Borst v. O'Malley

U.S. District Court, District of Minnesota

Borst v. O'Malley

Trial Court Opinion

                UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT                             
                    DISTRICT OF MINNESOTA                                

 MICHELE B.,                          Case No. 23-CV-1051 (JFD)          

               Plaintiff,                                                

 v.                                          ORDER                       

 MARTIN J. O’MALLEY, Commissioner                                        
 of Social Security Administration,                                      

               Defendant.                                                


    Pursuant to 
42 U.S.C. § 405
(g), Plaintiff Michele B. seeks judicial review of a final 
decision  by  the  Commissioner  of  Social  Security  (“Commissioner”)  denying  her 
application for Social Security Disability Insurance benefits (“DIB”) for lack of disability. 
The  matter  is  now  before  the  Court  for  review.  Because  the  Court  finds  that  the 
Commissioner’s decision denying DIB is supported by substantial evidence in the record, 
the Court affirms the decision of the Commissioner.                       
I.   BACKGROUND                                                           
    A.   Procedural History                                              
    On September 8, 2020, Plaintiff applied for DIB, alleging disability with an onset 
date of January 15, 2020, due to a variety of physical and mental ailments. (R. 15, 18, 276, 
308.) The Social Security Administration initially denied Plaintiff’s claim on April 26, 
2021, and denied her claim upon reconsideration on November 10, 2021. (R. 120–144.) 
On November 29, 2021, Plaintiff filed a written request for hearing. (20 C.F.R § 404.929 
et seq.; R. 15.) An Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”) held a telephonic hearing on March 
8, 2022. The ALJ ruled against Plaintiff on May 2, 2022. (R. 15–33, 42.) Plaintiff filed a 
request for review, which the Appeals Council denied in February 2023, making the ALJ’s 

decision the Commissioner’s final decision. See Sims v. Apfel, 
530 U.S. 103, 107
 (2000).  
    B.   Administrative Hearing before the ALJ and the Written Decision  
    At the hearing before the ALJ, Plaintiff and a vocational expert testified. (R. 43–
69.) In his written findings, the ALJ proceeded through the five-step inquiry prescribed in 
20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520
(a). (See R. 15–32.) The ALJ found that Plaintiff met the insured 
status requirements of the Social Security Act through March 31, 2026. (R. 17–18). At step 

one, the ALJ concluded that Plaintiff had not engaged in substantial gainful activity since 
the alleged onset date. (R. 18.) At step two, the ALJ found that Plaintiff had the “severe 
impairments” of generalized anxiety disorder; major depressive disorder; posttraumatic 
stress disorder; polysubstance use disorder; and fecal incontinence, status post InterStim. 
(R. 18.) At step three, the ALJ found that none of Plaintiff’s impairments, singly or in 

combination, met or equaled any of the impairments listed in 20 C.F.R. Part 404, Subpart 
P, Appendix 1. (R. 20.)                                                   
    The ALJ then determined Plaintiff’s residual functional capacity (“RFC”) at step 
four. He found that Plaintiff had the RFC:                                
         to perform a full range of work at all exertional levels but with 
         the following nonexertional limitations: she would need to      
         avoid concentrated exposure to atmospheric conditions as that   
         is defined in the SCO. And she could work in a setting with     
         routine repetitive tasks, or of tasks of limited detail, such as 
         consistent with GED reasoning level 3 (“Apply common sense      
         understanding to carry out detailed but uninvolved written or   
         oral instructions. Deal with problems involving a few concrete  
         variables in or from standardized situations.”) She would have  
         an unexpectedly absent [sic] once per month.                    

(R. 23.) Based on this RFC, the ALJ found at step 4 that Plaintiff was capable of performing 
her past relevant work as a housekeeper, cleaner (DOT code 323.687-014, light, unskilled, 
SVP 2) or a home attendant/personal care attendant (PCA) (DOT code 355-674-014, 
medium per DOT but light as performed, semi-skilled, SVP 3). (R. 31.) Consequently, the 
ALJ found that Plaintiff was not disabled within the meaning of the Social Security Act. 
(R. 32.)                                                                  
II.  Standard of Review                                                   
    Judicial review of the Commissioner’s denial of benefits is limited to determining 
whether substantial evidence on the record as a whole supports the decision, 
42 U.S.C. § 405
(g), or whether the ALJ’s decision resulted from an error of law, Nash v. Comm’r, 
Soc. Sec. Admin., 
907 F.3d 1086, 1089
 (8th Cir. 2018). “Substantial evidence is less than 
a preponderance but is enough that a reasonable mind would find it adequate to support the 
Commissioner’s conclusion.” Krogmeier v. Barnhart, 
294 F.3d 1019, 1022
 (8th Cir. 2002) 
(citing Prosch v. Apfel, 
201 F.3d 1010, 1012
 (8th Cir. 2000)). The Court must examine 

