STATE OF MINNESOTA

                                    IN SUPREME COURT

                                          A25-0182


County of Winona                                                                    Procaccini, J.

Ricky Darnell Waiters,

                      Appellant,

vs.                                                                      Filed: July 30, 2025
                                                                   Office of Appellate Courts
State of Minnesota,

                      Respondent.


                               ________________________


Ricky Darnell Waiters, Rush City, Minnesota, pro se.

Keith Ellison, Attorney General, Saint Paul, Minnesota; and

Karin L. Sonneman, Winona County Attorney, Paul R. Ellison, Assistant County Attorney,
Winona, Minnesota, for respondent.

                               ________________________

SYLLABUS

       The district court did not abuse its discretion when it summarily denied appellant’s

petition for postconviction relief because appellant’s claims are time-barred and the facts

alleged in the petition fail to establish an exception to the statutory time bar.

       Affirmed.

       Considered and decided by the court without oral argument.


                                               1

OPINION

PROCACCINI, Justice.

       Appellant Ricky Darnell Waiters appeals from the summary denial of his petition

for postconviction relief. In his current petition for postconviction relief, Waiters seeks

reversal of his convictions—including his conviction for first-degree felony murder—and

a new trial. Six days after Waiters filed his current petition, and before respondent State

of Minnesota filed a brief in response to the petition, the district court summarily denied

the petition. Waiters appealed. We reversed the district court’s denial of Waiters’s petition

for postconviction relief and remanded for further proceedings because the record did not

disclose the basis for the district court’s decision. Waiters v. State (Waiters II), 14 N.W.3d

279, 281 (Minn. 2024). On remand, the district court gave the State an opportunity to file

a response to the postconviction petition. The State argued that Waiters’s claims were both

procedurally barred and time-barred. The district court agreed and summarily denied

Waiters’s petition, setting forth its reasoning in a written order. Waiters again appealed.

       Because we agree that Waiters’s petition for postconviction relief is time-barred, we

affirm the district court’s summary denial of the petition.

                                          FACTS

       Following a shooting that killed one victim and injured another, a Winona County

jury found Waiters guilty of several offenses, including first-degree felony murder and

attempted first-degree felony murder. State v. Waiters (Waiters I), 

(Minn. 2019); see also 

(a)(3) (2022) (felony murder); 

 (2024) (attempt crimes). The district court convicted and sentenced Waiters for


                                              2
first-degree felony murder and attempted first-degree felony murder. Waiters I,

. We affirmed his convictions on direct appeal. 

.1

       Waiters sought postconviction relief on four occasions before his current petition,

and the district court denied each of those petitions. See Waiters II, 14 N.W.3d at 281–82

(discussing prior postconviction petitions). On November 8, 2023, Waiters filed his

current petition, seeking reversal of his convictions or a new trial under Minnesota Statutes

section 590.01 (2022). His petition can be characterized as generally raising claims of

(1) ineffective assistance of trial and appellate counsel, (2) prosecutorial misconduct,

(3) erroneous evidentiary rulings, and (4) insufficient evidence. Along with his petition,

Waiters included 12 exhibits to support his claims: five scientific articles; a newspaper

article; two photographs; a letter attesting to Waiters’s character dated February 13, 1990;

a document from the Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension; the coroner’s report for

the victim who was killed; and a medical disclosure form and report on the surviving

victim.

       Six days after Waiters filed his current petition, and before the State responded, the

district court summarily denied the petition. Waiters appealed. We reversed the district

court’s denial of Waiters’s petition for postconviction relief and remanded for further

proceedings because the record did not “disclose the basis for the district court’s decision,”

and we could not “discern whether the district court considered Waiters’s claims.”

Waiters II, 14 N.W.3d at 281.


1
       We described the facts underlying Waiters’s convictions in Waiters I, 929 N.W.2d
at 897–99.

                                              3
       On remand, the district court gave the State an opportunity to file a response to the

postconviction petition.    In its response, the State argued that Waiters’s petition is

time-barred under section 590.01, subdivision 4, and procedurally barred under both

section 590.01, subdivision 1, 2 and State v. Knaffla, 

 (Minn. 1976).3

The State also asserted that Waiters’s petition should be summarily denied under

Minnesota Statutes section 590.04, subdivision 3 (2024), because the petition raises issues

that have previously been decided in appellate proceedings. The district court agreed with

the State and issued an order denying Waiters’s petition for postconviction relief without a

hearing. Waiters again appeals.

                                        ANALYSIS

       Waiters argues that the district court erred by denying his petition without an

evidentiary hearing. A district court must hold an evidentiary hearing on a postconviction

petition “[u]nless the petition and the files and records of the proceeding conclusively show

that the petitioner is entitled to no relief.” 

