Tealeh v. DeJoy
U.S. District Court, District of Minnesota
Tealeh v. DeJoy
Trial Court Opinion
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
DISTRICT OF MINNESOTA
Flomo Tealeh, Case No. 21-cv-1318 (JNE/DJF)
Plaintiff,
ORDER
v.
Postmaster General Louis DeJoy,
Defendant.
This matter is before the Court on Defendant Postmaster General Louis DeJoy’s
Motion for Summary Judgment. (Dkt. 87.) For the reasons addressed below, the Court
grants the motion.
BACKGROUND
Plaintiff Flomo Tealeh, a former mail handler at the United States Postal Service
(“USPS”), filed this action alleging discrimination based on race and national origin,
retaliation, and hostile work environment under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Tealeh, who is Black and Liberian-American, was employed by USPS from February 2017
to February 2022. During his employment, Tealeh alleges he was subjected to various
instances of disparate treatment, retaliation, and a hostile work environment based on his
race and national origin. The alleged discriminatory and retaliatory acts include the
revocation of his Powered Industrial Truck (“PIT”) license, denial of overtime
opportunities, false accusations of unauthorized overtime, unjustified suspensions, and
failure to promote.
Tealeh filed two Equal Employment Opportunity (“EEO”) complaints related to
these allegations, one in July 2019 and another in November 2020. After exhausting his
administrative remedies, Tealeh initiated this lawsuit on June 1, 2021, and filed an
amended complaint on August 5, 2021.
Defendant now moves for summary judgment on all of Tealeh’s claims. Defendant
argues that most of Tealeh’s claims are time-barred under the applicable 45-day statute of
limitations for federal employees and that Tealeh has failed to establish a prima facie case
or demonstrate pretext for his timely claims. Tealeh opposes the motion, contending that
he has presented sufficient evidence to create genuine issues of material fact on his claims.
The Court, having considered the parties’ submissions and the record evidence, will
now address the merits of Defendant’s motion for summary judgment.
ANALYSIS
I. Legal Standard
Summary judgment is appropriate when there is no genuine dispute as to any
material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ.
P. 56(a); Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247(1986). A fact is material if it might affect the outcome of the suit, and a dispute is genuine if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party. Anderson,477 U.S. at 248
.
The moving party bears the initial burden of demonstrating the absence of a genuine
issue of material fact. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323(1986). If the moving party meets this burden, the nonmoving party must then set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial. Anderson,477 U.S. at 256
. In evaluating a motion for summary judgment, the Court must view the evidence and any inferences drawn from the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. See Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp.,475 U.S. 574, 587
(1986).
However, the nonmoving party “must do more than simply show that there is some
metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.” Id. at 586. “The mere existence of a scintilla of evidence in support of the [nonmoving party’s] position will be insufficient; there must be evidence on which the jury could reasonably find for the [nonmoving party].” Anderson,477 U.S. at 252
. “If the evidence is merely colorable, or is not significantly probative, summary judgment may be granted.”Id. at 249-50
(citations omitted).
In employment discrimination cases, the Court applies the burden-shifting
framework established in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792(1973). The plaintiff must first establish a prima facie case of discrimination or retaliation.Id. at 802
. If the plaintiff does so, the burden shifts to the defendant to articulate a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the adverse employment action.Id.
If the defendant meets this burden, the plaintiff must then demonstrate that the defendant’s proffered reason is a pretext for discrimination or retaliation.Id. at 804
.
II. Timeliness of Claims
The parties dispute whether Tealeh’s disparate treatment and retaliation claims are
timely under the applicable statute of limitations for federal employees.
Before a federal employee can sue their employer for violating Title VII, they must
“initiate contact” with an EEO counselor at their agency “within 45 days of the date of the
matter alleged to be discriminatory.” Green v. Brennan, 578 U.S. 547, 549-50(2016) (citing29 C.F.R. § 1614.105
(a)(1)).
Tealeh first contacted the EEO office on November 9, 2020. Consequently, only
alleged discriminatory acts occurring within the preceding 45 days—from September 25,
2020, to December 20, 2020—would be timely under the applicable statute of limitations.
Tealeh argues that the standard filing period for Title VII employment
discrimination claims is 180 days and 300 days, citing Green. However, the Supreme
Court in Green explicitly recognized the different limitations period for federal employees,
noting that a federal civil servant must initiate contact with an EEO counselor “within 45
days of the date of the matter alleged to be discriminatory” before filing a Title VII suit.
578 U.S. at 549-50.
Tealeh also contends that his claims relating to the suspension of his PIT license are
timely because he had a follow-up meeting regarding licensure during the relevant time
period. However, Tealeh testified that the alleged decision to suspend his PIT license was
made nearly two years earlier, in February 2019. A follow-up meeting with management
does not revive an otherwise untimely claim, as the 45-day limitations period runs from
the date of the alleged discriminatory act, not from the date of any subsequent discussions
about that act. Id.
A review of the record reveals that most of the alleged discriminatory acts
underlying Tealeh’s disparate treatment and retaliation claims occurred well before
September 25, 2020. For example, the suspension of Tealeh’s PIT license allegedly
occurred in February 2019, the denial of overtime opportunities allegedly occurred from
late 2019 through January 2, 2020, and the failure to promote Tealeh to the Data Collection
position allegedly occurred on January 30, 2020. These claims are time-barred under the
45-day limitations period. See id.
Based on the applicable law and the evidence in the record, the Court concludes that
the 45-day limitations period for federal employees is controlling, and Tealeh has not
shown that his claims are timely under this standard. See id. Accordingly, any claims
based on alleged discriminatory acts occurring before September 25, 2020, are time-barred
and must be dismissed.
III. Disparate Treatment Claims
A. Overtime Claims
Tealeh alleges that he was denied overtime opportunities based on his race and
national origin, while Defendant maintains that overtime was assigned according to the
provisions of the Collective Bargaining Agreement (“CBA”) and that Tealeh has failed to
establish a prima facie case of discrimination or demonstrate pretext.
To establish a prima facie case of racial discrimination in hiring under Title VII, a
plaintiff must show that: (1) they belong to a racial minority; (2) they applied and were
qualified for a job for which the employer was seeking applicants; (3) despite their
qualifications, they were rejected; and (4) after their rejection, the position remained open
and the employer continued to seek applicants from persons of the plaintiff’s qualifications.
McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 802. If the plaintiff establishes a prima facie case, the defendant must articulate a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the adverse action.Id.
The plaintiff must then demonstrate that the defendant’s proffered reason is a pretext for discrimination. Torgerson v. City of Rochester,643 F.3d 1031, 1047
(8th Cir. 2011) (en
banc) (stating that a plaintiff may show pretext by demonstrating that the defendant’s
proffered reason is unworthy of credence because it has no basis in fact, is not the true
reason for the adverse action, or is insufficient to explain the adverse action).
As a threshold matter, the Court must determine whether Tealeh’s overtime claims
are timely. Tealeh alleges that he was denied overtime opportunities from late 2019
through November 2020. However, as discussed in the previous section, claims based on
alleged discriminatory acts occurring before September 25, 2020, are time-barred under
the applicable 45-day limitations period for federal employees. See 29 C.F.R.
§ 1614.105(a)(1); Green,578 U.S. at 549-50
. Therefore, the Court will only consider
Tealeh’s overtime claims to the extent they are based on events occurring between
September 25, 2020, and November 2020.
Turning to the merits of the timely portion of Tealeh’s overtime claims, the Court
finds that Tealeh has not established a prima facie case of discrimination. While Tealeh,
as a Black Liberian-American, is a member of a protected class, and he claims he was
available and willing to work overtime, he has not shown that the circumstances
surrounding the allocation of overtime give rise to an inference of discrimination.
Tealeh identifies Jean-Marie Longi and Craig Wendt as comparators who allegedly
received more overtime than he did. However, Tealeh has not provided evidence
demonstrating that he was similarly situated to Longi and Wendt in all relevant respects.
See Bone v. G4S Youth Servs., LLC, 686 F.3d 948, 956 (8th Cir. 2012) (stating that
comparators must be “similarly situated in all relevant respects”). Defendant has presented
evidence that several factors, such as employees’ scheduled days off, tour preferences, and
work section, could impact overtime allocation. Tealeh has not shown that he and his
proposed comparators were similarly situated with respect to these factors.
