In the Interest of N.D.C.
In the Interest of N.D.C.
Opinion of the Court
I. Introduction
The Webster County juvenile office appeals the circuit court’s ruling excluding
II. Facts and Procedural History
The juvenile office brought delinquency charges against N.D.C., a juvenile, alleging that he sodomized his four-year old stepsister, J.C. When J.C. refused to testify, the juvenile office sought to introduce her statements through the testimony of her mother, A.C. (N.D.C.’s step-mother). A.C. would testify that she entered N.D.C.’s room and found both children lying on the bed watching a movie. N.D.C.’s pajama pants were half-way down his bottom, and J.C. wore no underpants beneath her dress. When A.C. asked what was going on, J.C. replied that N.D.C. had “put his thing in [her] butt.” The incident was reported to the child abuse hotline, and this action ensued.
At the hearing, N.D.C. objected to the mother’s testimony on the basis of hearsay and the fourth, fifth, sixth, and fourteenth amendments to the United States Constitution. After further research, the trial court sustained the objection citing Crawford. The juvenile office made an offer of proof and asked the court to enter written findings and conclusions for purposes of an interlocutory appeal. The circuit court noted that J.C.’s statements ordinarily would be admissible under section 491.075, which provides that hearsay statements from a child victim are admissible when the victim is unavailable to testify and other indicia of reliability exist. However, the court ultimately concluded that Crawford rendered the statements inadmissible as a violation of N.D.C’s right to confrontation. The circuit court specifically found that section 491.075 is “in direct conflict with the sixth amendment right to confrontation pursuant to rulings contained within Crawford v. Washington .....” The juvenile office filed an interlocutory appeal directly to this Court on the basis that the circuit court partially invalidated section 491.075 as unconstitutional.
III. Jurisdiction and Standard of Review
As a preliminary matter, N.D.C. challenges this Court’s jurisdiction on two grounds. First, N.D.C. argues that the circuit court’s judgment is not appealable through an interlocutory appeal. Section 211.261 allows the juvenile office to file an interlocutory appeal from “any order suppressing evidence, a confession or an admission.” N.D.C. did not file a motion to suppress,
An evidentiary ruling is not appealable until a final judgment has been entered. Here, however, the juvenile office has no opportunity to challenge the court’s exclusion of evidence. As a result, this constitutional issue of first impression would evade appellate review if not raised prior to final judgment. This Court explained the conundrum in In re R.B.
“[although that ruling may have been properly appealed under section 211.261 at an earlier stage of the proceedings, that is not the present case. [ ... ] Because section 211.261 does not authorize the juvenile officer to appeal final judgments in delinquency proceedings, and in these situations double jeopardy has attached, there is no jurisdiction to entertain an appeal. Accordingly, we leave the resolution of whether the evidence was properly suppressed or excluded for another day.” (emphasis added)
Following the Court’s guidance from In re R.B., this time the juvenile office appealed the ruling at an earlier stage of the proceedings. Another day has come. Concurrent with its appeal, the juvenile office also filed a petition for writ of mandamus, which this Court denied.
IV. Analysis
Nature of Juvenile Delinquency Proceedings
In its first point, the juvenile office contends that Crawford is inapplicable because juvenile proceedings are civil, not criminal.
Nature of J.C. ⅛ Statement
In its second point, the juvenile office contends that, even assuming Crawford applies, J.C.’s statement is admissible because it was non-testimonial. In Crawford, the United States Supreme Court explained as follows:
An accuser who makes a formal statement to government officers bears testimony in a sense that a person who makes a casual remark to an acquaintance does not. The constitutional text, like the history underlying the common-law right of confrontation, thus reflects an especially acute concern with a specific type of out-of-court statement.15 Where non-testimonial hearsay is at issue, it is wholly consistent with the Framers’ design to afford the States flexibility in their development of hearsay law ... and as would an approach that exempted such statements from Confrontation Clause scrutiny altogether.16
This Court considered the implications of Crawford in State v. Kemp.
In the case at bar, the juvenile office argues that J.C.’s statement to her mother was non-testimonial and not subject to Crawford. Several cases from sister states support this view.