“evidence that detracts from the Commissioner’s decision as well as evidence that supports 
it.” 
Id.
 (citing Craig v. Apfel, 
212 F.3d 433, 436
 (8th Cir. 2000)). The Court may not reverse 
the ALJ’s decision simply because substantial evidence would support a different outcome 
or because the Court would have decided the case differently. 
Id.
 (citing Woolf v. Shalala, 
3 F.3d 1210, 1213
 (8th Cir. 1993)). In other words, if it is possible to reach two inconsistent 
positions from the evidence and one of those positions is that of the Commissioner, the 
Court must affirm the decision. Robinson v. Sullivan, 
956 F.2d 836, 838
 (8th Cir. 1992). 

 III.  Discussion                                                        
    Plaintiff argues that the ALJ erred in two respects. First, Plaintiff contends that 
despite  the  finding  at  step  three  that  she  had  moderate  limitations  in  concentration, 
persistence, or pace, the RFC determination made at step four does not adequately reflect 
any such limitations.  Second,  Plaintiff  contends  that  the  ALJ’s  finding that  she  was 
restricted  to  jobs  with  “GED  reasoning  level 3”  did  not  provide  a  sufficiently  clear 

function-by-function assessment of her ability to perform work activity. (R. 23) The Court 
is not persuaded by either of these arguments.                            
    A.   The ALJ Appropriately Accounted for the Moderate Limitations in 
         Concentration,  Persistence,  or  Pace  Set  Forth  at  Step  3  When 
         Determining Plaintiff’s RFC.                                    

    Plaintiff contends that the ALJ erred by failing to appropriately account for the 
moderate limitations in concentration, persistence, or pace set forth at step three of the five-
step analysis when determining her RFC at step four. Plaintiff does not challenge the 
finding of moderate limitation in concentration, persistence, or pace made at step three. 
Rather, Plaintiff argues that the ALJ failed to incorporate her moderate limitation in 
concentration, persistence, or pace at step four, which in turn meant that the limitation was 
not accounted for in the hypothetical presented to the vocational expert at the hearing.  
    The Court rejects this argument for two reasons.  First, the step-three ratings and the 
residual functional findings “serve distinct purposes at the separate steps of the sequential 
evaluation process.” West-Viotay v. Saul, 
829 F. App’x 149
, 150 (8th Cir. 2020) (per 
curiam). Step three examines whether a claimant meets specific criteria; if they do, then 
they are found disabled, without further inquiry. KKC ex rel. Stoner v. Colvin, 
818 F.3d 364, 370
 (8th Cir. 2016). At step four, by contrast, the ALJ must determine what the 
claimant can still do despite his or her limitations. and this determination is based on the 
entire record, including both medical and non-medical evidence, subjective statements, and 
medical opinions. See, e.g., Titles II & XVI: Assessing Residual Functional Capacity in 
Initial Claims, SSR 96-8P, at *2 (S.S.A. July 2, 1996); Buford v. Colvin, 
824 F.3d 793, 796
 
(8th Cir. 2016). After step 3, Plaintiff’s moderate rating in concentration, persistence, or 

pace has limited applicability because the RFC is a more detailed determination of the 
claimant’s ability to work. (R. 23). Social Security Ruling (SSR) 96-8p, 
1996 WL 374184
, 
at  *4  (“RFC  is  an  administrative  assessment  of  the  extent  to  which  an  individual’s 
medically determinable impairment(s), including any related symptoms, such as pain, may 
cause physical or mental limitations or restrictions that may affect his or her capacity to do 

work-related physical and mental activities.”). Accordingly, findings at step three need not 
map cleanly onto the more granular assessment made at step four. A moderate rating in 
this domain does not dictate specific work limits, and Plaintiff, not the ALJ, had the burden 
of proving her functional capacity. See Despain v. Berryhill, 
926 F.3d 1024, 1027
 (8th Cir. 
2019).                                                                    

