Buan v. Aatru Medical, LLC
U.S. District Court, District of Minnesota
Buan v. Aatru Medical, LLC
Trial Court Opinion
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
DISTRICT OF MINNESOTA
JOHN BUAN,
Civil No. 23-3357 (JRT/TNL)
Plaintiff,
v.
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
AATRU MEDICAL, LLC, GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN
PART DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO
Defendant. DISMISS
Jessica P. Hutchinson and Kevin R. Coan, HINSHAW & CULBERTSON LLP, 250
Nicollet Mall, Suite 1150, Minneapolis, MN 55401, for Plaintiff.
Deborah Jill Michelson, BUCKLEY KING, 600 Superior Avenue East, Suite
1400, Cleveland, OH 44114, and Joseph G. Schmitt, NILAN JOHNSON LEWIS
PA, 250 Marquette Avenue South, Suite 800, Minneapolis, MN 55401, for
Defendant.
Plaintiff John Buan alleges his employer, Defendant Aatru Medical, LLC (“Aatru”),
failed to pay his salary and reimburse business expenses for nearly one year. Because
Buan plausibly alleges Aatru breached the employment contract and may plead unjust
enrichment in the alternative, the Court will deny Aatru’s motion to dismiss Counts I and
II. At the same time, the Court will grant Aatru’s motion to dismiss Count III (conversion)
because Buan’s wages are intangible, Count IV (civil theft) because there was no initial
wrongful taking, and Counts V and VII because federal and state minimum wage
requirements do not provide separate remedies for breaches of employment contracts.
BACKGROUND
Buan served as Aatru’s Chief Technology Officer (“CTO”) and performed a number
of “key duties” in that role, including researching and developing one of Aatru’s products,
assembling a supply chain, and working with Aatru’s patent attorney to secure a patent.
(Def.’s Notice of Removal, Ex. 1 (“Compl.”) ¶¶ 1, 6, 11, Nov. 1, 2023, Docket No. 1.) For
nearly four years, Buan received his salary with no apparent issues. (Id. ¶¶ 1, 11, 15.) In
fact, in January 2022, his salary increased from $173,000 to $240,000 per year, to be paid
monthly. (Id. ¶¶ 11–12.) But beginning in October 2022, Aatru stopped paying Buan. (Id.
¶ 15.)1 After ten months, Buan filed a written complaint for non-payment and Aatru
responded by lowering Buan’s salary to $684 per week. (Id. ¶¶ 20–21.) Buan
acknowledges payment of $12,000 for August and September 2023 wages. (Id. ¶ 15.) But
he still claims $228,000 in total unpaid wages. (Id. ¶ 23.) He also incurred $17,000 in
business expenses which have not been reimbursed. (Id. ¶ 19.)
Buan originally filed his complaint in Hennepin County. (Notice of Removal at 1.)
Aatru removed this action to federal court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331, 1367, 1441, and
1446. (Id.) Aatru now moves to dismiss Counts I–V and VII of Buan’s complaint. (Mot. to
Dismiss, Nov. 8, 2023, Docket No. 7.) Aatru does not challenge Counts VI (federal
retaliation), VIII (prompt wage payment), and IX (Minnesota retaliation). (Id.)
1 In its briefing, Aatru alleges it stopped paying Buan with Buan’s agreement. It would be
inappropriate to credit those unpled allegations in a Rule 12(b)(6) motion. Accordingly, the Court
will treat Buan as any employee whose wages were withheld without consent.
DISCUSSION
I. STANDARD OF REVIEW
In reviewing a motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), the
Court considers all facts alleged in the Complaint as true to determine if the Complaint
states a “claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Braden v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 588
F.3d 585, 594(8th Cir. 2009) (quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal,556 U.S. 662, 678
(2009)). The Court construes the Complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, drawing all reasonable inferences in the plaintiff’s favor. Ashley Cnty. v. Pfizer, Inc.,552 F.3d 659, 665
(8th Cir. 2009). Although the Court accepts the complaint’s factual allegations as true, it is “not bound to accept as true a legal conclusion couched as a factual allegation,” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly,550 U.S. 544, 555
(2007), or mere “labels and conclusions or a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action,” Iqbal,556 U.S. at 678
(quotation omitted). Instead, “[a] claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.”Id.
