An examination of the record in this case, which is here on a full transcript, shows no declarations of law were given or refused. Declarations were requested by both parties and are preserved in the bill of exceptions with the statement that the court neither gave nor refused them and that an exception was saved by the appellant to the court’s action in refusing to pass on those he submitted. -As the action was one at law, the parties were entitled to have the court indicate the legal theory on which the case was decided and the proper way to have this done was to prepare and ask declarations of law. If declarations are not requested, an appellate court will usually be unable to ascertain from the record on what principle o'f law the judgment in the case was rendered below and an appellant will be bound by it, although reached from an erroneous conception of the law applicable to the issues.

The trial court committed manifest error (from an oversight, it seems) in ignoring appellant’s request for declarations of law (Cunningham v. Snow, 82 Mo. 587; Hisey v. Goodwin, 90 Mo. 366) and one that would, in most instances, compel a reversal and remanding' of the cause.

But in this case all the evidence was introduced by the appellant and the facts are practically undisputed, so that the propriety of the decision may be as well reviewed without the assistance to be derived from definite rulings on propositions of law.

The action was instituted before a justice of the peace against Luke B. Russell and Oora M. Russell, his wife, on an account for merchandise of different kinds; to-wit, a gasoline stove and the gasoline which was used in heating it, corrugated sheet-iron, nails, locks, paint brushes, coach varnish, a pocket knife, linseed oil, paint and a few other articles. These *685articles were sold by the plaintiff at various dates from October, 1898, to March, 1900. They were ordered mostly by the defendant’s husband, Luke B. Russell, partly by two hands by the name of Glaab, who worked for the defendants, and in one or two instances by Mrs. Russell, during the time she lived at Cape Girardeau. They were all chárged to Luke B. Russell on the books of the appellant at the dates, of purchase. Indeed, he did not know Mrs. Russell in the sales at all, the contention now being that she was an undisclosed principal, the goods having been bought for her by her husband and the hired men, and that she is liable in that capacity.

There is scarcely a scintilla of evidence to sustain this contention. It seems to be based entirely on the fact that 'some of the articles were used on the farm owned by her; but the plaintiff testified himself that he credited Russell, supposed him to be good, charged the articles to him and never thought about Mrs. Russell in connection with the transactions until he had failed to collect the money due him from her husband.

In addition to this, it appears the debt was paid. After its maturity, Vogelsanger wanted his money and dunned Russell for it. The latter did not have it, it seems, but Vogel-sanger had such confidence in him that he became his surety or indorser on a note to the Eirst National Bank of Cape Girardeau, on which note the money was obtained and turned over to the plaintiff and credit given Russell for the amount of the bill on the plaintiff’s ledger. When the first note fell due, it was renewed by another which Vogelsanger had to pay. That unpleasant experience induced him to believe his account had not been paid and that Mrs. Russell owed it to him, whereupon he sued her.

Plaintiff testified that Russell borrowed money from the bank; that he (plaintiff) was his indorser or surety; that the money realized from the note was placed to Russell’s credit-on his account and that plaintiff had finally paid the renewal note. He contends now that this transaction made an accord *686but not a satisfaction. It constituted a payment of the account by every principle of law, was treated by both parties as such and the only liability of Russell to the plaintiff thereafter was the liability which a principal on a note owes to a surety who is compelled to discharge it. The case is too plain for argument, requires no further discussion, and the judgment is affirmed.