    Second, the ALJ did account for Plaintiff’s limitations in maintaining concentration, 
persistence, or pace at step four. In his written findings, the ALJ weighed Plaintiff’s alleged 
symptoms, testimony, treatment history, test scores, medication effectiveness, provider 
observations, opinions, and activities spanning over 1,000 pages (R. 24-31). As a result of 
that review, the ALJ found that Plaintiff “could work in a setting with routine[,] repetitive 
tasks, or of tasks of limited detail, such as are consistent with GED reasoning level 3 

(‘Apply common sense under-standing to carry out detailed but uninvolved written or oral 
instructions. Deal with problems involving a few concrete variables in or from standardized 
situations.’).” (R. 23). The ALJ also made clear in some detail why he believed this finding 
captured the limitations set out at step three.                           
         As the objective medical evidence of record established, the    
         claimant’s  mental  impairments  improved  with  prescribed     
         treatment that consistent [sic] of psychotropic medication and  
         mental health psychotherapy (i.e., couples therapy, DBT, and    
         ARMHS). With this course of treatment, the claimant’s mental    
         status exams were routinely within normal limits, which was     
         consistent with her activities of daily living and her Part “B” 
         criteria that indicated  no more than  moderate limitation  in  
         concentrating, persisting, or maintaining pace as showed by     
         her  difficulty  with  concentration,  motivation,  and  energy. 
         Thus, I found the claimant was capable of performing work in    
         a setting with routine repetitive tasks, or of tasks of limited 
         detail, such as consistent with GED reasoning level 3. This     
         level  of  reasoning  entails  “detailed  but  uninvolved  . . . 
         instructions” which is consistent with the demonstrated level   
         of concentration impairments. Similarly, this level of reasoning 
         deals with “problems involving a few concrete variable[s] in or 
         from  standardized  situations”  which  is  consistent  with    
         claimant’s ability to maintain concentration on standardized    
         variables,  while  also  accounting  for  her  limitations  to  
         consistently engage in abstract variables and novel situations. 

(R. 28). This explanation was more than adequate, and the rationale given by the ALJ was 
supported by substantial evidence in the record as a whole.               
    Finally, because the ALJ’s findings at step four were well supported, there was no 
error in the hypothetical question posed to the vocational expert, which accounted for the 
step-four findings.1 The Court therefore rejects Plaintiff’s first argument.2 

    B.   The ALJ Did Not Err in Including a Limitation to “Reasoning Level 3” 
         Work.                                                           

    Plaintiff next argues that in finding at step four that she was limited to “Reasoning 
Level 3” tasks, the ALJ did not conduct a clear function-by-function assessment of her 
ability to perform work activities. Plaintiff argues that in cases where a “severe mental 
impairment” is involved, the ALJ’s decision “must indicate whether an individual can 
perform work-related mental activities generally required by competitive, remunerative 
work.” SSR 96-8p. According to Plaintiff, the ALJ essentially took a shortcut by relying 
on GED reasoning levels to act as a substitute for the necessary function-by-function 
evaluation.                                                               



1 The hypothetical presented to the vocational expert at the hearing was slightly different 
than the one set forth in the ALJ’s written findings in that the question “further restricted 
the hypothetical person to light exertional work with occasional stooping, crouching, and 
crawling.” In his analysis, the ALJ found “the limitations of light exertional work with 
occasional stooping, crouching, and crawling were not supported because the claimant’s 
only severe physical impairment was fecal incontinence that was adequately treated by 
undergoing an InterStim implantation and having a history of obstructive airway disease 
controlled by medication.” (R. 31-32). Plaintiff has not argued that the vocational expert 
would have testified differently had these physical limitations not been included in the 
hypothetical question.                                                    

