On the 17th day of April, 1893, the plaintiff recovered a judgment against the defendant Simon Clark and one Andrew1 Jackson in the District Court of St. Louis county for the sum of $3,048.83. On the 15th day of February, 1893, Simon Clark executed an assignment of his property in form substantially as is usually done under Laws 1881, ch. 148, and its amendments, containing a clause, however, in addition to the usual one of a present *64conveyance of his property, as follows: “This conveyance shall cover and include all property, of every nature and kind whatsoever, held or owned by me at the time this instrument may be filed in the office of the clerk of the District Court for the eleventh judicial district in and for the county of St. Louis and state of Minnesota, except such property as is by law exempt from levy and sale on execution.” This assignment named as the assignee one William A. Cant, of Duluth, who was one of the attorneys for the defendant Clark; and it was left with or delivered to him by Clark on the day of its date. The said Clark on the same day departed for Europe, for the purpose, as it appears, of raising money to pay his creditors, and discharge all of his obligations, if he succeeded ■in raising money enough to avoid the necessity of making an assignment, he being then financially embarrassed'; He returned from Europe to Duluth April 16, 1893.

On the 13th day of April, 1893, the assignee named in the assignment filed it in the office of the clerk of the District Court of St. Louis county, and the clerk duly certified to such filing on the instrument itself. The assignee Cant resigned his trust as such assignee, which resignation was dated April 22, 1893, and filed in the office of the clerk of the District Court of St. Louis county, April 24, 1893. Prior to his resignation, one Robert F. Fitzgerald, who is named as one of the defendants herein, had been appointed as assignee of Alexander M. Morrison and Joseph J. Thatcher, copartners of said Clark, who had made an assignment, the said Cant believing that a more expeditious and economical settlement of the affairs of said firm, and of the various members thereof, might be had if Mr. Fitzgerald should act for all of the assignors. The court accepted Mr. Cant’s resignation, and appointed Mr. Fitzgerald as his successor, and consolidated the proceedings of the different parties. Mr. Fitzgerald accepted the trust. Mr. Cant did not execute or file a bond as the assignee of Simon Clark, but Mr. Fitzgerald duly qualified as such assignee, and entered upon the discharge of his duties immediately after the resignation of Mr. Cant.

At the time of the signing and delivery to Mr. Cant of the assignment by Mr. Clark, on the 15th day of February, 1893, and until the filing of the same, he owned a large amount of real estate; and from February 15, 1893, until about the 11th day of March, the *65partnership business of which Mr. Clark was 'a copartner was carried on by his partners as usual; and at the latter date the creditors of the firm appointed an agent, who took charge of and conducted the partnership business until April 13, 1893. This plaintiff, considering the insolvency proceedings void, caused an execution to be issued out of and under the seal of the District Court of St. Louis county upon his judgment against Jackson and Clark, and sold the real estate owned by said Clark at the date of his instrument of assignment and at the time of filing the same, which property was bid off by plaintiff upon said execution sale; and he claims that the lien of said judgment was and is prior to the right or interest transferred by said assignment of said Clark and the insolvency proceedings thereunder. A schedule of the assigned property was duly filed by Clark within the time required by law, and a certified copy of the assignment was filed in the office of the register of deeds of the said county of St. Louis. At the time of the signing and delivery of the assignment to Mr. Cant, on leaving the same with him by Mr. Clark, he stated to and instructed Mr. Cant to hold the assignment; and, if any steps were taken by his creditors to enforce payment against him in his absence, so that they would secure preferences, through suits or otherwise, then Mr. Cant should file the assignment-and prevent such preferences. During his absence seven or eight suits were commenced against Mr. Clark, and one creditor was about to obtain a preference when Mr. Cant filed the assignment, as directed by the defendant Clark. There was no personal property of any consequence which came into the hands of the assignee.