V. Conclusion
A peremptory writ of prohibition is directed to issue prohibiting exclusion of the testimony on the basis of Crawford.
. The Court adopts the modified opinion prepared by its colleague Judge Ronnie L. White, who completed his service with the Court prior to its adoption.
. 541 U.S. 36, 124 S.Ct. 1354, 158 L.Ed.2d 177 (2004). The confrontation clause of the sixth amendment bars testimonial hearsay unless the witness is unavailable and the defendant had a prior opportunity to cross-examine the witnesses, regardless of whether the court deems the statements reliable.
. All statutory references are to RSMo 2000.
. Section 542.296 lists the bases for a motion to suppress evidence:
(1) that the search and seizure were made without warrant and without lawful authority; (2) that the warrant was improper upon its face or was illegally issued, including the issuance of a warrant without proper showing of probable cause; (3) that the property seized was not that described in the warrant and that the officer was not otherwise lawfully privileged to seize the same; (4) that the warrant was illegally executed by the officer; (5) that in any other manner the search and seizure violated the rights of the movant under section 15 of article I of the Constitution of Missouri, or the fourth and fourteenth amend*604 ments of the Constitution of the United States.
. State v. Dwyer. 847 S.W.2d 102, 103 (Mo.App. 1992); Black’s Law Dictionary (6th Ed. 1991).
. 186 S.W.3d 255 (Mo. banc 2006).
. The purpose of a writ of mandamus is not to adjudicate but rather to execute where there is a clear, unequivocal, and specific right. See State ex rel. Chassaing v. Mummert, 887 S.W.2d 573, 577 (Mo.banc 1994).
. Id. This category is used in limited situations where some “absolute irreparable harm may come to a litigant if some spirit of justifiable relief is not made available to respond to a trial court’s order.” Id. citing State ex rel. Richardson v. Randall, 660 S.W.2d 699, 701 (Mo. banc 1983).
. See State v. Larson, 79 S.W.3d 891, 893 (Mo. banc 2002), and Precision Investments, L.L.C. v. Cornerstone Propane, L.P., 220 S.W.3d 301 (Mo. banc 2007). Also see Rule 55.24 (All pleadings shall be so construed as to do substantial justice.); In re Competency of Parkus, 219 S.W.3d 250 (Mo. banc 2007) (Motion to recall the mandate and petition for writ of habeas corpus treated as petition for writ of mandamus.); and State ex rel. Heistand v. McGuire, 701 S.W.2d 419 (Mo. banc 1985) (Motion for change of venue treated as motion for change of judge.).
. N.D.C. argued that this case does not involve a constitutional question and, therefore, does not invoke this Court’s exclusive jurisdic
. State v. Shaon, 145 S.W.3d 499 (Mo.App. 2004); State v. Stevens, 845 S.W.2d 124, 128 (Mo.App. 1993); State v. Taylor, 965 S.W.2d 257, 260-261 (Mo.App. 1998).
. J. D. H. v. Juvenile Court of St. Louis County, 508 S.W.2d 497, 500 (Mo. banc 1974). (The emphasis of the juvenile code is on continuing care, protection and rehabilitation of the juvenile.)
. In Re Gault, 387 U.S. 1, 87 S.Ct. 1428, 18 L.Ed.2d 527 (1967).
. See State v. Justus, 205 S.W.3d 872 (Mo. banc 2006).
. 212 S.W.3d 135 (Mo. banc 2007).
. United States v. Peneaux, 432 F.3d 882, 895-896 (8th Cir. 2005) (foster parents not agents of the state); Ferguson v. Roper, 400 F.3d 635, 638-640 (8th Cir. 2005); United
. Herrera-Vega v. State, 888 So.2d 66 (Fla.Ct. App. 2004); Purvis v. State, 829 N.E.2d 572 (Ind.App. 2005); State v. Van Leonard, 910 So.2d 977 (La.App. 2005); State v. Blackstock, 165 N.C.App. 50, 598 S.E.2d 412 (2004); State v. Shafer, 156 Wash.2d 381, 128 P.3d 87 (2006).
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