2 Plaintiff also asserts briefly near the end of her brief that the RFC did not address work-
related decisions and changes in routine. But the ALJ’s RFC finding necessarily limited 
Plaintiff to routine, repetitive tasks, few concrete variables, and standardized situations. (R. 
23). This was sufficient.                                                 
     “As with exertional capacity, nonexertional capacity must be expressed in terms of 
work- related functions. Work-related mental activities generally required by competitive, 

remunerative  work  include  the  abilities  to:  understand,  carry  out,  and  remember 
instructions; use judgment in making work-related decisions; respond appropriately to 
supervision, co-workers and work situations; and deal with changes in a routine work 
setting.” SSR 96-8P.                                                      
    The ALJ pointed out in his analysis that the “mental residual functional capacity 
assessment used at steps 4 and 5 of the sequential evaluation process required a more 

detailed assessment of the areas of mental functioning” than the criteria used to rate the 
severity  of  Plaintiff’s  mental  impairments.  (R.  23.)  The  ALJ  then  walked  through 
Plaintiff’s mental impairments and how they impacted her ability to perform work. (R. 25–
28.) As quoted above, the ALJ found the claimant was capable of performing work in a 
setting with routine repetitive tasks, or of tasks of limited detail, consistent with GED 

reasoning level 3. The ALJ went on to spell out that this level of reasoning entails “detailed 
but uninvolved . . . instructions” which is consistent with the Plaintiff’s demonstrated level 
of concentration impairments. Similarly, the ALJ found this level of reasoning deals with 
“problems involving a few concrete variable[s] in or from standardized situations” which 
is consistent with claimant’s ability to maintain concentration on standardized variables, 

while also accounting for her limitations to consistently engage in abstract variables and 
novel situations.” (R. 28). In other words, the ALJ provided a clear, function-by-function 
assessment of Plaintiff’s capabilities. The reference to “Reasoning Level 3” in the RFC 
merely provided additional clarification regarding what those limitations entailed; it did 
not act as a stand-in for the necessary detailed assessment.              

    Based on the foregoing, and on all of the files, records, and proceedings herein, IT 
IS HEREBY ORDERED THAT:                                                   
    1.   Plaintiff Michele B.’s motions (Dkt. Nos. 11 & 14) are DENIED;  
    2.   Defendant’s motion (Dkt. No. 13) is GRANTED; and                
    3.   The decision of the Commissioner of Social Security is AFFIRMED. 

    LET JUDGMENT BE ENTERED ACCORDINGLY.                                 
 Dated: April 29, 2024           _s/  John F. Docherty________           
                                 JOHN F. DOCHERTY                        
                                 United States Magistrate Judge          

Trial Court Opinion

                UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT                             
                    DISTRICT OF MINNESOTA                                

 MICHELE B.,                          Case No. 23-CV-1051 (JFD)          

               Plaintiff,                                                

 v.                                          ORDER                       

 MARTIN J. O’MALLEY, Commissioner                                        
 of Social Security Administration,                                      

               Defendant.                                                


    Pursuant to 
42 U.S.C. § 405
(g), Plaintiff Michele B. seeks judicial review of a final 
decision  by  the  Commissioner  of  Social  Security  (“Commissioner”)  denying  her 
application for Social Security Disability Insurance benefits (“DIB”) for lack of disability. 
The  matter  is  now  before  the  Court  for  review.  Because  the  Court  finds  that  the 
Commissioner’s decision denying DIB is supported by substantial evidence in the record, 
the Court affirms the decision of the Commissioner.                       
I.   BACKGROUND                                                           
    A.   Procedural History                                              
    On September 8, 2020, Plaintiff applied for DIB, alleging disability with an onset 
date of January 15, 2020, due to a variety of physical and mental ailments. (R. 15, 18, 276, 
308.) The Social Security Administration initially denied Plaintiff’s claim on April 26, 
2021, and denied her claim upon reconsideration on November 10, 2021. (R. 120–144.) 
On November 29, 2021, Plaintiff filed a written request for hearing. (20 C.F.R § 404.929 
et seq.; R. 15.) An Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”) held a telephonic hearing on March 
8, 2022. The ALJ ruled against Plaintiff on May 2, 2022. (R. 15–33, 42.) Plaintiff filed a 
request for review, which the Appeals Council denied in February 2023, making the ALJ’s 

decision the Commissioner’s final decision. See Sims v. Apfel, 
530 U.S. 103, 107
 (2000).  
    B.   Administrative Hearing before the ALJ and the Written Decision  
    At the hearing before the ALJ, Plaintiff and a vocational expert testified. (R. 43–
69.) In his written findings, the ALJ proceeded through the five-step inquiry prescribed in 
20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520
(a). (See R. 15–32.) The ALJ found that Plaintiff met the insured 
status requirements of the Social Security Act through March 31, 2026. (R. 17–18). At step 