The contest is between the plaintiff, claiming that the assignment was void, and the assignee Fitzgerald, claiming that the property was transferred to him by the insolvency proceedings. Under our insolvency laws, “whenever any debtor shall have become insolvent, * * * he may make an assignment of all his unexempt property for the equal benefit of all his bona jicie creditors, who shall file releases of their demands against such debtor as herein provided; such an assignment shall be made, acknowledged and filed, in accordance with and be governed by the laws of the state relating to assignments by debtors for the benefit of creditors.”

It is further provided that “such conveyance or assignment shall *66be void unless it be in writing subscribed by sucli debtor or debtors and duly acknowledged before an officer authorized to take acknowledgments of deeds and the certificate of such acknowledgment be endorsed thereon; and until such conveyance or assignment be filed in the office of the clerk of the District Court in and for the county wherein such debtors reside, or wherein the business in reference to which the same is made has been principally carried on.”

It will be seen that the requisites for a completed assignment are that the assignment must be in writing, subscribed by the debtor, duly acknowledged, the certificate of such acknowledgment indorsed thereon, and the instrument filed in the office of the clerk of the District Court. It is not denied that all of these things were complied with on the part of the defendant Clark. The main point of attack upon the assignment proceedings is that the instrument of assignment was never delivered, and, therefore, that it is null and void. Just what constitutes the delivery of a written instrument is sometimes a question of great difficulty. Here the question is, when was the instrument of assignment fully completed, so as to become operative in law, if it sprung into life at all? Under the insolvency laws of this state, as we have stated, there are certain things or formalities which must be done towards the final completion of the assignment. It is true that the statute declares the assignment void until all these formalities have been complied with. But they cannot all be done at one moment. The written subscription, acknowledgment, certificate, and filing are separate steps in the proceeding, and it is a physical impossibility for all of them to be made instantly. The statute declares that the assignment shall be void until certain things are fully performed, but it certainly does not mean that each step is an absolute nullity; so that, when all combined are duly performed and completed, they cannot become operative. The filing of the assignment is the last step, so far as the written instrument is concerned, to make the assignment complete. Now, when must this final act in the completion of the assignment be performed? Upon this subject the statute is silent. It is true that it provides “that every debtor so making an assignment shall, at the date thereof or within ten days thereafter, make and file with the clerk of the court aforesaid a just and true statement or inventory under oath.” This does not mean at the date of *67the written instrument of assignment, but at the date when the assignment is fully executed by filing'the same with the proper clerk of the District Court. In this case the assignor Clark made and filed the inventory within the ten days next after the filing of the written instrument of assignment

The length of time that elapsed between the date of the instrument, February 15, 1893, when it was left with or delivered to the assignee Cant by Clark, and the time of filing the same by the assignee in the clerk’s office, viz. April 13, 1893, cannot be said, as a'matter of law, to invalidate the assignment. Suppose that the assignor Clark had retained this instrument fully executed except the filing, and then filed it himself in the clerk’s office at the time that it was actually filed by Cant; would it not then have become operative and valid? If not, what would render it void? There is generally a greater or less period of time between the signing and the filing of the written instrument of assignment. Would a day or a few days invalidate it? If not, how does two months’ delay render it void? There is no fraud in the case, and no facts appear upon which to predicate a charge of fraud against either Clark, Cant, or any other party defendant. There was an honest struggle and effort upon the part of Clark to so arrange his business as to pay all of his creditors in full, and, if not able to do so, then that his assets should go to pay his creditors pro rata, and without preferences. This was in strict keeping with the letter and intent of the insolvency law itself. It is true that his business was carried on while he was absent in Europe, but there is not a word of testimony that during this time a single dollar of Ms property was used in any manner to defraud his creditors. On the contrary, on the 11th day of March, 1893, his creditors appointed an agent, who took possession of Clark’s store business, and conducted the same, and received the proceeds thereof, until his return home, April 16,1893; and he never transferred any of his real estate after February 15, 1893, unless by operation of law under his assignment.