Moreover, the fact that Longi, one of Tealeh’s proposed comparators, is himself a
Black African immigrant undermines Tealeh’s claim that overtime was allocated based on
race or national origin. This weakens any inference of discrimination that might otherwise
be drawn from the alleged disparity in overtime hours. See Askari v. L.A. Fitness Int’l,
LLC, 2010 WL 3938320, at *5 (D. Minn. Oct. 5, 2010) (“[A] plaintiff faces a difficult
burden of establishing discrimination when the decision-maker is a member of the same
protected class as the plaintiff.”).
Even if Tealeh could establish a prima facie case, Defendant has articulated a
legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the allocation of overtime: adherence to the
provisions of the CBA. Tealeh has not presented evidence demonstrating that this
proffered reason is pretextual. He has not shown that Defendant’s reliance on the CBA has
no basis in fact, that it was not the true reason for the overtime allocation, or that it was
insufficient to explain the alleged disparity in overtime hours. See Torgerson, 643 F.3d at
1047.
Based on the record evidence and the applicable legal standards, the Court
concludes that Tealeh has not established a prima facie case of discrimination with respect
to his overtime claims. Tealeh has not shown that the circumstances surrounding the
allocation of overtime give rise to an inference of discrimination, nor has he demonstrated
that he was similarly situated to his proposed comparators in all relevant respects.
Moreover, even if Tealeh could establish a prima facie case, he has not presented evidence
showing that Defendant’s proffered reason for the allocation of overtime—adherence to
the CBA—is pretextual. Accordingly, summary judgment in favor of Defendant is
warranted on Tealeh’s overtime claims.
B. Emergency Placement and Suspension Claims
Tealeh alleges that his emergency placement on October 28, 2020, and subsequent
suspension were the result of disparate treatment based on his race and national origin.
Defendant argues that these actions were taken due to Tealeh’s threatening behavior toward
his supervisor, Mohamed Ali, and that Tealeh has not established a prima facie case of
discrimination or shown that Defendant’s proffered reason is pretextual.
To establish a prima facie case of disparate treatment, a plaintiff must show that: (1)
they are a member of a protected class; (2) they met their employer’s legitimate
expectations; (3) they suffered an adverse employment action; and (4) the circumstances
give rise to an inference of discrimination. See McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 802. If the plaintiff establishes a prima facie case, the defendant must articulate a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the adverse action.Id.
The plaintiff must then demonstrate that the defendant’s proffered reason is a pretext for discrimination. Torgerson,643 F.3d at 1047
.
As a threshold matter, the Court must determine whether Tealeh’s emergency
placement and suspension constitute adverse employment actions. The Eighth Circuit has
held that a suspension with pay is not an adverse action. Singletary v. Mo. Dep’t of Corr.,
423 F.3d 886, 891-92 (8th Cir. 2005). Tealeh was issued a “no-time-off” suspension,
which, according to Defendant, means that he was paid during the suspension period.
However, Tealeh claims that he lost wages as a result of the emergency placement. Given
this factual dispute, the Court will assume, for purposes of this motion, that Tealeh has
suffered adverse employment actions.
Turning to the remaining elements of the prima facie case, it is undisputed that
Tealeh, as a Black Liberian-American, is a member of a protected class. However, Tealeh
has not presented evidence showing that the circumstances surrounding his emergency
placement and suspension give rise to an inference of discrimination.
Defendant has consistently maintained that Tealeh was placed on emergency
placement and subsequently suspended due to his threatening behavior toward his
supervisor, Mohamed Ali. According to Mohamed Ali, Tealeh stated, “If you talk to me
again, there’s going to be a disaster in this building.” Defendant contends that this threat
was reported to Senior Manager of Distribution Operations Dave Emerson, who then
instructed supervisors to place Tealeh on emergency placement.
Tealeh attempts to cast doubt on Defendant’s proffered reason by highlighting
inconsistencies in Mohamed Ali’s account of the incident. However, the Court finds that
these inconsistencies are relatively minor and do not give rise to an inference of
discrimination. Whether the threat was made over the phone or in person, and whether
Tealeh was working a regular or overtime shift that day, does not change the fundamental
nature of Defendant’s proffered reason—that Tealeh was disciplined for threatening his
supervisor.
Notably, in attempting to demonstrate pretext, Tealeh does not offer affirmative
evidence showing that Defendant’s proffered reason for the adverse actions was false or
that discrimination was the true motivation. Instead, Tealeh relies on highlighting
perceived inconsistencies in Mohamed Ali’s account of the threatening incident. However,
when “an employer has articulated a legitimate reason for its actions, it is permissible for
courts to presume the existence of a prima facie case and move directly to the issue of
pretext . . . .” Stewart v. Independent School Dist. No. 196, 481 F.3d 1034, 1043(8th Cir. 2007). To prove pretext, a plaintiff must both discredit the employer’s asserted reason and show that the circumstances permit drawing the reasonable inference that the real reason was discriminatory. See Johnson v. AT&T Corp.,422 F.3d 756, 763
(8th Cir. 2005). Minor discrepancies in a witness’s account are not sufficient to establish pretext, absent affirmative evidence that the employer’s reason was false and that discrimination was the real reason. See Roeben v. BG Excelsior Ltd. Partnership,545 F.3d 639, 643
(8th Cir.
2008) (holding that minor inconsistencies in an employer’s explanation did not raise an
inference of pretext).
Moreover, Tealeh has not presented evidence of similarly situated employees
outside his protected class who were treated more favorably under comparable
circumstances. The Eighth Circuit has held that “[a]t the pretext stage, the test for whether
someone is sufficiently similarly situated, as to be of use for comparison, is rigorous.”
Johnson v. Securitas Sec. Servs. USA, Inc., 769 F.3d 605, 613 (8th Cir. 2014) (en banc).
Tealeh has not identified any non-Black or non-Liberian employees who engaged in
similarly threatening behavior but were not disciplined.
The Court also notes that two of the key decision-makers involved in Tealeh’s
emergency placement and suspension—Mohamed Ali and Ali Said—are themselves Black
African immigrants. While not dispositive, this fact further undermines any inference of
discrimination based on race or national origin. See Askari, 2010 WL 3938320, at *5.
Even if Tealeh could establish a prima facie case, he has not demonstrated that
Defendant’s proffered reason for the adverse actions is pretextual. The minor
inconsistencies in Ali’s account do not show that Defendant’s reason has no basis in fact,
is not the true reason, or is insufficient to explain the adverse actions. Torgerson, 643 F.3d
at 1047. Tealeh’s contention that Plant Manager Roy Reynolds “warned that Ali’s
accusation lacked substance” mischaracterizes the record. Reynolds was not involved in
the disciplinary decision and merely requested additional information in his role as a
member of the facility’s Threat Assessment Team.
Based on a thorough review of the record evidence and the applicable legal
standards, the Court concludes that Tealeh has not established a prima facie case of
discrimination with respect to his emergency placement and suspension claims. Even
assuming Tealeh has shown that he suffered adverse employment actions, he has not
demonstrated that the circumstances surrounding these actions give rise to an inference of
discrimination. Tealeh has not presented evidence of similarly situated employees outside
his protected class who were treated more favorably under comparable circumstances, and
the fact that key decision-makers were themselves Black African immigrants undercuts
any inference of discriminatory intent.
Moreover, Tealeh has not shown that Defendant’s proffered reason for the adverse
actions—his threatening behavior toward his supervisor—is pretextual. The
inconsistencies in Mohamed Ali’s account are relatively minor and do not cast doubt on
the fundamental reason for Tealeh’s discipline. Accordingly, the Court finds that
Defendant is entitled to summary judgment on Tealeh’s emergency placement and
suspension claims.
IV. Retaliation Claim
Tealeh alleges that he was subjected to various adverse actions in retaliation for
engaging in protected activity, such as filing EEO complaints and grievances. Defendant
argues that Tealeh’s retaliation claim is entirely time-barred and that, even if it were timely,
Tealeh has not established a prima facie case of retaliation or shown that Defendant’s
proffered reasons for the adverse actions are pretextual.