one, the ALJ concluded that Plaintiff had not engaged in substantial gainful activity since 
the alleged onset date. (R. 18.) At step two, the ALJ found that Plaintiff had the “severe 
impairments” of generalized anxiety disorder; major depressive disorder; posttraumatic 
stress disorder; polysubstance use disorder; and fecal incontinence, status post InterStim. 
(R. 18.) At step three, the ALJ found that none of Plaintiff’s impairments, singly or in 

combination, met or equaled any of the impairments listed in 20 C.F.R. Part 404, Subpart 
P, Appendix 1. (R. 20.)                                                   
    The ALJ then determined Plaintiff’s residual functional capacity (“RFC”) at step 
four. He found that Plaintiff had the RFC:                                
         to perform a full range of work at all exertional levels but with 
         the following nonexertional limitations: she would need to      
         avoid concentrated exposure to atmospheric conditions as that   
         is defined in the SCO. And she could work in a setting with     
         routine repetitive tasks, or of tasks of limited detail, such as 
         consistent with GED reasoning level 3 (“Apply common sense      
         understanding to carry out detailed but uninvolved written or   
         oral instructions. Deal with problems involving a few concrete  
         variables in or from standardized situations.”) She would have  
         an unexpectedly absent [sic] once per month.                    

(R. 23.) Based on this RFC, the ALJ found at step 4 that Plaintiff was capable of performing 
her past relevant work as a housekeeper, cleaner (DOT code 323.687-014, light, unskilled, 
SVP 2) or a home attendant/personal care attendant (PCA) (DOT code 355-674-014, 
medium per DOT but light as performed, semi-skilled, SVP 3). (R. 31.) Consequently, the 
ALJ found that Plaintiff was not disabled within the meaning of the Social Security Act. 
(R. 32.)                                                                  
II.  Standard of Review                                                   
    Judicial review of the Commissioner’s denial of benefits is limited to determining 
whether substantial evidence on the record as a whole supports the decision, 
42 U.S.C. § 405
(g), or whether the ALJ’s decision resulted from an error of law, Nash v. Comm’r, 
Soc. Sec. Admin., 
907 F.3d 1086, 1089
 (8th Cir. 2018). “Substantial evidence is less than 
a preponderance but is enough that a reasonable mind would find it adequate to support the 
Commissioner’s conclusion.” Krogmeier v. Barnhart, 
294 F.3d 1019, 1022
 (8th Cir. 2002) 
(citing Prosch v. Apfel, 
201 F.3d 1010, 1012
 (8th Cir. 2000)). The Court must examine 

“evidence that detracts from the Commissioner’s decision as well as evidence that supports 
it.” 
Id.
 (citing Craig v. Apfel, 
212 F.3d 433, 436
 (8th Cir. 2000)). The Court may not reverse 
the ALJ’s decision simply because substantial evidence would support a different outcome 
or because the Court would have decided the case differently. 
Id.
 (citing Woolf v. Shalala, 
3 F.3d 1210, 1213
 (8th Cir. 1993)). In other words, if it is possible to reach two inconsistent 
positions from the evidence and one of those positions is that of the Commissioner, the 
Court must affirm the decision. Robinson v. Sullivan, 
956 F.2d 836, 838
 (8th Cir. 1992). 

 III.  Discussion                                                        
    Plaintiff argues that the ALJ erred in two respects. First, Plaintiff contends that 
despite  the  finding  at  step  three  that  she  had  moderate  limitations  in  concentration, 
persistence, or pace, the RFC determination made at step four does not adequately reflect 
any such limitations.  Second,  Plaintiff  contends  that  the  ALJ’s  finding that  she  was 
restricted  to  jobs  with  “GED  reasoning  level 3”  did  not  provide  a  sufficiently  clear 

function-by-function assessment of her ability to perform work activity. (R. 23) The Court 
is not persuaded by either of these arguments.                            
    A.   The ALJ Appropriately Accounted for the Moderate Limitations in 
         Concentration,  Persistence,  or  Pace  Set  Forth  at  Step  3  When 
         Determining Plaintiff’s RFC.                                    

