— This is a contest between rival claimants for the proceeds of a beneficiary certificate issued by the Grand Lodge of Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen. This certificate was for $1500; bore the date of May 8,1899, and was issued to John Johnson, payable to “Louis Voelker, his friend.” Johnson’s application for the insurance was made November 20,1898. In the application he stated that he resided at number 1203 Chouteau avenue, was born in Texas, April 17, 1872,- and would be twenty-seven years old his next birthday. On the back of the application were blank spaces in which the medical examiner was required to insert the answers of the applicant in regard to his family history, which were required to be truthfully made to the examiner; also statements of the examiner himself con*641cerning the physical condition of the applicant. In this report of the medical examiner, the age of Johnson’s father and mother, if they were then living, was stated to be fifty-three and fifty-two years respectively; of a brother, twenty-one years. ' It was also stated that their health was good; but there is a notation opposite those statements as follows: “ This was eight years ago when the applicant left home. He has heard nothing of them since and does not know whether they are dead or alive. ’ ’

A rule of the Brotherhood requires benefit certificates to be paid at the death of an insured member; first, to the widow; second, to his child or children; third, to his father; fourth, to his mother; fifth, to his brothers and sisters; if any of those relatives survive him. A member is given the right to designate as beneficiary whomsoever he chooses if he has none of the ^bove mentioned kindred. Johnson’s application was unsatisfactory to the officers of the order, as it did not certainly state whether he had relatives to whom the benefit ought to go, according to the above rule, when he died; for if he had, the certificate could not be made payable to .Louis Voelker. Johnson was notified of the defect and thereupon wrote a letter to an officer, of the lodge in St. Louis, which Johnson desired to join. This letter was as follows :

“St. Louis-, 4 — 8,1899.

“Mr. R. E. McKenzie,

“Dear Sir &■ Brother:

“In regard to your reply will say that my folks are all dead and would like to have certificate made out to Louis Voelker. That is the way I had it made out.

“Yours truly,

“John Johnson.”

On receipt of this letter the certificate was granted with Voelker as beneficiary. Johnson died at St. Mary’s Hospital in the city of -St. Louis, September 7, 1899. *642Proof of his death was made to the satisfaction of the Grand Lodge and, as it refused to pay the proceeds of the certificate to Voelker, he instituted an action in the circuit court to recover it. The Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen then filed an answer in the nature of a bill of interpleader, setting up the laws of the order in regard to the payment of death benefits, and that the proceeds of Johnson’s certificate were claimed not only by Voelker, the named beneficiary, but by Carl D. Joergensen and Johanna D. Joergensen as father and mother, of the deceased. The Brotherhood paid the fund into court, with a prayer that the alleged parents of the deceased and Wm. C. Richardson, public administrator in charge of the estate, be made parties defendant and the Brotherhood discharged. Pursuant to an order of the court commanding them to interplead for the fund, said alleged parents filed their interplea, in which they averred that the deceased, John Johnson, was in truth their son Julius Emil Joergensen, who was born April 17, 1870, in the town of Vester Aaby, Denmark. They further pleaded the rule of the order making certificates payable in the first instance to the parents of a deceased member, alleged that Voelker was not related to the deceased John Johnson, or Julius Joergensen, and prayed judgment for the fund.

Voelker filed an answer denying that John Johnson and Julius Emil Joergensen were the same person; that said Johnson was the son of Carl D. and Johanna D. Joergensen; that he was born in Denmark, or that the in interpleaders had any right to the fund. The issue thus joined is as to the personal .identity of the deceased member. Was the man who lived and died in St. Louis under the name of John Johnson the same individual who was born in Denmark as the son of the interpleaders, or another person? If he was Julius Joergensen and had assumed the name of John Johnson, it is conceded by the plaintiff that the interpleaders are entitled to the fund, less certain expenses incurred by plaintiff *643in caring for the deceased in his last illness and in burying him, pursuant to an agreement he made with the deceased when the insurance was taken for his (Voelker’s) benefit. The interpleaders resist any allowance to Voelker, and contend the entire amount should be paid to his parents.

As to whether or not Voelker is entitled to an allowance on account of said expenses, is the only legal proposition involved in the case and may be disposed of at once. There is justice in Voelker’s elaim; but a deduction can not be made in his favor, if the interpleaders are the real beneficiaries. The fund is no part of the estate of the deceased; but belongs wholly to the lawful beneficiary, and is not subject to the defrayal of expenses incurred at the request of, or on agreement with, the deceased. If Johnson had living parents, the rule of the order forbade him to make a bargain with Voelker that the latter should care for him in sickness and bury him at death in consideration of a death benefit. He was bound to make the benefit payable to his parents. In fact, the by-law of the Brotherhood made it payable to them.