“To establish a prima facie case of retaliation, an employee has the initial burden of
establishing retaliation by showing that (1) she engaged in protected conduct; (2) she
suffered a materially adverse employment action; and (3) the adverse action was causally
linked to the protected conduct.” Jackman v. Fifth Judicial Dist. Dep’t of Corr. Servs., 728
F.3d 800, 804(8th Cir. 2013) (citing Pye v. Nu Aire, Inc.,641 F.3d 1011, 1021
(8th Cir. 2011)). “An adverse employment action is defined as a tangible change in working conditions that produces a material employment disadvantage, including but not limited to, termination, cuts in pay or benefits, and changes that affect an employee’s future career prospects, as well as circumstances amounting to a constructive discharge.” Jackman,728 F.3d at 804
(citing Wilkie v. Dep’t of Health and Human Servs.,638 F.3d 944, 955
(8th Cir. 2011)). “However, minor changes in duties or working conditions, even unpalatable or unwelcome ones, which cause no materially significant disadvantage, do not rise to the level of an adverse employment action.”Id.
The Court must first address the timeliness of Tealeh’s retaliation claim. As a
federal employee, Tealeh was required to initiate contact with an EEO counselor within 45
days of the alleged retaliatory act. 29 C.F.R. § 1614.105(a)(1). Tealeh first contacted an
EEO counselor on November 9, 2020, making the actionable time period September 25,
2020, to December 20, 2020.
In his Amended Complaint and opposition brief, Tealeh identifies several alleged
retaliatory acts, including denials of promotion, exclusion from training opportunities, and
unwarranted discipline. However, a close examination of the record reveals that all of
these acts occurred before September 25, 2020, and thus fall outside the actionable time
period.
For example, Tealeh claims that he was denied a promotion to a Data Collection
position in January 2020 and that he was not selected for 204B training in February 2020,
both in retaliation for his prior EEO activity. However, these alleged retaliatory acts
occurred more than 45 days before Tealeh initiated contact with an EEO counselor and are
therefore time-barred. See 29 C.F.R. § 1614.105(a)(1).
Tealeh also appears to argue that his October 2020 emergency placement and
suspension were retaliatory. However, Tealeh did not include these allegations in his EEO
complaint or Amended Complaint. As such, any retaliation claim based on these actions
is not properly before the Court. See Parisi v. Boeing Co., 400 F.3d 583, 585 (8th Cir.
2005) (holding that a plaintiff’s discrimination claims in a lawsuit are limited to the scope
of their EEO charge and investigation, and dismissing claims not included in the EEO
complaint).
Even assuming, arguendo, that Tealeh’s retaliation claim were timely and properly
exhausted, the Court finds that Tealeh has not established a prima facie case of retaliation.
While Tealeh engaged in protected activity by filing EEO complaints in July 2019 and
November 2020, he has not presented sufficient evidence of a causal connection between
these complaints and any adverse employment action.
The Eighth Circuit has repeatedly held that “more than a temporal connection
between the protected conduct and the adverse employment action is required to present a
genuine factual issue on retaliation.” Kiel v. Select Artificials, Inc., 169 F.3d 1131, 1136(8th Cir. 1999) (en banc); see Feltmann v. Sieben,108 F.3d 970, 977
(8th Cir. 1997); see Nelson v. J.C. Penney Co.,75 F.3d 343
, 346-47 (8th Cir. 1996). Here, Tealeh relies
primarily on the temporal proximity between his EEO activity and the alleged retaliatory
acts to support his claim. However, he has not presented any additional evidence
suggesting that his protected activity was the reason for the adverse actions. The decision-
makers involved in the challenged actions have consistently cited legitimate, non-
retaliatory reasons for their decisions, such as the selection process for the 204B training,
Tealeh’s misconduct, and the allocation of overtime under the CBA.
Moreover, the record evidence undercuts Tealeh’s retaliation claim. For instance,
Tealeh alleges that Supervisor Greg Tate retaliated against him by not registering him for
the February 2020 204B training. However, the record shows that Tate did, in fact, register
Tealeh for the training on the same day Tealeh requested registration. At the time of
registration, the class was already full, and Tealeh was placed on a waitlist for a subsequent
session that was ultimately canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Similarly, Tealeh’s claim that he was disciplined in October 2020 in retaliation for
his EEO activity is not supported by the record. Defendant has consistently maintained
that Tealeh was placed on emergency placement and suspended due to his threatening
behavior toward his supervisor, not because of his EEO complaints. Tealeh has not
presented any evidence to the contrary.
Tealeh’s attempt to analogize his case to Gilooly v. Missouri Department of Health
& Senior Services, 421 F.3d 734(8th Cir. 2005), is unpersuasive. In Gilooly, the plaintiff was terminated for allegedly making false statements during an investigation and grievance hearing that followed his accusations of sexual harassment against former co-workers.421 F.3d at 740
. The court found that this termination could potentially support a retaliation claim, as the reasons for firing must be sufficiently independent from the employee’s protected activity.Id.
Here, in contrast, there is no evidence that Tealeh was disciplined
for his EEO activity or for statements made during an investigation following EEO activity.
Rather, the record shows that Tealeh was disciplined for threatening his supervisor, a
legitimate and non-retaliatory reason unrelated to any protected conduct.
Even if Tealeh could establish a prima facie case of retaliation, Defendant has
articulated legitimate, non-retaliatory reasons for the challenged actions, and Tealeh has
not demonstrated that these reasons are pretextual. See Torgerson, 643 F.3d at 1047
(stating that a plaintiff may show pretext by demonstrating that the defendant’s proffered
reason is unworthy of credence). Tealeh’s arguments regarding pretext are largely based
on unsupported allegations and mischaracterizations of the record. He has not presented
evidence showing that Defendant’s proffered reasons are unworthy of credence.
After a thorough review of the record and the parties’ arguments, the Court
concludes that Tealeh’s retaliation claim is time-barred, as all of the alleged retaliatory acts
identified in his Amended Complaint and opposition brief occurred outside the actionable
45-day time period. See 29 C.F.R. § 1614.105(a)(1). Moreover, to the extent Tealeh seeks to base his retaliation claim on his October 2020 emergency placement and suspension, those allegations are not properly before the Court because Tealeh did not include them in his EEO complaint. See Parisi,400 F.3d at 585
.
Even if the Court were to consider the merits of Tealeh’s retaliation claim, the record
evidence does not support a prima facie case of retaliation. Tealeh has not presented
sufficient evidence of a causal connection between his EEO activity and any adverse
employment action, relying instead on mere temporal proximity. See Kiel, 169 F.3d at
1136(“more than a temporal connection between the protected conduct and the adverse employment action is required to present a genuine factual issue on retaliation.”). Furthermore, Defendant has articulated legitimate, non-retaliatory reasons for the challenged actions, and Tealeh has not demonstrated that these reasons are pretextual. See Torgerson,643 F.3d at 1047
.
Accordingly, the Court finds that Defendant is entitled to summary judgment on
Tealeh’s retaliation claim. The claim is time-barred, and even if it were timely, Tealeh has
not presented sufficient evidence to establish a prima facie case of retaliation or to show
that Defendant’s proffered reasons for the adverse actions are pretextual.
V. Hostile Work Environment Claim
Tealeh alleges that he was subjected to a hostile work environment based on his race
and national origin. He contends that various incidents, including harassment by a
coworker, management’s failure to address his complaints, and unwarranted discipline,
created a work environment permeated with discriminatory intimidation, ridicule, and
insult. Defendant argues that the conduct and comments identified by Tealeh are
insufficient to support a hostile work environment claim and that Tealeh improperly
attempts to recast his disparate treatment and retaliation claims as a hostile work
environment claim.
To succeed on a harassment or hostile work environment claim under Title VII, a
plaintiff must establish: (1) they are a member of a protected class; (2) unwelcome
harassment occurred; (3) there is a causal nexus between the harassment and their
protected-group status; (4) the harassment affected a term, condition, or privilege of
employment; and (5) the employer knew or should have known of the harassment and
failed to take proper remedial action. See Jackman, 728 F.3d at 805. The harassment must be so severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of the victim’s employment and create an abusive working environment. Sutherland v. Mo. Dep’t of Corr.,580 F.3d 748, 751
(8th Cir. 2009) (quotation omitted). The standard for demonstrating a hostile work environment is demanding, and isolated incidents (unless extremely serious) will not amount to discriminatory changes in the terms and conditions of employment. Carpenter v. Con-Way Cent. Express, Inc.,481 F.3d 611, 618
(8th Cir. 2007) (quotation omitted).