    Plaintiff contends that the ALJ erred by failing to appropriately account for the 
moderate limitations in concentration, persistence, or pace set forth at step three of the five-
step analysis when determining her RFC at step four. Plaintiff does not challenge the 
finding of moderate limitation in concentration, persistence, or pace made at step three. 
Rather, Plaintiff argues that the ALJ failed to incorporate her moderate limitation in 
concentration, persistence, or pace at step four, which in turn meant that the limitation was 
not accounted for in the hypothetical presented to the vocational expert at the hearing.  
    The Court rejects this argument for two reasons.  First, the step-three ratings and the 
residual functional findings “serve distinct purposes at the separate steps of the sequential 
evaluation process.” West-Viotay v. Saul, 
829 F. App’x 149
, 150 (8th Cir. 2020) (per 
curiam). Step three examines whether a claimant meets specific criteria; if they do, then 
they are found disabled, without further inquiry. KKC ex rel. Stoner v. Colvin, 
818 F.3d 364, 370
 (8th Cir. 2016). At step four, by contrast, the ALJ must determine what the 
claimant can still do despite his or her limitations. and this determination is based on the 
entire record, including both medical and non-medical evidence, subjective statements, and 
medical opinions. See, e.g., Titles II & XVI: Assessing Residual Functional Capacity in 
Initial Claims, SSR 96-8P, at *2 (S.S.A. July 2, 1996); Buford v. Colvin, 
824 F.3d 793, 796
 
(8th Cir. 2016). After step 3, Plaintiff’s moderate rating in concentration, persistence, or 

pace has limited applicability because the RFC is a more detailed determination of the 
claimant’s ability to work. (R. 23). Social Security Ruling (SSR) 96-8p, 
1996 WL 374184
, 
at  *4  (“RFC  is  an  administrative  assessment  of  the  extent  to  which  an  individual’s 
medically determinable impairment(s), including any related symptoms, such as pain, may 
cause physical or mental limitations or restrictions that may affect his or her capacity to do 

work-related physical and mental activities.”). Accordingly, findings at step three need not 
map cleanly onto the more granular assessment made at step four. A moderate rating in 
this domain does not dictate specific work limits, and Plaintiff, not the ALJ, had the burden 
of proving her functional capacity. See Despain v. Berryhill, 
926 F.3d 1024, 1027
 (8th Cir. 
2019).                                                                    

    Second, the ALJ did account for Plaintiff’s limitations in maintaining concentration, 
persistence, or pace at step four. In his written findings, the ALJ weighed Plaintiff’s alleged 
symptoms, testimony, treatment history, test scores, medication effectiveness, provider 
observations, opinions, and activities spanning over 1,000 pages (R. 24-31). As a result of 
that review, the ALJ found that Plaintiff “could work in a setting with routine[,] repetitive 
tasks, or of tasks of limited detail, such as are consistent with GED reasoning level 3 

(‘Apply common sense under-standing to carry out detailed but uninvolved written or oral 
instructions. Deal with problems involving a few concrete variables in or from standardized 
situations.’).” (R. 23). The ALJ also made clear in some detail why he believed this finding 
captured the limitations set out at step three.                           
         As the objective medical evidence of record established, the    
         claimant’s  mental  impairments  improved  with  prescribed     
         treatment that consistent [sic] of psychotropic medication and  
         mental health psychotherapy (i.e., couples therapy, DBT, and    
         ARMHS). With this course of treatment, the claimant’s mental    
         status exams were routinely within normal limits, which was     
         consistent with her activities of daily living and her Part “B” 
         criteria that indicated  no more than  moderate limitation  in  
         concentrating, persisting, or maintaining pace as showed by     
         her  difficulty  with  concentration,  motivation,  and  energy. 
         Thus, I found the claimant was capable of performing work in    
         a setting with routine repetitive tasks, or of tasks of limited 
         detail, such as consistent with GED reasoning level 3. This     
         level  of  reasoning  entails  “detailed  but  uninvolved  . . . 
         instructions” which is consistent with the demonstrated level   
         of concentration impairments. Similarly, this level of reasoning 
         deals with “problems involving a few concrete variable[s] in or 
         from  standardized  situations”  which  is  consistent  with    
         claimant’s ability to maintain concentration on standardized    
         variables,  while  also  accounting  for  her  limitations  to  
         consistently engage in abstract variables and novel situations. 