At the motion to dismiss stage, the Court may consider the allegations in the
Complaint as well as “those materials that are necessarily embraced by the pleadings.”
Schriener v. Quicken Loans, Inc., 774 F.3d 442, 444(8th Cir. 2014). The Court may also consider matters of public record and exhibits attached to the pleadings, as long as those documents do not conflict with the Complaint. Porous Media Corp. v. Pall Corp.,186 F.3d 1077, 1079
(8th Cir. 1999).
II. ANALYSIS
A. Breach of Contract
Buan alleges that he was due $20,000 per month under his employment contract
and Aatru did not pay for ten months. That contention states a plausible claim for breach.
Aatru counters that the employment contract was for at will employment, and it was
entitled to lower Buan’s salary in August 2023. Both may be true. And Aatru would still
need to answer for its breach of contract between October 2022 and August 2023.
Buan also claims that the failure to pay $17,000 of business expenses constitutes
a breach. Aatru relies on the fact that the contract does not establish a timeline for
reimbursing expenses, so it cannot have breached yet. But when a contract does not
establish a payment deadline, payment is due “within a reasonable time.” See Veum v.
Sheeran, 104 N.W. 135, 137 (Minn. 1905). The Court need not determine the exact
interval to deny this motion. For now, it is enough to reject the idea that the period was
indefinite, and no cause of action could ever accrue. Accordingly, Buan plausibly alleges
Aatru breached its contractual obligations to pay wages and reimburse expenses.
B. Unjust Enrichment
Aatru does not dispute that Buan states the elements for unjust enrichment. It
only asserts that Buan cannot prevail in equity because he brings claims for the same
injury under contract and statute. But because Buan only pleads unjust enrichment in the
alternative, the Court will deny Aatru’s motion to dismiss Count II at this early stage of
litigation. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(3); Rock v. Rathsburg Assocs., Inc., No. 21-2717, 2022
WL 4450418, at *7 (D. Minn. Sept. 23, 2022).
C. Conversion
The Court will dismiss Buan’s conversion claim because conversion does not cover
intangible goods such as unpaid wages. “Under Minnesota law, the tort of conversion is
limited to willful interference with the personal property of another.” H.J., Inc. v. Int'l Tel.
& Tel. Corp., 867 F.2d 1531, 1547 (8th Cir. 1989). Conversion claims apply only to tangible property. See TCI Bus. Cap., Inc. v. Five Star Am. Die Casting, LLC,890 N.W.2d 423
, 428– 29 (Minn. Ct. App. 2017) (collecting cases). Thus, conversion is “viable with respect to money only if the money is in a tangible form . . . and is kept separate from other money.”Id. at 429
.2 Extending conversion to unpaid wages would expand its common law roots
without support from state authorities. As such, the Court will dismiss Count III.
D. Civil Theft
The Court will also dismiss Buan’s civil theft claim because Aatru withheld, rather
than took, Buan’s wages. Minn. Stat. § 604.14 imposes liability when an individual
“steals” personal property from another. Importantly, there must be “some initial
2 Buan claims that TCI did not resolve whether “a conversion claim is viable with respect
to money only if the money is in a tangible form (such as a particular roll of coins or a particular
stack of bills) and is kept separate from other money.” TCI, 890 N.W.2d at 429. But in that statement, the TCI court was characterizing the extant state of Minnesota law.Id.
The issue TCI refused to reach was whether to alter the common-law rule and expand conversion claims to cover intangible monetary transactions.Id.
Accordingly, the rule remains that money must be tangible and held separately to be unlawfully converted. wrongful act in taking possession of the property.” Staffing Specifix, Inc. v. TempWorks Mgmt. Servs., Inc.,896 N.W.2d 115, 126
(Minn. Ct. App. 2017), aff’d,913 N.W.2d 687
(Minn. 2018); see also Klucas v. M.H. Graff & Assocs., No. 20-762,2020 WL 6275971
, at
*4 (D. Minn. Oct. 26, 2020) (employer’s failure to pay an employment bonus was not civil
theft because funds never left the employer’s possession). Without an initial wrongful
taking, Buan cannot sustain a claim for civil theft, so the Court will dismiss Count IV.