The Court begins by noting that Tealeh’s hostile work environment claim appears
to conflate discrete acts of alleged discrimination and retaliation with the severe or
pervasive conduct required to support a hostile work environment claim. The Supreme
Court has made clear that these are distinct concepts, emphasizing that discrete
discriminatory acts are not actionable if time barred, even when they are related to acts
alleged in timely filed charges. Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, 536 U.S. 101, 113(2002). In contrast, “[a] hostile work environment claim is comprised of a series of separate acts that collectively constitute one ‘unlawful employment practice.’”Id.
at 117
(citing 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(e)(1).).
As such, the Court will focus its analysis on the specific conduct and comments that
Tealeh alleges created a hostile work environment, rather than the discrete acts of alleged
discrimination and retaliation that form the basis of his other claims. The record evidence
shows that Tealeh identified three main categories of conduct and comments that he
believes support his hostile work environment claim: (1) race-based comments by
supervisors and coworkers; (2) harassment by a coworker, Shawn Smegal; and (3)
management’s failure to adequately address his complaints.
Turning first to the race-based comments, Tealeh testified that Supervisor Greg Tate
made two comments that he found offensive: (1) during a May 2019 incident, Tate
allegedly said he was going to call the police because “this is what Black people understand”
or “[t]hat’s the only language you people understand”; and (2) in October 2020, Tate said
he was “tired of hearing about discrimination” and referenced his own race, stating that he
himself was Black. Tealeh also alleges that in November 2019, a Black coworker told him
he should “take [his] Black ass back to Africa” if he did not like the way things were done.
While these comments are certainly inappropriate and racially charged, the Court
finds that they do not rise to the level of severe or pervasive conduct necessary to support
a hostile work environment claim. The Eighth Circuit has consistently held that “a few
isolated or sporadic incidents will not suffice; rather, the plaintiff must demonstrate the
alleged harassment was ‘so intimidating, offensive, or hostile that it poisoned the work
environment.’” Nitsche v. CEO of Osage Valley Elec. Coop., 446 F.3d 841, 846(8th Cir. 2006) (quotation omitted). Racial slurs alone do not necessarily render a work environment hostile as a matter of law. See Singletary,423 F.3d at 893
. For conduct to be actionable as a hostile work environment, it must be severe or pervasive enough to alter the conditions of employment and be viewed by a reasonable person as hostile.Id.
Here, the comments identified by Tealeh, while offensive, were relatively isolated
incidents that occurred sporadically over a period of more than a year. This is similar to
the situation in Bainbridge v. Loffredo Gardens, Inc., where the Eighth Circuit held that a
supervisor’s use of racial slurs about customers, competitors, or other employees, occurring
approximately once a month over a two-year period, was insufficient to create a hostile
work environment for the plaintiff. 378 F.3d 756, 759-60(8th Cir. 2004). Likewise, in Woodland v. Joseph T. Ryerson & Son, Inc., the court found that sporadic racially- motivated misconduct by the plaintiff’s coworkers, including racial epithets and offensive graffiti, was “neither severe nor pervasive enough to create a hostile work environment.”302 F.3d 839, 844
(8th Cir. 2002).
The Court reaches a similar conclusion with respect to Tealeh’s allegations of
harassment by his coworker, Shawn Smegal. While Tealeh testified that Smegal blocked
his path, disrupted his work, called him names, and made threatening gestures, he has not
presented evidence showing that Smegal’s conduct was based on Tealeh’s race or national
origin. To support a hostile work environment claim, the harassment must be based on a
protected characteristic. Singletary, 423 F.3d at 893.
Moreover, the record shows that USPS management took steps to address Tealeh’s
complaints about Smegal, such as separating the two employees and instructing them not
to work in the same area. This undermines Tealeh’s argument that management failed to
take appropriate action in response to his complaints. While Tealeh may have been
dissatisfied with management’s response, Title VII “does not require an employer to fire”
a harasser; rather, what an employer must do is to take prompt remedial action reasonably
calculated to end the harassment. Engel v. Rapid City Sch. Dist., 506 F.3d 1118, 1125 (8th
Cir. 2007) (quotation omitted).
Finally, to the extent Tealeh argues that management’s failure to investigate his
complaints or take appropriate disciplinary action contributed to a hostile work
environment, the Court finds that the record does not support this claim. The evidence
shows that USPS management did respond to Tealeh’s complaints, even if not always to
his satisfaction. As noted above, Title VII does not require an employer to take specific
disciplinary action against an alleged harasser; rather, the employer must take prompt
remedial action reasonably calculated to end the harassment. Id.
After a thorough and independent review of the record evidence and the relevant
legal standards, the Court concludes that Tealeh has not presented sufficient evidence to
support a hostile work environment claim. The race-based comments and incidents of
harassment identified by Tealeh, while offensive, are not sufficiently severe or pervasive
to alter the terms and conditions of his employment, as required by Eighth Circuit precedent.
See Sutherland, 580 F.3d at 751(holding that to prove a hostile work environment claim, the harassment must be so severe or pervasive that it alters the employment conditions); see Nitsche,446 F.3d at 846
(holding that to be actionable, the conduct complained of must be extreme in nature and not merely rude or unpleasant, and that allegations of a few isolated or sporadic incidents will not suffice; rather, the plaintiff must demonstrate the alleged harassment was ‘so intimidating, offensive, or hostile that it poisoned the work environment.’); see Bainbridge,378 F.3d at 759-60
(holding that sporadic racial slurs, no more than one per month, not directed at the plaintiff or his family, did not render the work environment objectively hostile or alter the terms and conditions of employment); see Woodland,302 F.3d at 844
(holding that sporadic racially-motivated misconduct by
coworkers, including racial epithets and graffiti, was ‘neither severe nor pervasive enough
to create a hostile work environment’ where the employer took prompt and adequate
remedial action in response to reported incidents).
Moreover, the record does not support Tealeh’s claim that USPS management failed
to take appropriate action in response to his complaints. The evidence shows that
management did take steps to address Tealeh’s concerns, such as separating him from
Smegal and instructing them not to work in the same area. While Tealeh may have been
dissatisfied with management’s response, Title VII does not require an employer to take
specific disciplinary action against an alleged harasser; rather, the employer must take
prompt remedial action reasonably calculated to end the harassment. Engel, 506 F.3d at
1125.
Accordingly, based on the evidence in the record and the applicable legal standards,
the Court finds that Defendant is entitled to summary judgment on Tealeh’s hostile work
environment claim. Even when viewed in the light most favorable to Tealeh, the evidence
is insufficient to support a finding that he was subjected to severe or pervasive harassment
that altered the terms and conditions of his employment.
VI. Conclusion
For the reasons set forth above, the Court concludes that Defendant is entitled to
summary judgment on all of Tealeh’s claims.
First, the Court finds that the majority of Tealeh’s disparate treatment and retaliation
claims are time-barred, as they are based on alleged discriminatory acts that occurred more
than 45 days before Tealeh initiated contact with an EEO counselor. See 29 C.F.R.
§ 1614.105(a)(1).
Second, with respect to Tealeh’s timely disparate treatment claims, the Court
concludes that Tealeh has not established a prima facie case of discrimination or shown
that Defendant’s proffered reasons for its actions are pretextual. Tealeh has not presented
evidence showing that he was treated less favorably than similarly situated employees
outside his protected class or that the circumstances surrounding the alleged adverse
actions give rise to an inference of discrimination. Moreover, Defendant has articulated
legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons for his actions, and Tealeh has not demonstrated that
these reasons are unworthy of credence.
Third, even if Tealeh’s retaliation claim were timely, the Court finds that Tealeh has
not established a prima facie case of retaliation or shown that Defendant’s proffered
reasons for the alleged retaliatory acts are pretextual. Tealeh has not presented evidence
of a causal connection between his protected activity and any adverse employment action,
relying instead on mere temporal proximity. Furthermore, Defendant has articulated
legitimate, non-retaliatory reasons for the challenged actions, and Tealeh has not
demonstrated that these reasons are pretextual.
Finally, the Court concludes that Tealeh has not presented sufficient evidence to
support a hostile work environment claim. The race-based comments and incidents of
harassment identified by Tealeh are not sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the terms
and conditions of his employment. Moreover, the record shows that USPS management
took prompt remedial action reasonably calculated to address Tealeh’s complaints.
ORDER
Based on the foregoing analysis and all the files, records and proceedings herein, IT
IS HEREBY ORDERED that Defendant General Louis DeJoy’s motion for summary
judgment, (Dkt. 87), is GRANTED.
LET JUDGMENT BE ENTERED ACCORDINGLY.
