Appellants argue that Missouri’s public school finance system is unconstitutional because it does not allocate twenty-five percent of “state revenue” for the support of public schools.1 The trial court ruled that certain receipts did not constitute state revenue for purposes of this section and, therefore, upheld the constitutionality of the current funding scheme. Because we find that funds received from the federal government are not “state revenue” within the meaning of article IX, section 3(b) of the state constitution, we affirm.

Background

Appellants (“the Committee”) include a non-profit corporation representing eighty-nine school districts, the districts individually, and a number of students. The Committee originally filed suit in 1992 challenging the constitutionality of Missouri’s educational funding system on a number of state constitutional grounds. The trial court found in favor of plaintiffs, reserving, however, the question of whether the level of funding violates article IX, section 3(b), which requires that: “in no case shall there be set apart less than twenty-five percent of the state revenue, exclusive of interest and sinking fund, to be applied annually to the support of the free public schools.” On appeal, this Court held that the trial court ruling was not a final, appealable judgment and dismissed the appeal.2 In the wake of the trial court’s original ruling, the legislature enacted Senate Bill 380, which, the trial court held, and appellants agree, makes all the original claims in their lawsuit moot, except that dealing with the twenty-five percent funding floor. On that issue, the trial court held, based upon stipulated figures for the 1995 fiscal year, that the state had appropriated more than the required minimum amount, and entered judgment in favor of defendants. The Committee appealed, challenging the trial court’s exclusion of three categories of receipts from its calculation of what constitutes “state revenue” for the purposes of article IX, section 3(b).3

Federal Receipts

By far the largest category of receipts excluded from state revenue by the trial court consists of funds received from the federal government. These amounted to almost $3.8 billion out of total state receipts of *64$11.9 billion. The Committee, adopting a definition of “revenue” developed by this Court in the context of the Hancock Amendment4 — “the annual or periodical yield of taxes, excises, customs, duties, and other sources of income that a nation, state or municipality collects and receives into the treasury for public use” 5 — first argues that federal funds are revenue. In particular, appellants argue that that is the implication of article X, section 17(1): “’Total state revenues’ includes all general and special revenues, license and fees, excluding federal funds....” The Committee argues that it would be unnecessary to exclude federal funds from this definition, unless they were a species of “general or special revenues.” Even accepting, arguendo, the premise that this definition, which is explicitly limited to article X,6 should be consulted to determine the meaning of a phrase used in article IX, this argument is unconvincing. While the section, arguably, supports the conclusion that federal funds are revenues, it undermines the Committee’s position that federal funds are state revenues, since the definition explicitly excludes them from the calculation of “total state revenues.”

The Committee’s chief argument is that federal funds are properly included in “state revenue” because they must be deposited into the state treasury7 and become, therefore, a part of the “revenue pie” available for appropriation by the legislature. This view finds some support in earlier eases, which often appear to equate “state revenue” with deposit into the treasury.8 Later cases, however, undermined this simple identity, holding that moneys paid to the state treasury did not become a homogenous class of “state money.”9 The 1986 amendment to article IV, section 15 conclusively resolved this issue by explicitly constitutionalizing two of this Court’s principal conclusions in Mallory. The 1986 amendment not only specifically requires that federal funds be deposited into the treasury (“All revenue collected and moneys received by the state which are state funds or funds received from the United States government shall go promptly into the state treasury”), but also makes clear that even once deposited into the treasury, such moneys retain their character as federal (as opposed to state) funds: “The investment and deposit of state, United States and non-state funds shall be subject to such restrictions as may be prescribed by law.”10 The idea that the state is more like a custodian of federal funds than their owner is entirely consistent with the constitutional provision authorizing receipt of federal moneys: “Money or property may also be received from the United States and be redistributed together with public money of this state for any public purpose designated by the United States.”11 It is no longer the case, if, indeed, it ever was, that “state revenue” merely means all moneys deposited into the state treasury. Federal funds, which, when received into the treasury, do not become state funds and are held by the state subject to the dictates of *65federal law, are not “state revenue” within the meaning of article IX, section 3(b).

Conclusion

The Committee also challenges the trial court’s exclusion of two other types of receipts from its calculation of state revenue: unemployment compensation contributions and non-appropriated revenues of state universities. With the exclusion of federal funds, however, the propriety of these exclusions is a moot point, since, under the stipulated facts, the state will have expended more than twenty-five percent of state revenue for education whether or not these amounts are included in state revenue.12

The judgment is affirmed.

concurring.

The principal opinion concludes that that money sent from the federal government to Missouri state government to serve the federal government’s purposes is not state revenue within the meaning of Article IX, section 3(b) of the state constitution. I agree. In concluding that federal funds are not state revenue, the principal opinion does not say what state revenue is. I write separately merely to propose a definition of state revenue that, it seems to me, necessarily forms the unspoken premise of the principal opinion.

Article IX, section 1(a), requires the general assembly to “establish and maintain free public schools for the gratuitous instruction of all persons in this state within ages not in excess of twenty-one years as prescribed by law.” To accomplish this purpose, the constitution insists that:

In event the public school fund provided and set apart by law for the support of free public schools, shall be insufficient to sustain free schools at least eight months in every year in each school district of the state, the general assembly may provide for such deficiency; but in no case shall there be set apart less than twenty-five percent of the state revenue, exclusive of interest and sinking fund, to be applied annually to the support of the free public schools.

Mo. Const, art. IX, sec. 3(b). (Emphasis added.)

This twenty-five-percent language is not a modern addition to the constitution. It appears in nearly identical form in the 1875 Constitution.

In case the Public School Fund now provided and set apart by law, for the support of free public schools, shall be insufficient to sustain a free school at least four months in every year in each school district of this State, the General Assembly may provide such deficiency ...; but in no case shall there be set apart less than twenty-five per cent, of the State revenue, exclusive of the Interest and Sinking Fund, to be applied annually to the support of the public schools.

Mo Const, art. XI, sec. 7 (1875).

If one is interested in original meaning, one need only recall that in 1875 no one imagined that the government of the federal republic would extend its tentacles so deeply into the affairs of the states. Nor could those drafting the state constitution in the 1870’s dream that those tentacles would offer the states so much money or control it with so much regulatory ink. We can conclude that the drafters of the 1945 constitution had no different view of things when they copied the 1875 provisions into the constitution and, on this basis alone, decide that “state revenue” does not include federal funds.

*66But we serve best when we offer a definition of state revenue, not a list of exclusions. To that end, this Court has recently reaffirmed its understanding of the word “revenue” as used in the constitution.

“Revenue” is defined as “the annual or periodical yield of taxes, excises, customs, duties, and other sources of income that a nation, state, or municipality collects and receives into the treasury for public use-” Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 1942 (1964).

Buechner v. Bond, 650 S.W.2d 611, 613 (Mo. banc 1983). (Emphasis added.) Quoted with approval in Missourians for Tax Justice Education Project v. Holden, 959 S.W.2d 100, 106 (Mo. banc 1997), and Kelly v. Hanson, 959 S.W.2d 107, 111 (Mo. banc 1997).

The phrase “other sources of income” tells us that all revenue is comprised of income. “Income” is “a gain or recurrent benefit that is usu[ally] measured in money and for a given period of time, derives from capital, labor or a combination of both.” Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 1143 (1976). “Income” does not include gifts or moneys held in trust for the purposes of another.1 See Mallory v. Barrera, 544 S.W.2d 556, 561 (Mo. banc 1976). (Federal educational funds are held in trust for the purpose specified by the federal government.) “State revenue” is income received by the state. For this reason, and as the principal opinion shows, federal funds are not “state revenue.”