E. FLSA and MFLSA
Buan alleges that Aatru violated the Fair Labor Standards Act’s (“FLSA”) minimum
wage provisions by paying him $0 beginning in October 2022. See 29 U.S.C. § 206.3 Aatru
counters that, for FLSA purposes, the Court should look to the agreed-upon $240,000
salary, even if unpaid. The Court agrees with Aatru.
By looking “to what an employee was owed, not what he actually received,” courts
defeat “efforts to transform contract actions into FLSA suits.” Nicholson v. World Bus.
Network, Inc., 105 F.3d 1361, 1365(11th Cir. 1997); see Pioch v. IBEX Eng’g Servs., Inc.,825 F.3d 1264, 1272
(11th Cir. 2016).4 Dismissal is consistent with the statutory text,
3 Because the parties analyze the Minnesota Fair Labor Standards Act concurrently with
the FLSA, so too will the Court.
4 See also Donovan v. Agnew, 712 F.2d 1509, 1517(1st Cir. 1983) (when contractual obligations are not met, promised rather than paid rate governs FLSA inquiry); Monin v. Quantierra Advisors LLC, No. 21-612,2022 WL 2002282
, at *2–3 (S.D.N.Y. June 3, 2022) (“[P]laintiff is a highly paid worker who is attempting to use the FLSA to recover salary allegedly owed to her pursuant to an employment agreement. This is, in truth, a breach of contract action, not an FLSA action.”); Ayre v. Shiver, No. 21-473,2021 WL 3472655
, at *1–2 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 6, 2021) (same). implementing regulations, and the “protective stance toward poorer and powerless workers that Congress took in the FLSA.” Nicholson,105 F.3d at 1365
. Buan’s complaint
alleges a wrong. But that wrong comes from Aatru’s breach of contract, not violation of
labor laws enacted to protect a different class of workers than a CTO making six figures.
The parties also debate whether Buan was exempt from FLSA’s minimum wage
mandates as a bona fide executive, administrative, and/or professional employee. That
analysis is unnecessary. At Buan’s $240,000 salary, he would have to work more than 400
hours per week to dip below Minnesota’s 2023 minimum wage of $10.59 for large
employers.5 Thus, he fails to state a claim under FLSA regardless of whether he was
exempt. Monin v. Quantierra Advisors LLC, No. 21-612, 2022 WL 2002282, at *2 (S.D.N.Y.
June 3, 2022) (forgoing exemption analysis in favor of an hourly rate calculation).
Ultimately, because Aatru promised to pay Buan $240,000, Aatru satisfied FLSA’s
minimum wage requirements regardless of whether it ultimately paid Buan. Buan’s
remedy for nonpayment lies in contract, not labor law. Accordingly, the Court will grant
Aatru’s motion to dismiss Counts V and VII of Buan’s complaint.
5 See Gideon Ondieki, Hared Mah, & Ender Kavas, Minnesota Minimum Wage Report
2023, Minn. Dep’t Lab. & Indus. (Dec. 2023), https://www.dli.mn.gov/business/employment-
practices/minnesota-minimum-wage-report-2023#:~:text=1%2C%202023%2C%20the%20Minn
esota%20minimum,an%20hour%20for%20small%20employers. That number jumps to over 600
hours per week under the federal $7.25 minimum wage. See 29 U.S.C. § 206(a)(1)(C).
CONCLUSION
Buan presents a viable claim for breach of contract and, in the alternative, unjust
enrichment. At the same time, he attempts to stretch certain statutory rights of action
beyond their proper scope. Accordingly, the Court will deny Aatru’s motion to dismiss
Counts | and Il and grant as to Counts III, IV, V, and VII.
ORDER
Based on the foregoing, and all the files, records, and proceedings herein, IT IS
HEREBY ORDERED that Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss [Docket No. 7] is GRANTED in part
and DENIED in part and Counts III, IV, V, and VII of Buan’s complaint are DISMISSED with
prejudice.
