logically honor and harmonize the contract.

Thus, the panel did not modify the contract or exceed its scope by imposing this
interpretation.
The panel took its interpretation a step further by finding packet capture data was
the only possible type of election data. The panel justified this finding with the fact that

the data was captured from the internet and the only possible way to capture data live
from the internet is through packets. The panel cited to the statement by Dr. Douglas
Frank, one of Lindell LLC’s experts and a Challenge judge, and statements by Lindell

himself that claimed the data would be in packet form and if it was not in packet form, it
could not be election data. The panel also referenced the source of “most or all” of the
data, Dennis Montgomery, who “captured the data from internet traffic.” (Arb. Award at
7.) All this information together led the panel to the conclusion that if the data were to

relate to the election, it would have to be packet capture data and thus proof that the
data was in any other form proved it was not election data.
The Court tracks the path interpreting “election data” but finds the panel loses
focus on its discussion of packet capture data. Admittedly, the panel was tasked with the

difficult job of interpreting a poorly written contract, but in evaluating the same
information, the Court finds it to be quite a leap that the only possible data that could
constitute “election data” would be packet capture data.
However, the Court’s potential disagreement with the outcome is not the standard
upon which to review an arbitration award. The Court must only decide if the panel was

arguably applying the contract. Horton, Inc. v. NSK Corp., Inc.,

544 F. Supp. 2d 817, 823

 
(D. Minn. 2008).  There are two explanations for the panel’s outcome that align with the 
legal standard of review.  First, it is possible that the insertion of packet capture data was 
simply an application of the law to the facts in this case.  More likely, although the panel 

and parties agreed the language was unambiguous, the panel used extrinsic evidence.   
    Under Minnesota contract law, in interpreting unambiguous terms, the use of 
extrinsic evidence is not permitted.  Trebelhorn, 905 N.W.2d at 243.  But even a serious 

legal error is not a reason to vacate the award.  Horton,

544 F. Supp. 2d at 823

. Because
the panel was arguably interpreting and applying the contract, even the potentially
serious legal error of using extrinsic evidence to interpret an unambiguous term is not
enough to vacate the award. As such, the Court will not vacate the award despite the fact

that it may have reached a different outcome if reviewing the case de novo.2
ii. Burden Shift
Lindell LLC’s burden shift argument stems from the panel’s interpretation of the
language stating that Challenge participants must “prove that the data Lindell [LLC]

2 To be clear, the Court’s disagreement with the panel is limited to the technical matter
of contract interpretation. It will not entertain any unproven theories of election fraud or
interference and its position here should not be understood as even the slightest endorsement
of Lindell’s broader election related claims.
provides, and represents reflects information from the November 2020 election,
unequivocally does NOT reflect information related to the November 2020 election.”

(Arb. Award at 12–13 (emphasis in Arb. Award).) The dispute is over whether the first
clause can be read into the Challenge rules or if it is merely a predecessor statement to
contextualize what the participants must do.
Lindell LLC argues that the panel’s decision that Zeidman need only insert doubt

about the data Lindell LLC presented is not the same as proving that the data is
unequivocally not from the election thus shifting the burden and modifying the contract.
Lindell LLC’s argument may be a compelling alternative interpretation but the standard

for reviewing an arbitration award does not weigh competing interpretations. The Court
is not at liberty to review the outcome of an arbitration award simply because one party
believes it to be incorrect. Retrial of the issues is not within the purview of the Court. St.
Mary’s Med. Ctr. v. Int’l Union of Operating Eng’rs, Local 70, No. 11-1641,

2013 WL 3270388

, at *2 (D. Minn. June 26, 2013) (citing Oxford Health Plans LLC v. Sutter,

569 U.S. 564, 569

 (2013)).  Thus, Lindell LLC’s burden shifting argument is insufficient to vacate the 
arbitration award when the panel’s result conforms with its authority to interpret the 
contract.                                                                 


                          CONCLUSION                                     
    The Court’s responsibility in reviewing an arbitration award is not to reevaluate the 
merits but rather ensure that the panel acted appropriately.  Lindell LLC’s only basis for 
Court action was that the panel acted outside the scope of its authority in  issuing the 
award.   Even  though  the  Court  may  have  reached  a  different  outcome  given  an 
independent initial review of the information, the Court fails to identify evidence that the 
panel  exceeded  its  authority.   Under  the  Court’s  narrow  review,  it  will  confirm  the 
arbitration award.

ORDER

     Based on the foregoing, and  all the files,  records, and  proceedings  herein,  IT IS 
HEREBY ORDERED that: 
     1.   Plaintiff’s Motion to Confirm Arbitration Award [Docket No. 22] is GRANTED. 
     2.  Defendant’s Motion to Vacate Arbitration Award [Docket No. 35] is DENIED. 
     3.  Plaintiff is awarded $5 million plus post-judgment interest beginning April 19, 
        2023, to be paid within 30 days of issuance of this Order, per the Arbitration 
        Award. 
     LET JUDGMENT BE ENTERRED ACCORDINGLY. 

DATED:  February 21, 2024                         toQun KM. (sedan 
at Minneapolis, Minnesota.                         JOHN R. TUNHEIM 
                                            United States District Judge 

                                    -12-