Dated: April 29, 2024 s/Joan N. Ericksen
Joan N. Ericksen
United States District Judge Trial Court Opinion
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
DISTRICT OF MINNESOTA
Flomo Tealeh, Case No. 21-cv-1318 (JNE/DJF)
Plaintiff,
ORDER
v.
Postmaster General Louis DeJoy,
Defendant.
This matter is before the Court on Defendant Postmaster General Louis DeJoy’s
Motion for Summary Judgment. (Dkt. 87.) For the reasons addressed below, the Court
grants the motion.
BACKGROUND
Plaintiff Flomo Tealeh, a former mail handler at the United States Postal Service
(“USPS”), filed this action alleging discrimination based on race and national origin,
retaliation, and hostile work environment under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Tealeh, who is Black and Liberian-American, was employed by USPS from February 2017
to February 2022. During his employment, Tealeh alleges he was subjected to various
instances of disparate treatment, retaliation, and a hostile work environment based on his
race and national origin. The alleged discriminatory and retaliatory acts include the
revocation of his Powered Industrial Truck (“PIT”) license, denial of overtime
opportunities, false accusations of unauthorized overtime, unjustified suspensions, and
failure to promote.
Tealeh filed two Equal Employment Opportunity (“EEO”) complaints related to
these allegations, one in July 2019 and another in November 2020. After exhausting his
administrative remedies, Tealeh initiated this lawsuit on June 1, 2021, and filed an
amended complaint on August 5, 2021.
Defendant now moves for summary judgment on all of Tealeh’s claims. Defendant
argues that most of Tealeh’s claims are time-barred under the applicable 45-day statute of
limitations for federal employees and that Tealeh has failed to establish a prima facie case
or demonstrate pretext for his timely claims. Tealeh opposes the motion, contending that
he has presented sufficient evidence to create genuine issues of material fact on his claims.
The Court, having considered the parties’ submissions and the record evidence, will
now address the merits of Defendant’s motion for summary judgment.
ANALYSIS
I. Legal Standard
Summary judgment is appropriate when there is no genuine dispute as to any
material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ.
P. 56(a); Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247(1986). A fact is material if it might affect the outcome of the suit, and a dispute is genuine if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party. Anderson,477 U.S. at 248
.
The moving party bears the initial burden of demonstrating the absence of a genuine
issue of material fact. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323(1986). If the moving party meets this burden, the nonmoving party must then set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial. Anderson,477 U.S. at 256
. In evaluating a motion for summary judgment, the Court must view the evidence and any inferences drawn from the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. See Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp.,475 U.S. 574, 587
(1986).
However, the nonmoving party “must do more than simply show that there is some
metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.” Id. at 586. “The mere existence of a scintilla of evidence in support of the [nonmoving party’s] position will be insufficient; there must be evidence on which the jury could reasonably find for the [nonmoving party].” Anderson,477 U.S. at 252
. “If the evidence is merely colorable, or is not significantly probative, summary judgment may be granted.”Id. at 249-50
(citations omitted).
In employment discrimination cases, the Court applies the burden-shifting
framework established in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792(1973). The plaintiff must first establish a prima facie case of discrimination or retaliation.Id. at 802
. If the plaintiff does so, the burden shifts to the defendant to articulate a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the adverse employment action.Id.
If the defendant meets this burden, the plaintiff must then demonstrate that the defendant’s proffered reason is a pretext for discrimination or retaliation.Id. at 804
.
II. Timeliness of Claims
The parties dispute whether Tealeh’s disparate treatment and retaliation claims are
timely under the applicable statute of limitations for federal employees.
Before a federal employee can sue their employer for violating Title VII, they must
“initiate contact” with an EEO counselor at their agency “within 45 days of the date of the
matter alleged to be discriminatory.” Green v. Brennan, 578 U.S. 547, 549-50(2016) (citing29 C.F.R. § 1614.105
(a)(1)).
Tealeh first contacted the EEO office on November 9, 2020. Consequently, only
alleged discriminatory acts occurring within the preceding 45 days—from September 25,
2020, to December 20, 2020—would be timely under the applicable statute of limitations.
Tealeh argues that the standard filing period for Title VII employment
discrimination claims is 180 days and 300 days, citing Green. However, the Supreme
Court in Green explicitly recognized the different limitations period for federal employees,
noting that a federal civil servant must initiate contact with an EEO counselor “within 45
days of the date of the matter alleged to be discriminatory” before filing a Title VII suit.
578 U.S. at 549-50.
Tealeh also contends that his claims relating to the suspension of his PIT license are
timely because he had a follow-up meeting regarding licensure during the relevant time
period. However, Tealeh testified that the alleged decision to suspend his PIT license was
made nearly two years earlier, in February 2019. A follow-up meeting with management
does not revive an otherwise untimely claim, as the 45-day limitations period runs from
the date of the alleged discriminatory act, not from the date of any subsequent discussions
about that act. Id.
A review of the record reveals that most of the alleged discriminatory acts
underlying Tealeh’s disparate treatment and retaliation claims occurred well before
September 25, 2020. For example, the suspension of Tealeh’s PIT license allegedly
occurred in February 2019, the denial of overtime opportunities allegedly occurred from
late 2019 through January 2, 2020, and the failure to promote Tealeh to the Data Collection
position allegedly occurred on January 30, 2020. These claims are time-barred under the
45-day limitations period. See id.
Based on the applicable law and the evidence in the record, the Court concludes that
the 45-day limitations period for federal employees is controlling, and Tealeh has not
shown that his claims are timely under this standard. See id. Accordingly, any claims
based on alleged discriminatory acts occurring before September 25, 2020, are time-barred
and must be dismissed.
III. Disparate Treatment Claims
A. Overtime Claims
Tealeh alleges that he was denied overtime opportunities based on his race and
national origin, while Defendant maintains that overtime was assigned according to the
provisions of the Collective Bargaining Agreement (“CBA”) and that Tealeh has failed to
establish a prima facie case of discrimination or demonstrate pretext.
To establish a prima facie case of racial discrimination in hiring under Title VII, a
plaintiff must show that: (1) they belong to a racial minority; (2) they applied and were
qualified for a job for which the employer was seeking applicants; (3) despite their
qualifications, they were rejected; and (4) after their rejection, the position remained open
and the employer continued to seek applicants from persons of the plaintiff’s qualifications.
McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 802. If the plaintiff establishes a prima facie case, the defendant must articulate a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the adverse action.Id.
The plaintiff must then demonstrate that the defendant’s proffered reason is a pretext for discrimination. Torgerson v. City of Rochester,643 F.3d 1031, 1047
(8th Cir. 2011) (en
banc) (stating that a plaintiff may show pretext by demonstrating that the defendant’s
proffered reason is unworthy of credence because it has no basis in fact, is not the true
reason for the adverse action, or is insufficient to explain the adverse action).
As a threshold matter, the Court must determine whether Tealeh’s overtime claims
are timely. Tealeh alleges that he was denied overtime opportunities from late 2019
through November 2020. However, as discussed in the previous section, claims based on
alleged discriminatory acts occurring before September 25, 2020, are time-barred under
the applicable 45-day limitations period for federal employees. See 29 C.F.R.
§ 1614.105(a)(1); Green,578 U.S. at 549-50
. Therefore, the Court will only consider
Tealeh’s overtime claims to the extent they are based on events occurring between
September 25, 2020, and November 2020.
Turning to the merits of the timely portion of Tealeh’s overtime claims, the Court
finds that Tealeh has not established a prima facie case of discrimination. While Tealeh,
as a Black Liberian-American, is a member of a protected class, and he claims he was
available and willing to work overtime, he has not shown that the circumstances
surrounding the allocation of overtime give rise to an inference of discrimination.
Tealeh identifies Jean-Marie Longi and Craig Wendt as comparators who allegedly
received more overtime than he did. However, Tealeh has not provided evidence
demonstrating that he was similarly situated to Longi and Wendt in all relevant respects.
See Bone v. G4S Youth Servs., LLC, 686 F.3d 948, 956 (8th Cir. 2012) (stating that
comparators must be “similarly situated in all relevant respects”). Defendant has presented
evidence that several factors, such as employees’ scheduled days off, tour preferences, and
work section, could impact overtime allocation. Tealeh has not shown that he and his
proposed comparators were similarly situated with respect to these factors.