, subd. 1 (2024). Because


2
       Minnesota Statutes section 590.01, subdivision 1, provides that “[a] petition for
postconviction relief after a direct appeal has been completed may not be based on grounds
that could have been raised on direct appeal of the conviction or sentence.”
3
        “Under the Knaffla rule, a postconviction claim that was raised, known, or should
have been known at the time of the petitioner’s direct appeal will not be considered in a
subsequent postconviction petition.” Hooper v. State, 

 (Minn. 2016)
(citing Knaffla, 

). When a petitioner did not previously raise a claim,
there are two exceptions to the Knaffla rule: (1) if the petition presents a novel legal issue
or (2) if the interests of justice require review. Gilbert v. State, 2 N.W.3d 483, 487
(Minn. 2024). We have yet to decide whether the Knaffla rule or its common-law
exceptions survived amendments to the postconviction review statute that were made in
2005. Heard v. State, 22 N.W.3d 154, 167 n.8 (Minn. 2025); Sanders v. State,
___ N.W.3d___, No. A24-1757, 

, at *1 n.2 (Minn. July 2, 2025).

                                              4
a petitioner whose claims are time-barred is not entitled to relief, a district court “may

summarily deny a petition for postconviction relief when the petition is time barred.”

Wayne v. State, 

 (Minn. 2015) (citation omitted) (internal quotation

marks omitted); see 

, subd. 4. We review a district court’s summary

denial of a postconviction petition for an abuse of discretion. Martin v. State, 

, 363 (Minn. 2022). When we review the summary denial of a postconviction petition,

we review the facts alleged in the petition in the light most favorable to the petitioner. See

Fox v. State, 

 (Minn. 2018).

       The State contends that Waiters’s petition is conclusively time-barred under

Minnesota Statutes section 590.01, subdivision 4. When a petitioner has previously filed

a direct appeal, section 590.01, subdivision 4(a)(2), requires the petitioner to file for

postconviction relief within two years of the appellate court’s disposition of the direct

appeal. We issued our decision on Waiters’s direct appeal on June 26, 2019, and Waiters

filed his current petition for postconviction relief on November 8, 2023. Waiters I,

. Because Waiters filed his current petition more than two years after

we issued our decision in his direct appeal, it is time-barred unless an exception applies.

       Waiters appears to raise 4 two exceptions in his petition and brief: the retroactive

new-interpretation-of-law exception set forth in section 590.01, subdivision 4(b)(3), and



4
       We liberally construe postconviction petitions. Fox, 

; see also

 (2022) (directing courts to “liberally construe” a petition for
postconviction relief). Similarly, we read pro se arguments “with an understanding eye.”
See Jackson v. State, 

, 472–73 (Minn. 2018) (citation omitted) (internal
quotation marks omitted).

                                              5
the newly discovered evidence exception set forth in section 590.01, subdivision 4(b)(2). 5

Below we explain why neither exception saves Waiters’s claim from the statutory time bar.

                                              A.

       To start, Waiters asserts that his claims are timely because they rely on a new

interpretation of law. See 

, subd. 4(b)(3). A district court may hear

an otherwise time-barred postconviction petition if “the petitioner asserts a new

interpretation of federal or state constitutional or statutory law by either the United States

Supreme Court or a Minnesota appellate court and the petitioner establishes that this

interpretation is retroactively applicable to the petitioner’s case.” 

       Waiters relies on three cases in his attempt to invoke this exception: State v. Noor,

 (Minn. 2021), State v. Blevins, 10 N.W.3d 29 (Minn. 2024), and State v.

Dahir, No. A22-1287, 

 (Minn. App. Aug. 14, 2023). As explained

below, Waiters’s claim based on Noor fails because he did not raise it within the required

time period, and his claims based on Blevins and Dahir fail because he did not raise them

in district court.




5
       To be clear, these exceptions could pertain to only some of Waiters’s claims—his
claim of insufficient evidence and claims of erroneous evidentiary rulings, which are based
on the alleged new interpretations of law and newly discovered evidence. The remaining
claims—ineffective assistance of trial and appellate counsel and prosecutorial
misconduct—are time-barred, and Waiters does not assert exceptions to the time bar for
those claims.

                                               6
       Although we agree with Waiters that our decision in Noor announced a new

interpretation of law, see Heard v. State, 22 N.W.3d 154, 166 (Minn. 2025), 6 that does not

end our analysis. “Any petition invoking an exception provided in [subdivision 4(b)] must

be filed within two years of the date the claim arises.” 

, subd. 4(c). A

claim arises under this exception “on the date that a court decision announces an

interpretation of law that provides the basis for a claim that the petitioner is entitled to relief

because the interpretation is a new rule of law that applies retroactively to the petitioner’s

conviction.” Aili v. State, 

, 448–49 (Minn. 2021). We issued Noor on

September 15, 2021. 964 N.W.2d at 424. Waiters filed his petition on November 8, 2023.

Because Waiters filed his petition more than two years after we issued our decision in Noor,

Waiters’s claim based on Noor is time-barred. 7 See Aili, 963 N.W.2d at 448–49; 

 subd. 4(c).