DATED: May 23, 2024 oa. (isdn
at Minneapolis, Minnesota. JOHN R. TUNHEIM
United States District Judge
-8- Trial Court Opinion
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
DISTRICT OF MINNESOTA
JOHN BUAN,
Civil No. 23-3357 (JRT/TNL)
Plaintiff,
v.
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
AATRU MEDICAL, LLC, GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN
PART DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO
Defendant. DISMISS
Jessica P. Hutchinson and Kevin R. Coan, HINSHAW & CULBERTSON LLP, 250
Nicollet Mall, Suite 1150, Minneapolis, MN 55401, for Plaintiff.
Deborah Jill Michelson, BUCKLEY KING, 600 Superior Avenue East, Suite
1400, Cleveland, OH 44114, and Joseph G. Schmitt, NILAN JOHNSON LEWIS
PA, 250 Marquette Avenue South, Suite 800, Minneapolis, MN 55401, for
Defendant.
Plaintiff John Buan alleges his employer, Defendant Aatru Medical, LLC (“Aatru”),
failed to pay his salary and reimburse business expenses for nearly one year. Because
Buan plausibly alleges Aatru breached the employment contract and may plead unjust
enrichment in the alternative, the Court will deny Aatru’s motion to dismiss Counts I and
II. At the same time, the Court will grant Aatru’s motion to dismiss Count III (conversion)
because Buan’s wages are intangible, Count IV (civil theft) because there was no initial
wrongful taking, and Counts V and VII because federal and state minimum wage
requirements do not provide separate remedies for breaches of employment contracts.
BACKGROUND
Buan served as Aatru’s Chief Technology Officer (“CTO”) and performed a number
of “key duties” in that role, including researching and developing one of Aatru’s products,
assembling a supply chain, and working with Aatru’s patent attorney to secure a patent.
(Def.’s Notice of Removal, Ex. 1 (“Compl.”) ¶¶ 1, 6, 11, Nov. 1, 2023, Docket No. 1.) For
nearly four years, Buan received his salary with no apparent issues. (Id. ¶¶ 1, 11, 15.) In
fact, in January 2022, his salary increased from $173,000 to $240,000 per year, to be paid
monthly. (Id. ¶¶ 11–12.) But beginning in October 2022, Aatru stopped paying Buan. (Id.
¶ 15.)1 After ten months, Buan filed a written complaint for non-payment and Aatru
responded by lowering Buan’s salary to $684 per week. (Id. ¶¶ 20–21.) Buan
acknowledges payment of $12,000 for August and September 2023 wages. (Id. ¶ 15.) But
he still claims $228,000 in total unpaid wages. (Id. ¶ 23.) He also incurred $17,000 in
business expenses which have not been reimbursed. (Id. ¶ 19.)
Buan originally filed his complaint in Hennepin County. (Notice of Removal at 1.)
Aatru removed this action to federal court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331, 1367, 1441, and
1446. (Id.) Aatru now moves to dismiss Counts I–V and VII of Buan’s complaint. (Mot. to
Dismiss, Nov. 8, 2023, Docket No. 7.) Aatru does not challenge Counts VI (federal
retaliation), VIII (prompt wage payment), and IX (Minnesota retaliation). (Id.)
1 In its briefing, Aatru alleges it stopped paying Buan with Buan’s agreement. It would be
inappropriate to credit those unpled allegations in a Rule 12(b)(6) motion. Accordingly, the Court
will treat Buan as any employee whose wages were withheld without consent.
DISCUSSION
I. STANDARD OF REVIEW
In reviewing a motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), the
Court considers all facts alleged in the Complaint as true to determine if the Complaint
states a “claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Braden v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 588
F.3d 585, 594(8th Cir. 2009) (quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal,556 U.S. 662, 678
(2009)). The Court construes the Complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, drawing all reasonable inferences in the plaintiff’s favor. Ashley Cnty. v. Pfizer, Inc.,552 F.3d 659, 665
(8th Cir. 2009). Although the Court accepts the complaint’s factual allegations as true, it is “not bound to accept as true a legal conclusion couched as a factual allegation,” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly,550 U.S. 544, 555
(2007), or mere “labels and conclusions or a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action,” Iqbal,556 U.S. at 678
(quotation omitted). Instead, “[a] claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.”Id.