There is therefore no badge of fraud to be discovered in the acts of the defendant Clark. If, as claimed by respondent’s counsel, a solvent party could carry an assignment around for years, and file it when he became insolvent, if this assignment is sustained, we say that creditors could proceed against him forthwith upon their *68debts maturing, and obtain tbeir judgments within the short time allowed by law, or compel him to make a lawful assignment; and, if he was not insolvent, that question could be judicially determined upon the proper hearing, although it is not necessary for us to determine just how long a time might elapse between the date of the instrument of assignment and the date of filing the same, and what evidence of solvency might make a proceeding under such circumstances void or not.

We are of the opinion that in this case the assignment was not void because of the failure of the assignor to file it, or cause it to be filed, when it appears to have been done. Whether he filed it himself, or caused it to be done by another, is of no consequence.

Upon the question of leaving with or delivering to Cant the instrument of assignment, we think the evidence fully justifies us in saying that it was not left with the assignee to be filed or not, in his discretion, or that the act of so doing should rest in the judgment of the assignee.

Whether the physical act by which the assignee became possessed of the writtten instrument of assignment is called a delivery or a mere leaving it with him is quite immaterial." He took it and received it from the assignor as one step towards the completion of the assignment, with instructions to keep it, and if certain creditors should bring suits against him, and undertake to obtain preferences over other creditors, that then the instrument of assignment should be filed in the clerk’s office. Whether he should file it or not if such a state of facts should present themselves to him was not left to his discretion, but the instructions were absolute and imperative. This condition of affairs did actually arise, and seven or eight creditors did actually commence suits against him in his absence, and were about to obtain preferences against other creditors when the assignee filed the assignment in the clerk’s office, as he had been instructed to do. If, upon doing this act of filing, the absolute title did not pass to the assignee until he filed his bond, the court at least got jurisdiction over, the assignor and over the property, so far at least as to protect it, and see that it was applied to the purpose for which it was intended by the assignor, and in the manner provided by law. The assignee did nót file a bond, nor qualify, as required by law, although he did not refuse to do so until after he *69liad filed the assignment; he well knowing at the time of such filing, and for a long time prior thereto, he had been named by the assignor in the assignment as such assignee. We are of the opinion that, under such a state of facts, the trust should not, and did not, fail for want of a trustee for the time being. This instrument, so filed, was for the use and benefit of the creditors, as well as of the assignor, and their rights should not be lost or jeopardized by the refusal of the assignee to act or execute the trust. The defendant Fitzgerald was appointed assignee in place of Mr. Cant, who declined to act.

It is further claimed by the respondent that it does not appear that Simon Clark was insolvent at the date of the assignment, or at the time of filing the same.

It does appear, however, that he was financially embarrassed; that seven or eight of his creditors had commenced suits against him; that they had taken possession of his business, and appointed an agent to carry it on, who took possession of the proceeds of such business, and appropriated them towards the payment of their debts. But if the assignment was valid upon its face, and apparently well founded, the plaintiff cannot attack the assignment proceedings in this collateral manner. Second National Bank v. Schranck, 48 Minn. 38, (44 N. W. 524.) Was the assignment apparently valid upon its face? It is criticised by counsel for respondent, because it contained the words: "This conveyance shall cover and include all of the property, of every nature and kind whatsoever, held or owned by me at the time this instrument is filed in the office of the clerk of the District Court.” We are of the opinion that this does not affect the validity of the instrument. It also contained the usual clause of such instruments conveying all the property which the assignor had at the time of the date of the assignment; and certainly the assignor showed his good faith by the provision which allowed his creditors to have all the property which he had at the date of the instrument and at the time of the filing of the same in the clerk’s office. In any event, if the assignment was otherwise valid, it would, by operation of law, transfer to the assignee whatever property the assignor had at the time of the filing of the assignment.

*70We have discussed all of the material errors assigned, and the result is that the order of the court below denying appellants’ motion for a new trial is reversed.

(Opinion published 60 N. W. 1077.)