6
       In Heard, we reasoned that “[b]ecause reasonable jurists believed before our
decision in Noor that a person could commit the offense of third-degree depraved-mind
murder by directing an act toward a particular person, Noor announced a new rule when it
stated that the required mental state for this offense ‘cannot exist when the defendant’s
conduct is directed with particularity at the person who is killed.’ ” Heard, 22 N.W.3d at
166 (quoting Noor, 964 N.W.2d at 438).
7
        Waiters also does not explain how our decision in Noor is “retroactively applicable
to [his] case.” 

, subd. 4(b)(3). Waiters was neither charged with nor
convicted of third-degree depraved-mind murder under Minnesota Statutes
section 609.195(a) (2024)—the offense at issue in Noor. 964 N.W.2d at 429. In any event,
because Waiters’s claim based on Noor is time-barred, we need not address whether Noor
is otherwise applicable here.

                                                7
       Waiters’s claims based on Blevins 8 and Dahir 9 fail for a different reason. “ ‘It is

well settled that a party may not raise issues for the first time on appeal’ from denial of

postconviction relief.” Schleicher v. State, 

 (Minn. 2006) (quoting

Azure v. State, 

 (Minn. 2005)); see also Powers v. State, 

 (Minn. 2007) (declining to consider an argument that the postconviction petitioner

did not raise before the district court). Because Waiters did not raise his claims based on

Blevins and Dahir before the district court by including them in his postconviction petition,

and he asserts these claims for the first time on appeal to this court, they are forfeited for

the purposes of this appeal, and we decline to address them further.

                                             B.

       Waiters also appears to argue that the exception for “newly discovered evidence”

applies to his claims based on various articles about bloodstain analysis, the latest of which

was published in June 2021. 10 See 

, subd. 4(b)(2). We have explained

that a petitioner asserting the newly discovered evidence exception must show:


8
      In Blevins, we held that a duty to retreat applies when self-defense is claimed for a
charge of second-degree assault-fear with a dangerous weapon. 10 N.W.3d at 39.
9
       In Dahir, the appellant challenged the district court’s decision to allow the State to
present his statements to police through testimony, rather than through the recording of his
interview with police, under the best-evidence rule. 

, at *3. The court
of appeals concluded that the district court did not abuse its discretion by rejecting the
appellant’s evidentiary challenge. Dahir, 

, at *3.
10
       The State notes that Waiters has not specifically claimed that the articles are newly
discovered evidence. As explained above, we liberally construe pro se postconviction
petitions, Fox, 

, and we read pro se arguments “with an understanding
eye,” Jackson, 919 N.W.2d at 472–73. With these principles in mind, we construe


                                              8
       that the evidence (1) is newly discovered; (2) could not have been
       ascertained by the exercise of due diligence by the petitioner or the
       petitioner’s attorney within the 2-year time-bar for filing a petition; (3) is not
       cumulative to evidence presented at trial; (4) is not for impeachment
       purposes; and (5) establishes by the clear and convincing standard that
       petitioner is innocent of the offenses for which he was convicted.

Riley v. State, 

 (Minn. 2012). “All five criteria must be satisfied to

obtain relief.” 

 Waiters asserts that the articles prove that certain expert testimony in

his case was false. Waiters does not explain how these articles could exonerate him or why

he was unable to obtain this information until now.

       Even if we assume that the articles are newly discovered evidence, Waiters’s claim

based on that evidence fails because he did not bring it within the required time period.

“Any petition invoking an exception provided in [subdivision 4(b)] must be filed within

two years of the date the claim arises.” 

, subd. 4(c). “A claim under

this exception arises when the petitioner knew or should have known of the evidence.”

Evans v. State, 8 N.W.3d 642, 648 (Minn. 2024) (citation omitted) (internal quotation

marks omitted). The information in the articles was known or knowable by Waiters when

the articles were published—at the latest, in June 2021. See 

 at 649–50 (information in

news articles that petitioner presented as newly discovered evidence was known or

knowable when the articles were published). To the extent that Waiters had a claim based

on the articles, that claim arose no later than June 2021. Because Waiters filed his current




Waiters’s petition and brief as invoking the newly discovered evidence exception based on
the articles.

                                               9
petition in November 2023—more than two years after his claim arose—the claim is

time-barred. 

, subd. 4(c). 11

                                     CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s summary denial of

Waiters’s petition for postconviction relief.

       Affirmed.




11
       Because we conclude that Waiters’s clams are time-barred under section 590.01,
subdivision 4, we need not address the State’s alternative arguments that the petition is
procedurally barred under section 590.01, subdivision 1, and Knaffla, 

.
For the same reason, we need not address the State’s argument that the district court’s
summary denial was appropriate under section 590.04, subdivision 3, which allows for
dismissal of a second or successive petition when the petition raises issues previously
decided in appellate proceedings.

                                                10