delivered the opinion of the court.

1. It is a little remarkable that the law of contracts, for the payment and delivery of specific articles, should be a matter of discussion at this day. There is a contrariety of opinion in the books and in the opinions of courts in relation to the effect of a tender, or a readiness, at the time and place appointed, to deliver property in pursuance to a contract. One difficulty is in relation to the effect of a tender. Whether a tender should be pleaded with a readiness still to perform, or will a tender vest the property tendered in the creditor and discharge the debtor or obligor from all future concern for the articles tendered, or is the debtor bound, notwithstanding a refusal, to take care of the property at the risk and expense of the creditor, so as to have it ready for him in the event of a subsequent demand. A similar difficulty arises in case a debtor is ready, at the time and place appointed, to perform his contract and the creditor does not attend: can he abandon the property and insist on his discharge, or must he still retain it, so that if there should be a subsequent demand, he may be ready to deliver it, holding it, of course, at the risk and expense of the creditor ?

Chancellor Kent inclines to the opinion that, on a valid tender of specific articles, the debtor is discharged from his contract and the right of property in the articles tendered passes to the creditor. The debtor may abandon the goods so tendered ; but if he elects to retain possession of the goods, it is in the charactor of bailee to the creditor and at his risk and expense. 2 Kent, 508. This seems to be the law of the courts of Kentucky. 1 Bibb, 452. On the other hand, it is main*115tained in the state o£ Pennsylvania, that, in an action upon a note for the payment of a certain sum, it is not necessary to the maintenance of the plaintiff’s action, that he should have made a demand of the articles at the time and place, but to defeat the plaintiff’s action the defendant must prove that he was ready, at the time and place, and continued ready. T Watts, 880.

The general principle of the common law is, that the property tendered or ready to be delivered belongs to the creditor, if his debt is thereby discharged; that is, if, on an issue taken on the plea of tender, it should be found against him. 3 John. Cas. 243. Anciently most undertakings for the payment of money or property were in the shape of penal bonds, and by the old common law, if there was a breach of the condition of a bond, the whole penalty was forfeited and might be recovered in an action at law. This form of instrument being oppressive to the debtor, the courts held creditors to great strictness, and made an exception to the general rule above stated, and maintained that, if the articles tendered, according to the terms of the condition, were not accepted, the penalty of the bond was saved, the debtor or obligor was discharged, and the thing tendered was forfeited, and the creditor left without remedy, either on the contract or for the thing tendered. When the condition of the bond was for the payment of a less sum in money, the money tendered was brought into court, and the plaintiff had an option either to take the money tendered and thus put an end to the suit, or he might take issue on the tender, and if it was found against him, the defendant took the money brought into court and the plaintiff lost his debt forever. But the ancient law is now changed, as well by the. interposition of courts of equity as by the authoritative interference of the statute of 8 and 9 Wm. and M., which has been reenacted in our code, which makes a penal bond a mere surety for the sum really due or for the damages actually sustained. So that at this day, a tender in performance of the condition of a penal bond, and a tender in performance of a simple con*116tract, are perfectly analogous ; and if the debtor will avail himself of a plea of tender, or plea that he was ready at the time and place to perform his contract, he must, in all cases, keep the thing tendered or ready to be delivered for the creditor,, and deliver it to him on demand. By the old law, there was no difference between a tender of money and a tender of specific articles, except there must be a profert of the one and an excuse for want of profert of the other, unless it appears from their description that the articles are of a nature which will not admit a profert. Both must be pleaded with an uncore prist. 2 Rolle’s Abr. 524. Bacon, tit. Tender. The instances put to the contrary of this in Peyton’s case, 9 Coke, are all cases arising under penal obligations, which were formerly influenced by the considerations above stated. The confusion in the law has arisen from confounding old cases arising on penal bonds and those in which there was a contract for the delivery of specific articles. Chipman, after an able essay on .the-law of contracts for the payment of specific articles, deduces the following propositions from the various cases which underwent his review in writing his work. If the defendant plead a tender and refusal, the plaintiff may traverse the tender, or reply a demand and refusal. If the defendant plead that he was ready, at the time and place, and that the plaintiff did not attend, the plaintiff may traverse the fact that the defendant was ready, or reply a demand and refusal.

The defendant may traverse the demand and refusal, and if the demand and refusal be proved, the issue will be found for the plaintiff, unless the defendant show some valid excuse for not delivering the property, as that the property was lost without any fault of his, or sold to defray the expense of keeping. The property of the articles tendered or ready to be delivered, is not vested in the creditor until accepted by him, but the property remains in the debtor, and the articles are at his disposal as before ; nor can the creditor ever acquire a property in them without a subsequent assent of the debtor.

If judgment be rendered for the plaintiff on the plea of a *117demand and refusal, be will recover bis demand and tbe property of tbe articles tendered will remain in tbe defendant, unaffected by sucb tender ; but if judgment be rendered for tbe defendant, tbe debt is thereby discharged and tbe property of tbe articles tendered is vested in tbe plaintiff, in tbe condition in which they may be, and subject to sucb lien as tbe defendant may have on them, for the expense of keeping ; and if the defendant shall thereafter refuse to deliver them to tbe plaintiff, on demand, be will be liable to an action of trover, if his refusal shall appear to have been wrongful. Tbe pleas in relation to this subject must contain a description of tbe property, and the articles must be properly designated and set apart, when necessary, in order to make a tender. If they remain in an aggregate mass or are not designated, there can be no lawful tender.

From an examination of tbe law on this subject, we are satisfied that the rule above stated best harmonizes with tbe interests of society, and is more conformable to that standard of propriety to which man, in bis intercourse with bis fellow man, should conform. There is no hardship in this when tbe law is once properly understood. In tbe conflict of opinion on this subject, we have felt free to adopt that view which most effectually protects tbe interests of both parties to tbe contract, which, in its tendency, checks tbe inclination of one party to get an advantage at the expense of tbe other, and to obviate tbe effect of that ill-will which is too often engendered from no other cause than an obligation to comply with a just contract. By removing tbe means of obtaining an unfair advantage, strife and litigation will be avoided. The other judges content, the judgment is reversed and the cause remanded.