At the motion to dismiss stage, the Court may consider the allegations in the
Complaint as well as “those materials that are necessarily embraced by the pleadings.”
Schriener v. Quicken Loans, Inc., 774 F.3d 442, 444(8th Cir. 2014). The Court may also consider matters of public record and exhibits attached to the pleadings, as long as those documents do not conflict with the Complaint. Porous Media Corp. v. Pall Corp.,186 F.3d 1077, 1079
(8th Cir. 1999).
II. ANALYSIS
A. Breach of Contract
Buan alleges that he was due $20,000 per month under his employment contract
and Aatru did not pay for ten months. That contention states a plausible claim for breach.
Aatru counters that the employment contract was for at will employment, and it was
entitled to lower Buan’s salary in August 2023. Both may be true. And Aatru would still
need to answer for its breach of contract between October 2022 and August 2023.
Buan also claims that the failure to pay $17,000 of business expenses constitutes
a breach. Aatru relies on the fact that the contract does not establish a timeline for
reimbursing expenses, so it cannot have breached yet. But when a contract does not
establish a payment deadline, payment is due “within a reasonable time.” See Veum v.
Sheeran, 104 N.W. 135, 137 (Minn. 1905). The Court need not determine the exact
interval to deny this motion. For now, it is enough to reject the idea that the period was
indefinite, and no cause of action could ever accrue. Accordingly, Buan plausibly alleges
Aatru breached its contractual obligations to pay wages and reimburse expenses.
B. Unjust Enrichment
Aatru does not dispute that Buan states the elements for unjust enrichment. It
only asserts that Buan cannot prevail in equity because he brings claims for the same
injury under contract and statute. But because Buan only pleads unjust enrichment in the
alternative, the Court will deny Aatru’s motion to dismiss Count II at this early stage of
litigation. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(3); Rock v. Rathsburg Assocs., Inc., No. 21-2717, 2022
WL 4450418, at *7 (D. Minn. Sept. 23, 2022).
C. Conversion
The Court will dismiss Buan’s conversion claim because conversion does not cover
intangible goods such as unpaid wages. “Under Minnesota law, the tort of conversion is
limited to willful interference with the personal property of another.” H.J., Inc. v. Int'l Tel.
& Tel. Corp., 867 F.2d 1531, 1547 (8th Cir. 1989). Conversion claims apply only to tangible property. See TCI Bus. Cap., Inc. v. Five Star Am. Die Casting, LLC,890 N.W.2d 423
, 428– 29 (Minn. Ct. App. 2017) (collecting cases). Thus, conversion is “viable with respect to money only if the money is in a tangible form . . . and is kept separate from other money.”Id. at 429
.2 Extending conversion to unpaid wages would expand its common law roots
without support from state authorities. As such, the Court will dismiss Count III.
D. Civil Theft
The Court will also dismiss Buan’s civil theft claim because Aatru withheld, rather
than took, Buan’s wages. Minn. Stat. § 604.14 imposes liability when an individual
“steals” personal property from another. Importantly, there must be “some initial
2 Buan claims that TCI did not resolve whether “a conversion claim is viable with respect
to money only if the money is in a tangible form (such as a particular roll of coins or a particular
stack of bills) and is kept separate from other money.” TCI, 890 N.W.2d at 429. But in that statement, the TCI court was characterizing the extant state of Minnesota law.Id.
The issue TCI refused to reach was whether to alter the common-law rule and expand conversion claims to cover intangible monetary transactions.Id.
Accordingly, the rule remains that money must be tangible and held separately to be unlawfully converted. wrongful act in taking possession of the property.” Staffing Specifix, Inc. v. TempWorks Mgmt. Servs., Inc.,896 N.W.2d 115, 126
(Minn. Ct. App. 2017), aff’d,913 N.W.2d 687
(Minn. 2018); see also Klucas v. M.H. Graff & Assocs., No. 20-762,2020 WL 6275971
, at
*4 (D. Minn. Oct. 26, 2020) (employer’s failure to pay an employment bonus was not civil
theft because funds never left the employer’s possession). Without an initial wrongful
taking, Buan cannot sustain a claim for civil theft, so the Court will dismiss Count IV.