Moreover, the fact that Longi, one of Tealeh’s proposed comparators, is himself a
Black African immigrant undermines Tealeh’s claim that overtime was allocated based on
race or national origin. This weakens any inference of discrimination that might otherwise
be drawn from the alleged disparity in overtime hours. See Askari v. L.A. Fitness Int’l,
LLC, 2010 WL 3938320, at *5 (D. Minn. Oct. 5, 2010) (“[A] plaintiff faces a difficult
burden of establishing discrimination when the decision-maker is a member of the same
protected class as the plaintiff.”).
Even if Tealeh could establish a prima facie case, Defendant has articulated a
legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the allocation of overtime: adherence to the
provisions of the CBA. Tealeh has not presented evidence demonstrating that this
proffered reason is pretextual. He has not shown that Defendant’s reliance on the CBA has
no basis in fact, that it was not the true reason for the overtime allocation, or that it was
insufficient to explain the alleged disparity in overtime hours. See Torgerson, 643 F.3d at
1047.
Based on the record evidence and the applicable legal standards, the Court
concludes that Tealeh has not established a prima facie case of discrimination with respect
to his overtime claims. Tealeh has not shown that the circumstances surrounding the
allocation of overtime give rise to an inference of discrimination, nor has he demonstrated
that he was similarly situated to his proposed comparators in all relevant respects.
Moreover, even if Tealeh could establish a prima facie case, he has not presented evidence
showing that Defendant’s proffered reason for the allocation of overtime—adherence to
the CBA—is pretextual. Accordingly, summary judgment in favor of Defendant is
warranted on Tealeh’s overtime claims.
B. Emergency Placement and Suspension Claims
Tealeh alleges that his emergency placement on October 28, 2020, and subsequent
suspension were the result of disparate treatment based on his race and national origin.
Defendant argues that these actions were taken due to Tealeh’s threatening behavior toward
his supervisor, Mohamed Ali, and that Tealeh has not established a prima facie case of
discrimination or shown that Defendant’s proffered reason is pretextual.
To establish a prima facie case of disparate treatment, a plaintiff must show that: (1)
they are a member of a protected class; (2) they met their employer’s legitimate
expectations; (3) they suffered an adverse employment action; and (4) the circumstances
give rise to an inference of discrimination. See McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 802. If the plaintiff establishes a prima facie case, the defendant must articulate a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the adverse action.Id.
The plaintiff must then demonstrate that the defendant’s proffered reason is a pretext for discrimination. Torgerson,643 F.3d at 1047
.
As a threshold matter, the Court must determine whether Tealeh’s emergency
placement and suspension constitute adverse employment actions. The Eighth Circuit has
held that a suspension with pay is not an adverse action. Singletary v. Mo. Dep’t of Corr.,
423 F.3d 886, 891-92 (8th Cir. 2005). Tealeh was issued a “no-time-off” suspension,
which, according to Defendant, means that he was paid during the suspension period.
However, Tealeh claims that he lost wages as a result of the emergency placement. Given
this factual dispute, the Court will assume, for purposes of this motion, that Tealeh has
suffered adverse employment actions.
Turning to the remaining elements of the prima facie case, it is undisputed that
Tealeh, as a Black Liberian-American, is a member of a protected class. However, Tealeh
has not presented evidence showing that the circumstances surrounding his emergency
placement and suspension give rise to an inference of discrimination.
Defendant has consistently maintained that Tealeh was placed on emergency
placement and subsequently suspended due to his threatening behavior toward his
supervisor, Mohamed Ali. According to Mohamed Ali, Tealeh stated, “If you talk to me
again, there’s going to be a disaster in this building.” Defendant contends that this threat
was reported to Senior Manager of Distribution Operations Dave Emerson, who then
instructed supervisors to place Tealeh on emergency placement.
Tealeh attempts to cast doubt on Defendant’s proffered reason by highlighting
inconsistencies in Mohamed Ali’s account of the incident. However, the Court finds that
these inconsistencies are relatively minor and do not give rise to an inference of
discrimination. Whether the threat was made over the phone or in person, and whether
Tealeh was working a regular or overtime shift that day, does not change the fundamental
nature of Defendant’s proffered reason—that Tealeh was disciplined for threatening his
supervisor.
Notably, in attempting to demonstrate pretext, Tealeh does not offer affirmative
evidence showing that Defendant’s proffered reason for the adverse actions was false or
that discrimination was the true motivation. Instead, Tealeh relies on highlighting
perceived inconsistencies in Mohamed Ali’s account of the threatening incident. However,
when “an employer has articulated a legitimate reason for its actions, it is permissible for
courts to presume the existence of a prima facie case and move directly to the issue of
pretext . . . .” Stewart v. Independent School Dist. No. 196, 481 F.3d 1034, 1043(8th Cir. 2007). To prove pretext, a plaintiff must both discredit the employer’s asserted reason and show that the circumstances permit drawing the reasonable inference that the real reason was discriminatory. See Johnson v. AT&T Corp.,422 F.3d 756, 763
(8th Cir. 2005). Minor discrepancies in a witness’s account are not sufficient to establish pretext, absent affirmative evidence that the employer’s reason was false and that discrimination was the real reason. See Roeben v. BG Excelsior Ltd. Partnership,545 F.3d 639, 643
(8th Cir.
2008) (holding that minor inconsistencies in an employer’s explanation did not raise an
inference of pretext).
Moreover, Tealeh has not presented evidence of similarly situated employees
outside his protected class who were treated more favorably under comparable
circumstances. The Eighth Circuit has held that “[a]t the pretext stage, the test for whether
someone is sufficiently similarly situated, as to be of use for comparison, is rigorous.”
Johnson v. Securitas Sec. Servs. USA, Inc., 769 F.3d 605, 613 (8th Cir. 2014) (en banc).
Tealeh has not identified any non-Black or non-Liberian employees who engaged in
similarly threatening behavior but were not disciplined.
The Court also notes that two of the key decision-makers involved in Tealeh’s
emergency placement and suspension—Mohamed Ali and Ali Said—are themselves Black
African immigrants. While not dispositive, this fact further undermines any inference of
discrimination based on race or national origin. See Askari, 2010 WL 3938320, at *5.
Even if Tealeh could establish a prima facie case, he has not demonstrated that
Defendant’s proffered reason for the adverse actions is pretextual. The minor
inconsistencies in Ali’s account do not show that Defendant’s reason has no basis in fact,
is not the true reason, or is insufficient to explain the adverse actions. Torgerson, 643 F.3d
at 1047. Tealeh’s contention that Plant Manager Roy Reynolds “warned that Ali’s
accusation lacked substance” mischaracterizes the record. Reynolds was not involved in
the disciplinary decision and merely requested additional information in his role as a
member of the facility’s Threat Assessment Team.
Based on a thorough review of the record evidence and the applicable legal
standards, the Court concludes that Tealeh has not established a prima facie case of
discrimination with respect to his emergency placement and suspension claims. Even
assuming Tealeh has shown that he suffered adverse employment actions, he has not
demonstrated that the circumstances surrounding these actions give rise to an inference of
discrimination. Tealeh has not presented evidence of similarly situated employees outside
his protected class who were treated more favorably under comparable circumstances, and
the fact that key decision-makers were themselves Black African immigrants undercuts
any inference of discriminatory intent.
Moreover, Tealeh has not shown that Defendant’s proffered reason for the adverse
actions—his threatening behavior toward his supervisor—is pretextual. The
inconsistencies in Mohamed Ali’s account are relatively minor and do not cast doubt on
the fundamental reason for Tealeh’s discipline. Accordingly, the Court finds that
Defendant is entitled to summary judgment on Tealeh’s emergency placement and
suspension claims.
IV. Retaliation Claim
Tealeh alleges that he was subjected to various adverse actions in retaliation for
engaging in protected activity, such as filing EEO complaints and grievances. Defendant
argues that Tealeh’s retaliation claim is entirely time-barred and that, even if it were timely,
Tealeh has not established a prima facie case of retaliation or shown that Defendant’s
proffered reasons for the adverse actions are pretextual.