On the question of the identity of the deceased member, a mass of testimony was taken in this country and Europe, consisting of depositions of the interpleaders, their children and some of their friends in Denmark; letters which passed between them and their son Julius after he reached America; expert testimony as to the handwriting of the deceased based on a comparison of it with Julius Joergensen’s; testimony by the St. Louis friends of the deceased as to his resemblance or lack of resemblance to a youthful photograph of Julius Joergensen; and other facts. We have taken pains to go through all this evidence and reflect over it. At the conclusion of our investigation we find no sufficient reason to dissent from the conclusion reached by the trial judge, that the deceased was Julius Emil Joergensen, the son of the interpleaders.

*644The interpleaders are people in humble circumstances, living as stated, in a small town in Denmark. They had five children, of whom three (two daughters and a son) are still living in that kingdom. Their fourth child, Julius Emil Joergensen, was born April 17, 1870. In the year 1888, at the age of eighteen, he emigrated to America and went at once to Kansas City, where he arrived in June and remained about a year and one-half. While in Kansas City he worked .for a gardener in the country nearby, attending to hot-houses and caring for teams. He wrote several letters of an affectionate tenor to his parents while there, telling them of his voyage across the ocean, his employment and prospects. Prom those letters we gather that he was desirous of obtaining railroad employment. The last letter he wrote from' Kansas City was dated November 18, 1889. The next letter to his parents was written from San Antonio, Texas, June 8, 1890'. In it he told of herding cows and horses on the plains in the Indian country, where he seems to have been employed as a cowboy. One passage of that letter is seized by the plaintiff as supporting his theory of the facts. It is a statement of the writer that he had found a companion while working with cattle in the Indian territory whom he discovered, after they had been acquainted about two months, to be from Sweden. A tie sprang up between them on account of-their coming from neighboring countries. The theory of the plaintiff is that this companion was the deceased John Johnson; that he and Julius Joergensen became fast friends, used the same trunk in common, and that letters written to Julius Joergensen by his parents and relatives in Denmark and found in the trunk of the deceased after his death in St. Louis, were left there by Julius Joergensen, while the two friends were living together and both using the trunk in common. It should be stated that one strong circumstance to identify Johnson as J oergensen is the fact that numerous family letters were found in Johnson’s trunk, addressed to Július *645Joergensen and sometimes to Julius Johnson. Voelker and other St. Louis associates swore they noticed the letters in the trunk with those superscriptions and, on one occasion, inquired of Johnson how he happened to have letters addressed to a man by the name of Joergensen; that Johnson replied they were letters written to a friend whom he had known in Texas eight years before and that they got in the trunk because the two made; common use of .it.

Julius Joergensen wrote letters to his parents from San Antonio until December, 1892, and perhaps longer; but we find none in the record later than that date. From those letters it appears that he roved a great deal in Texas, associating with persons of different nationalities, and following different occupations, finally becoming a locomotive fireman, and working as such more than a year; how mqeh longer can not. be gathered. While in Kansas City he signed several letters written to his parents with the name, Julius Johnson. In writing from San Antonio he subscribed his letters indifferently, Julius Emil Joergensen and Julius Johnson; but gave the address his parents should use in writing to him as Julius Johnson, Lone Star Bakery, San Antonio, Texas; and afterwards as 13 North Flores street, San Antonio, Texas. The interpleaders testified that their son wrote them other letters signed, John Johnson; but none of those were put in evidence. No reason is given why he changed his name to J ohnson, nor does the evidence in the case throw any light on this circumstance. Neither is there any testimony that J ohnson is the English form for the Danish name, Joergensen. Letters written by the parents, and their testimony, prove a correspondence continued between them, and their son at infrequent intervals after 1892, until March 27, 1899, which is the date of the son’s next and final letter. It was written from St. Louis, and is as follows:

*646“March 27, 1899.

“St. Louis, Mo.

“My Dear Parents:

“ Yes long it is since I last wrote to you and I am almost ashamed to write, but I hope that this letter may find you all well and in good health.

‘£ I am very well and have good work on the railroad and make good money.

“I intend to be home with you next Christmas for a little while and hope to find you all together once more.. Yes it is now eleven (11) years since I left and parted from you all at home, but the Lord be praised and thanked he has done everything so wonderful well for me I have never been sick one day in all the long time I have been here. Yes, I believe he is now on my track and will hope that we still once more may meet ah home in the old country and if not that we all may meet here above in the eternal habitations where it is good to be because it is our best home.

“•Yes dear it is very hard for me to write this, letter but I know you will all be glad to hear from me and I hope you can read it.

£ £I am longing very much to hear from you and will soon write again.

“Do not be worried for me as I am very well.

“ Now I will close for this time with a friendly greeting to all my brothers and sisters and yourselves from me, your faithful and affectionate son,

“ (Signed) Julius E. Joergensen,

Farewell.