(R. 28). This explanation was more than adequate, and the rationale given by the ALJ was 
supported by substantial evidence in the record as a whole.               
    Finally, because the ALJ’s findings at step four were well supported, there was no 
error in the hypothetical question posed to the vocational expert, which accounted for the 
step-four findings.1 The Court therefore rejects Plaintiff’s first argument.2 

    B.   The ALJ Did Not Err in Including a Limitation to “Reasoning Level 3” 
         Work.                                                           

    Plaintiff next argues that in finding at step four that she was limited to “Reasoning 
Level 3” tasks, the ALJ did not conduct a clear function-by-function assessment of her 
ability to perform work activities. Plaintiff argues that in cases where a “severe mental 
impairment” is involved, the ALJ’s decision “must indicate whether an individual can 
perform work-related mental activities generally required by competitive, remunerative 
work.” SSR 96-8p. According to Plaintiff, the ALJ essentially took a shortcut by relying 
on GED reasoning levels to act as a substitute for the necessary function-by-function 
evaluation.                                                               



1 The hypothetical presented to the vocational expert at the hearing was slightly different 
than the one set forth in the ALJ’s written findings in that the question “further restricted 
the hypothetical person to light exertional work with occasional stooping, crouching, and 
crawling.” In his analysis, the ALJ found “the limitations of light exertional work with 
occasional stooping, crouching, and crawling were not supported because the claimant’s 
only severe physical impairment was fecal incontinence that was adequately treated by 
undergoing an InterStim implantation and having a history of obstructive airway disease 
controlled by medication.” (R. 31-32). Plaintiff has not argued that the vocational expert 
would have testified differently had these physical limitations not been included in the 
hypothetical question.                                                    

2 Plaintiff also asserts briefly near the end of her brief that the RFC did not address work-
related decisions and changes in routine. But the ALJ’s RFC finding necessarily limited 
Plaintiff to routine, repetitive tasks, few concrete variables, and standardized situations. (R. 
23). This was sufficient.                                                 
     “As with exertional capacity, nonexertional capacity must be expressed in terms of 
work- related functions. Work-related mental activities generally required by competitive, 

remunerative  work  include  the  abilities  to:  understand,  carry  out,  and  remember 
instructions; use judgment in making work-related decisions; respond appropriately to 
supervision, co-workers and work situations; and deal with changes in a routine work 
setting.” SSR 96-8P.                                                      
    The ALJ pointed out in his analysis that the “mental residual functional capacity 
assessment used at steps 4 and 5 of the sequential evaluation process required a more 

detailed assessment of the areas of mental functioning” than the criteria used to rate the 
severity  of  Plaintiff’s  mental  impairments.  (R.  23.)  The  ALJ  then  walked  through 
Plaintiff’s mental impairments and how they impacted her ability to perform work. (R. 25–
28.) As quoted above, the ALJ found the claimant was capable of performing work in a 
setting with routine repetitive tasks, or of tasks of limited detail, consistent with GED 

reasoning level 3. The ALJ went on to spell out that this level of reasoning entails “detailed 
but uninvolved . . . instructions” which is consistent with the Plaintiff’s demonstrated level 
of concentration impairments. Similarly, the ALJ found this level of reasoning deals with 
“problems involving a few concrete variable[s] in or from standardized situations” which 
is consistent with claimant’s ability to maintain concentration on standardized variables, 

while also accounting for her limitations to consistently engage in abstract variables and 
novel situations.” (R. 28). In other words, the ALJ provided a clear, function-by-function 
assessment of Plaintiff’s capabilities. The reference to “Reasoning Level 3” in the RFC 
merely provided additional clarification regarding what those limitations entailed; it did 
not act as a stand-in for the necessary detailed assessment.              

    Based on the foregoing, and on all of the files, records, and proceedings herein, IT 
IS HEREBY ORDERED THAT:                                                   
    1.   Plaintiff Michele B.’s motions (Dkt. Nos. 11 & 14) are DENIED;  
    2.   Defendant’s motion (Dkt. No. 13) is GRANTED; and                
    3.   The decision of the Commissioner of Social Security is AFFIRMED. 

    LET JUDGMENT BE ENTERED ACCORDINGLY.                                 
 Dated: April 29, 2024           _s/  John F. Docherty________           
                                 JOHN F. DOCHERTY                        
                                 United States Magistrate Judge          

Reference

Status
Unknown