“To establish a prima facie case of retaliation, an employee has the initial burden of
establishing retaliation by showing that (1) she engaged in protected conduct; (2) she
suffered a materially adverse employment action; and (3) the adverse action was causally
linked to the protected conduct.” Jackman v. Fifth Judicial Dist. Dep’t of Corr. Servs., 728
F.3d 800, 804(8th Cir. 2013) (citing Pye v. Nu Aire, Inc.,641 F.3d 1011, 1021
(8th Cir. 2011)). “An adverse employment action is defined as a tangible change in working conditions that produces a material employment disadvantage, including but not limited to, termination, cuts in pay or benefits, and changes that affect an employee’s future career prospects, as well as circumstances amounting to a constructive discharge.” Jackman,728 F.3d at 804
(citing Wilkie v. Dep’t of Health and Human Servs.,638 F.3d 944, 955
(8th Cir. 2011)). “However, minor changes in duties or working conditions, even unpalatable or unwelcome ones, which cause no materially significant disadvantage, do not rise to the level of an adverse employment action.”Id.
The Court must first address the timeliness of Tealeh’s retaliation claim. As a
federal employee, Tealeh was required to initiate contact with an EEO counselor within 45
days of the alleged retaliatory act. 29 C.F.R. § 1614.105(a)(1). Tealeh first contacted an
EEO counselor on November 9, 2020, making the actionable time period September 25,
2020, to December 20, 2020.
In his Amended Complaint and opposition brief, Tealeh identifies several alleged
retaliatory acts, including denials of promotion, exclusion from training opportunities, and
unwarranted discipline. However, a close examination of the record reveals that all of
these acts occurred before September 25, 2020, and thus fall outside the actionable time
period.
For example, Tealeh claims that he was denied a promotion to a Data Collection
position in January 2020 and that he was not selected for 204B training in February 2020,
both in retaliation for his prior EEO activity. However, these alleged retaliatory acts
occurred more than 45 days before Tealeh initiated contact with an EEO counselor and are
therefore time-barred. See 29 C.F.R. § 1614.105(a)(1).
Tealeh also appears to argue that his October 2020 emergency placement and
suspension were retaliatory. However, Tealeh did not include these allegations in his EEO
complaint or Amended Complaint. As such, any retaliation claim based on these actions
is not properly before the Court. See Parisi v. Boeing Co., 400 F.3d 583, 585 (8th Cir.
2005) (holding that a plaintiff’s discrimination claims in a lawsuit are limited to the scope
of their EEO charge and investigation, and dismissing claims not included in the EEO
complaint).
Even assuming, arguendo, that Tealeh’s retaliation claim were timely and properly
exhausted, the Court finds that Tealeh has not established a prima facie case of retaliation.
While Tealeh engaged in protected activity by filing EEO complaints in July 2019 and
November 2020, he has not presented sufficient evidence of a causal connection between
these complaints and any adverse employment action.
The Eighth Circuit has repeatedly held that “more than a temporal connection
between the protected conduct and the adverse employment action is required to present a
genuine factual issue on retaliation.” Kiel v. Select Artificials, Inc., 169 F.3d 1131, 1136(8th Cir. 1999) (en banc); see Feltmann v. Sieben,108 F.3d 970, 977
(8th Cir. 1997); see Nelson v. J.C. Penney Co.,75 F.3d 343
, 346-47 (8th Cir. 1996). Here, Tealeh relies
primarily on the temporal proximity between his EEO activity and the alleged retaliatory
acts to support his claim. However, he has not presented any additional evidence
suggesting that his protected activity was the reason for the adverse actions. The decision-
makers involved in the challenged actions have consistently cited legitimate, non-
retaliatory reasons for their decisions, such as the selection process for the 204B training,
Tealeh’s misconduct, and the allocation of overtime under the CBA.
Moreover, the record evidence undercuts Tealeh’s retaliation claim. For instance,
Tealeh alleges that Supervisor Greg Tate retaliated against him by not registering him for
the February 2020 204B training. However, the record shows that Tate did, in fact, register
Tealeh for the training on the same day Tealeh requested registration. At the time of
registration, the class was already full, and Tealeh was placed on a waitlist for a subsequent
session that was ultimately canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Similarly, Tealeh’s claim that he was disciplined in October 2020 in retaliation for
his EEO activity is not supported by the record. Defendant has consistently maintained
that Tealeh was placed on emergency placement and suspended due to his threatening
behavior toward his supervisor, not because of his EEO complaints. Tealeh has not
presented any evidence to the contrary.
Tealeh’s attempt to analogize his case to Gilooly v. Missouri Department of Health
& Senior Services, 421 F.3d 734(8th Cir. 2005), is unpersuasive. In Gilooly, the plaintiff was terminated for allegedly making false statements during an investigation and grievance hearing that followed his accusations of sexual harassment against former co-workers.421 F.3d at 740
. The court found that this termination could potentially support a retaliation claim, as the reasons for firing must be sufficiently independent from the employee’s protected activity.Id.
Here, in contrast, there is no evidence that Tealeh was disciplined
for his EEO activity or for statements made during an investigation following EEO activity.
Rather, the record shows that Tealeh was disciplined for threatening his supervisor, a
legitimate and non-retaliatory reason unrelated to any protected conduct.
Even if Tealeh could establish a prima facie case of retaliation, Defendant has
articulated legitimate, non-retaliatory reasons for the challenged actions, and Tealeh has
not demonstrated that these reasons are pretextual. See Torgerson, 643 F.3d at 1047
(stating that a plaintiff may show pretext by demonstrating that the defendant’s proffered
reason is unworthy of credence). Tealeh’s arguments regarding pretext are largely based
on unsupported allegations and mischaracterizations of the record. He has not presented
evidence showing that Defendant’s proffered reasons are unworthy of credence.
After a thorough review of the record and the parties’ arguments, the Court
concludes that Tealeh’s retaliation claim is time-barred, as all of the alleged retaliatory acts
identified in his Amended Complaint and opposition brief occurred outside the actionable
45-day time period. See 29 C.F.R. § 1614.105(a)(1). Moreover, to the extent Tealeh seeks to base his retaliation claim on his October 2020 emergency placement and suspension, those allegations are not properly before the Court because Tealeh did not include them in his EEO complaint. See Parisi,400 F.3d at 585
.
Even if the Court were to consider the merits of Tealeh’s retaliation claim, the record
evidence does not support a prima facie case of retaliation. Tealeh has not presented
sufficient evidence of a causal connection between his EEO activity and any adverse
employment action, relying instead on mere temporal proximity. See Kiel, 169 F.3d at
1136(“more than a temporal connection between the protected conduct and the adverse employment action is required to present a genuine factual issue on retaliation.”). Furthermore, Defendant has articulated legitimate, non-retaliatory reasons for the challenged actions, and Tealeh has not demonstrated that these reasons are pretextual. See Torgerson,643 F.3d at 1047
.
Accordingly, the Court finds that Defendant is entitled to summary judgment on
Tealeh’s retaliation claim. The claim is time-barred, and even if it were timely, Tealeh has
not presented sufficient evidence to establish a prima facie case of retaliation or to show
that Defendant’s proffered reasons for the adverse actions are pretextual.
V. Hostile Work Environment Claim
Tealeh alleges that he was subjected to a hostile work environment based on his race
and national origin. He contends that various incidents, including harassment by a
coworker, management’s failure to address his complaints, and unwarranted discipline,
created a work environment permeated with discriminatory intimidation, ridicule, and
insult. Defendant argues that the conduct and comments identified by Tealeh are
insufficient to support a hostile work environment claim and that Tealeh improperly
attempts to recast his disparate treatment and retaliation claims as a hostile work
environment claim.
To succeed on a harassment or hostile work environment claim under Title VII, a
plaintiff must establish: (1) they are a member of a protected class; (2) unwelcome
harassment occurred; (3) there is a causal nexus between the harassment and their
protected-group status; (4) the harassment affected a term, condition, or privilege of
employment; and (5) the employer knew or should have known of the harassment and
failed to take proper remedial action. See Jackman, 728 F.3d at 805. The harassment must be so severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of the victim’s employment and create an abusive working environment. Sutherland v. Mo. Dep’t of Corr.,580 F.3d 748, 751
(8th Cir. 2009) (quotation omitted). The standard for demonstrating a hostile work environment is demanding, and isolated incidents (unless extremely serious) will not amount to discriminatory changes in the terms and conditions of employment. Carpenter v. Con-Way Cent. Express, Inc.,481 F.3d 611, 618
(8th Cir. 2007) (quotation omitted).
The Court begins by noting that Tealeh’s hostile work environment claim appears
to conflate discrete acts of alleged discrimination and retaliation with the severe or
pervasive conduct required to support a hostile work environment claim. The Supreme
Court has made clear that these are distinct concepts, emphasizing that discrete
discriminatory acts are not actionable if time barred, even when they are related to acts
alleged in timely filed charges. Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, 536 U.S. 101, 113(2002). In contrast, “[a] hostile work environment claim is comprised of a series of separate acts that collectively constitute one ‘unlawful employment practice.’”Id.
at 117
(citing 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(e)(1).).