“My address is

Julius Johnson, ■

St. Louis, Mo.,

North America. ’ ’

That was the last communication, so far as the record discloses, from Julius Joergensen to his parents. All the correspondence which passed between the parties *647is in an affectionate strain and gives the impression that the son had been raised by pious, God-fearing parents, and remembered their admonitions. His letters frequently breathed homesickness and the desire and hope of visiting his family soon. We find no traces of Julius under the name of Joergensen, from the time of the last letter, and it seems that after that date his parents had no tidings of him.

The deceased person who bore the name of John Johnson appeared in the city of St. Louis, so far as the evidence reveals, in 1894, and secured employment from Gustav Weber, a soda water manufacturer, as stableman. He worked for Weber from March 3, 1894, to August 30,1897; after that he obtained work as fireman with the Terminal Railway Company and continued in that service until his death. While with Weber, he became acquainted with Louis Yoelker, the plaintiff, and the two became friends. Johnson stated to several acquaintances in St. Louis, including Yoelker and Weber, that he had no relatives living. These statements were made at the time he took the benefit insurance. He also stated that he was born in Texas and that his parents had lived in either Sherman or San Antonio, the witnesses were not positive which place.

The handwriting of the letters written by Julius Joergensen to his parents was compared with signatures of Johnson affixed to various railway papers, while he was fireman, and to his application for insurance in the Brotherhood. The evidence was quite contradictory as to whether the writing was by the same person. A photograph of Julius Joergensen, taken when he was eighteen years old was exhibited to persons who knew John Johnson in St. Louis, and they differed as to whether the photograph of the boy resembled the man they knew. Some witnesses were positive it represented the same person, and others equally positive that it was totally unlike Johnson. There was testimony that Johnson was a large man, weighing one hundred and seventy pounds; *648.whereas Julius Joergensen was only five feet, four inches and weighed about one hundred and fifty pounds when he left Denmark. This evidence is of small value, because the boy may have grown into a large man. Both Joergensen and Johnson, as they were known to their acquaintances, had fair hair and skin, blue eyes and were of the Scandinavian type of men.. There was evidence that Johnson stated to friends in St. Louis that he was of Swedish descent, and this testimony, and other facts above stated concerning the letter written by Joergensen in Texas in which he speaks of forming a friendship with a Swede, the presence of the Joergensen letters in Johnson’s trunk and his statement that they had belonged to a friend in Texas, are put forward by the plaintiff’s counsel to maintain the theory that Johnson, instead of being Julius Emil Joergensen, was another person, to-wit, the Swedish friend Joergensen had known while herding cattle in Texas.

Several facts emerge from the evidence which strike our minds as particularly significant. It is certain that Julius Joergensen left San Antonio and came to St. Louis after 1892, and wrote letters from St. Louis to his parents as late as March, 1899. If he and Johnson were different persons who had been acquainted in. Texas, it is strange they lived in St. Louis for several years without forming mutual friends who knew them as' two individuals. If the plaintiff’s theory be true, Johnson and Joergensen must have been about St. Louis a great deal from 1894 to 1899; but none of the associates of Johnson speak of ever seeing him in company with Joergensen, or of knowing such a man. Julius Joergensen had charge of horses in Kansas City and San Antonio, and was afterwards a locomotive fireman in the latter place. "When we first learn of Johnson in St. Louis he is working as a stableman for "Weber, and afterwards gets employment as a fireman. It would be a noteworthy coincidence if the Swedish friend Whom Joergensen knew in -Texas- should subsequently *649become as Julius did, a railway fireman, and still later prosecute the same business in St. Louis, as we know Julius Joergensen did, from the letter written to. his parents in March, 1899, in which he spoke of working on a railroad. We know, too;, that, from an undisclosed motive, Julius Joergensen sometimes called himself Johnson' and had his parents address him as Julius Johnson. If their testimony is to be believed, he occasionally wrote to them under the name of John Johnson. When the deceased made application for the insurance he stated he was born April 17, 1872; Julius Joergensen was born April 17, 1870. It is another coincidence if Johnson’s friend in Texas was born on the same day of the same month he was. Julius E. Joergensen has never been heard of by his relatives or parents in Denmark since Johnson died.

That Johnson dissembled concerning his past appears from his telling the medical examiner, when he made application for insurance, that his parents were living and in good health eight years before when he left home, but that he had heard nothing from them since, and declaring a month or two thereafter that his folks were all dead.

While the case is mysterious the proven facts strongly incline us to the belief entertained by the learned trial judge, that the deceased John Johnson was Julius Emil Joergensen, who, for some reason, chose to' conceal his identity after he came from Texas to St. Louis. If we leaned to the opposite belief, we would be much disposed to yield our own judgment in favor of that of the court below on the issue of fact presented; for this is peculiarly a case in which the manner of witnesses while testifying, and the impressions gleaned during the trial, are important.

Judgment affirmed.