E. FLSA and MFLSA
Buan alleges that Aatru violated the Fair Labor Standards Act’s (“FLSA”) minimum
wage provisions by paying him $0 beginning in October 2022. See 29 U.S.C. § 206.3 Aatru
counters that, for FLSA purposes, the Court should look to the agreed-upon $240,000
salary, even if unpaid. The Court agrees with Aatru.
By looking “to what an employee was owed, not what he actually received,” courts
defeat “efforts to transform contract actions into FLSA suits.” Nicholson v. World Bus.
Network, Inc., 105 F.3d 1361, 1365(11th Cir. 1997); see Pioch v. IBEX Eng’g Servs., Inc.,825 F.3d 1264, 1272
(11th Cir. 2016).4 Dismissal is consistent with the statutory text,
3 Because the parties analyze the Minnesota Fair Labor Standards Act concurrently with
the FLSA, so too will the Court.
4 See also Donovan v. Agnew, 712 F.2d 1509, 1517(1st Cir. 1983) (when contractual obligations are not met, promised rather than paid rate governs FLSA inquiry); Monin v. Quantierra Advisors LLC, No. 21-612,2022 WL 2002282
, at *2–3 (S.D.N.Y. June 3, 2022) (“[P]laintiff is a highly paid worker who is attempting to use the FLSA to recover salary allegedly owed to her pursuant to an employment agreement. This is, in truth, a breach of contract action, not an FLSA action.”); Ayre v. Shiver, No. 21-473,2021 WL 3472655
, at *1–2 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 6, 2021) (same). implementing regulations, and the “protective stance toward poorer and powerless workers that Congress took in the FLSA.” Nicholson,105 F.3d at 1365
. Buan’s complaint
alleges a wrong. But that wrong comes from Aatru’s breach of contract, not violation of
labor laws enacted to protect a different class of workers than a CTO making six figures.
The parties also debate whether Buan was exempt from FLSA’s minimum wage
mandates as a bona fide executive, administrative, and/or professional employee. That
analysis is unnecessary. At Buan’s $240,000 salary, he would have to work more than 400
hours per week to dip below Minnesota’s 2023 minimum wage of $10.59 for large
employers.5 Thus, he fails to state a claim under FLSA regardless of whether he was
exempt. Monin v. Quantierra Advisors LLC, No. 21-612, 2022 WL 2002282, at *2 (S.D.N.Y.
June 3, 2022) (forgoing exemption analysis in favor of an hourly rate calculation).
Ultimately, because Aatru promised to pay Buan $240,000, Aatru satisfied FLSA’s
minimum wage requirements regardless of whether it ultimately paid Buan. Buan’s
remedy for nonpayment lies in contract, not labor law. Accordingly, the Court will grant
Aatru’s motion to dismiss Counts V and VII of Buan’s complaint.
5 See Gideon Ondieki, Hared Mah, & Ender Kavas, Minnesota Minimum Wage Report
2023, Minn. Dep’t Lab. & Indus. (Dec. 2023), https://www.dli.mn.gov/business/employment-
practices/minnesota-minimum-wage-report-2023#:~:text=1%2C%202023%2C%20the%20Minn
esota%20minimum,an%20hour%20for%20small%20employers. That number jumps to over 600
hours per week under the federal $7.25 minimum wage. See 29 U.S.C. § 206(a)(1)(C).
CONCLUSION
Buan presents a viable claim for breach of contract and, in the alternative, unjust
enrichment. At the same time, he attempts to stretch certain statutory rights of action
beyond their proper scope. Accordingly, the Court will deny Aatru’s motion to dismiss
Counts | and Il and grant as to Counts III, IV, V, and VII.
ORDER
Based on the foregoing, and all the files, records, and proceedings herein, IT IS
HEREBY ORDERED that Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss [Docket No. 7] is GRANTED in part
and DENIED in part and Counts III, IV, V, and VII of Buan’s complaint are DISMISSED with
prejudice.
DATED: May 23, 2024 oa. (isdn
at Minneapolis, Minnesota. JOHN R. TUNHEIM
United States District Judge
-8- Reference
- Status
- Unknown