As such, the Court will focus its analysis on the specific conduct and comments that
Tealeh alleges created a hostile work environment, rather than the discrete acts of alleged
discrimination and retaliation that form the basis of his other claims. The record evidence
shows that Tealeh identified three main categories of conduct and comments that he
believes support his hostile work environment claim: (1) race-based comments by
supervisors and coworkers; (2) harassment by a coworker, Shawn Smegal; and (3)
management’s failure to adequately address his complaints.
Turning first to the race-based comments, Tealeh testified that Supervisor Greg Tate
made two comments that he found offensive: (1) during a May 2019 incident, Tate
allegedly said he was going to call the police because “this is what Black people understand”
or “[t]hat’s the only language you people understand”; and (2) in October 2020, Tate said
he was “tired of hearing about discrimination” and referenced his own race, stating that he
himself was Black. Tealeh also alleges that in November 2019, a Black coworker told him
he should “take [his] Black ass back to Africa” if he did not like the way things were done.
While these comments are certainly inappropriate and racially charged, the Court
finds that they do not rise to the level of severe or pervasive conduct necessary to support
a hostile work environment claim. The Eighth Circuit has consistently held that “a few
isolated or sporadic incidents will not suffice; rather, the plaintiff must demonstrate the
alleged harassment was ‘so intimidating, offensive, or hostile that it poisoned the work
environment.’” Nitsche v. CEO of Osage Valley Elec. Coop., 446 F.3d 841, 846(8th Cir. 2006) (quotation omitted). Racial slurs alone do not necessarily render a work environment hostile as a matter of law. See Singletary,423 F.3d at 893
. For conduct to be actionable as a hostile work environment, it must be severe or pervasive enough to alter the conditions of employment and be viewed by a reasonable person as hostile.Id.
Here, the comments identified by Tealeh, while offensive, were relatively isolated
incidents that occurred sporadically over a period of more than a year. This is similar to
the situation in Bainbridge v. Loffredo Gardens, Inc., where the Eighth Circuit held that a
supervisor’s use of racial slurs about customers, competitors, or other employees, occurring
approximately once a month over a two-year period, was insufficient to create a hostile
work environment for the plaintiff. 378 F.3d 756, 759-60(8th Cir. 2004). Likewise, in Woodland v. Joseph T. Ryerson & Son, Inc., the court found that sporadic racially- motivated misconduct by the plaintiff’s coworkers, including racial epithets and offensive graffiti, was “neither severe nor pervasive enough to create a hostile work environment.”302 F.3d 839, 844
(8th Cir. 2002).
The Court reaches a similar conclusion with respect to Tealeh’s allegations of
harassment by his coworker, Shawn Smegal. While Tealeh testified that Smegal blocked
his path, disrupted his work, called him names, and made threatening gestures, he has not
presented evidence showing that Smegal’s conduct was based on Tealeh’s race or national
origin. To support a hostile work environment claim, the harassment must be based on a
protected characteristic. Singletary, 423 F.3d at 893.
Moreover, the record shows that USPS management took steps to address Tealeh’s
complaints about Smegal, such as separating the two employees and instructing them not
to work in the same area. This undermines Tealeh’s argument that management failed to
take appropriate action in response to his complaints. While Tealeh may have been
dissatisfied with management’s response, Title VII “does not require an employer to fire”
a harasser; rather, what an employer must do is to take prompt remedial action reasonably
calculated to end the harassment. Engel v. Rapid City Sch. Dist., 506 F.3d 1118, 1125 (8th
Cir. 2007) (quotation omitted).
Finally, to the extent Tealeh argues that management’s failure to investigate his
complaints or take appropriate disciplinary action contributed to a hostile work
environment, the Court finds that the record does not support this claim. The evidence
shows that USPS management did respond to Tealeh’s complaints, even if not always to
his satisfaction. As noted above, Title VII does not require an employer to take specific
disciplinary action against an alleged harasser; rather, the employer must take prompt
remedial action reasonably calculated to end the harassment. Id.
After a thorough and independent review of the record evidence and the relevant
legal standards, the Court concludes that Tealeh has not presented sufficient evidence to
support a hostile work environment claim. The race-based comments and incidents of
harassment identified by Tealeh, while offensive, are not sufficiently severe or pervasive
to alter the terms and conditions of his employment, as required by Eighth Circuit precedent.
See Sutherland, 580 F.3d at 751(holding that to prove a hostile work environment claim, the harassment must be so severe or pervasive that it alters the employment conditions); see Nitsche,446 F.3d at 846
(holding that to be actionable, the conduct complained of must be extreme in nature and not merely rude or unpleasant, and that allegations of a few isolated or sporadic incidents will not suffice; rather, the plaintiff must demonstrate the alleged harassment was ‘so intimidating, offensive, or hostile that it poisoned the work environment.’); see Bainbridge,378 F.3d at 759-60
(holding that sporadic racial slurs, no more than one per month, not directed at the plaintiff or his family, did not render the work environment objectively hostile or alter the terms and conditions of employment); see Woodland,302 F.3d at 844
(holding that sporadic racially-motivated misconduct by
coworkers, including racial epithets and graffiti, was ‘neither severe nor pervasive enough
to create a hostile work environment’ where the employer took prompt and adequate
remedial action in response to reported incidents).
Moreover, the record does not support Tealeh’s claim that USPS management failed
to take appropriate action in response to his complaints. The evidence shows that
management did take steps to address Tealeh’s concerns, such as separating him from
Smegal and instructing them not to work in the same area. While Tealeh may have been
dissatisfied with management’s response, Title VII does not require an employer to take
specific disciplinary action against an alleged harasser; rather, the employer must take
prompt remedial action reasonably calculated to end the harassment. Engel, 506 F.3d at
1125.
Accordingly, based on the evidence in the record and the applicable legal standards,
the Court finds that Defendant is entitled to summary judgment on Tealeh’s hostile work
environment claim. Even when viewed in the light most favorable to Tealeh, the evidence
is insufficient to support a finding that he was subjected to severe or pervasive harassment
that altered the terms and conditions of his employment.
VI. Conclusion
For the reasons set forth above, the Court concludes that Defendant is entitled to
summary judgment on all of Tealeh’s claims.
First, the Court finds that the majority of Tealeh’s disparate treatment and retaliation
claims are time-barred, as they are based on alleged discriminatory acts that occurred more
than 45 days before Tealeh initiated contact with an EEO counselor. See 29 C.F.R.
§ 1614.105(a)(1).
Second, with respect to Tealeh’s timely disparate treatment claims, the Court
concludes that Tealeh has not established a prima facie case of discrimination or shown
that Defendant’s proffered reasons for its actions are pretextual. Tealeh has not presented
evidence showing that he was treated less favorably than similarly situated employees
outside his protected class or that the circumstances surrounding the alleged adverse
actions give rise to an inference of discrimination. Moreover, Defendant has articulated
legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons for his actions, and Tealeh has not demonstrated that
these reasons are unworthy of credence.
Third, even if Tealeh’s retaliation claim were timely, the Court finds that Tealeh has
not established a prima facie case of retaliation or shown that Defendant’s proffered
reasons for the alleged retaliatory acts are pretextual. Tealeh has not presented evidence
of a causal connection between his protected activity and any adverse employment action,
relying instead on mere temporal proximity. Furthermore, Defendant has articulated
legitimate, non-retaliatory reasons for the challenged actions, and Tealeh has not
demonstrated that these reasons are pretextual.
Finally, the Court concludes that Tealeh has not presented sufficient evidence to
support a hostile work environment claim. The race-based comments and incidents of
harassment identified by Tealeh are not sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the terms
and conditions of his employment. Moreover, the record shows that USPS management
took prompt remedial action reasonably calculated to address Tealeh’s complaints.
ORDER
Based on the foregoing analysis and all the files, records and proceedings herein, IT
IS HEREBY ORDERED that Defendant General Louis DeJoy’s motion for summary
judgment, (Dkt. 87), is GRANTED.
LET JUDGMENT BE ENTERED ACCORDINGLY.
Dated: April 29, 2024 s/Joan N. Ericksen
Joan N. Ericksen
United States District Judge Reference
- Status
- Unknown