Korea Insurance v. Villaluz
Korea Insurance v. Villaluz
Opinion of the Court
OPINION
A court trial was held on June 10, 1985, and the court .entered its findings of facts and conclusions of law on June 14, 1985. The court entered judgment on July 12, 1985, in favor of KIC in the amount of $9,675.50 plus costs of suit against Defendants-Appellants. On August 8, 1985, the trial court entered an order awarding attorney' s fees to KIC in the amount of $2,900 and taxing costs in favor of KIC in the amount of $185.50. Defendants-Appellants filed a timely notice of appeal.
STATEMENT OF FACTS
Plaintiff KIC is a corporation licensed to do business in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (NMI). Pacific Enterprises, Inc., is a corporation primarily engaged in the construction and hardware business in the Commonwealth of NMI; and Ignacia Villaluz, a part owner of Pacific Enterprises, Inc., is a resident of the Commonwealth.
In connection with and in consideration for the issuance of said performance bond, Defendants-Appellants executed on March A, 1982, an indemnity agreement on behalf of Marianas (contractor) and in favor of EDLF. Paragraph A of the indemnity agreement provided in pertinent part as follows:
That the undersigned will indemnify the Company, and keep it indemnified for, and hold and save it harmless from, any and all damages, payments, advances, losses, costs, stamps, taxes, penalties, charge, attorney's fees, and expenses for (sic) whatever kind of (sic) nature that the Company may at any time sustain or incur as a consequence of having become surety upon the aforementioned Bond, its renewals, extensions, modifications or substitutions, and without limiting the generality of the foregoing, to pay, to reimburse, and make good to the Company, its successors and assigns, all sums of money which it shall pay or cause to be paid by virtue of.said Bond, its renewals, extensions, modifications or substitutions. In no case shall the indemnity for attorney's fees be less than 15% of the amount claimed by the Company, regardless of whether the Company's claim is satisfied through court action or settled out of court.
In or about March, 1983, the Demapans declared Marianas in default under the construction contract and notified KIC to complete the project pursuant to the terms and conditions of the performance bond. The trial court found that Marianas was in. default under the construction contract with the Demapans.
As a result of the default, KIC retained the services of the law firm Klemm, Blair 8 Barusch, A Professional Corporation, to resolve the disputes arising out of the default, and to defend KIC in Civil Action No. 84-05 in the Commonwealth Trial Court which was filed by the Demapans against KIC seeking damages allegedly arising out of the default. Attorney's fees in the total amount of $3,242 were incurred by KIC.
In connection with the evaluation of the declaration of default, KIC, through its attorneys, retained the independent architectural firm of Taniguchi-Ruth A1A Associates, Inc., to evaluate the construction project and to advise KIC as to
On July 15, 1983, KIC notified Defendants-Appellants in writing, that a demand had been made on KIC to complete the construction project in strict conformity with the plans and specifications pursuant to the terms of the performance bond. Defendants-Appellants were also advised that the remaining contract balances ($8,000) might not be sufficient to complete the construction project and that they would be held responsible for all losses incurred by KIC.
At the time of the default, EDLF held an $8,000 retention of contract balances. On September 16, 1983, EDLF as obligee under the performance bond, KIC 1665-PF, executed and delivered its written assignment of rights whereby all of the EDLF rights in said bond were transferred to the Demapans.
Pursuant to advice of counsel, KIC then assisted the Demapans in locating a new contractor to complete the project. In December, 1983, the Demapans executed a completion contract with Ma-Ko Corporation for the amount of $6,000 and this amount was paid to Ma-Ko out of the $8,000 retention held by EDLF.
On April 9, 1984, counsel for KIC made a written demand for repayment by its indemnitors, the Defendants-Appellants, for all losses suffered. The Defendants-Appellants made no payment to KIC and this litigation was instituted.
The following issues are presented on appeal:
1. Whether the indemnity agreement is enforceable against Defendants?
2. Whether it was reversible error to admit Plaintiff’s Exhibit Nos. 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 into evidence?
3. Whether the trial court erred in awarding attorney's fees for prosecution under the indemnity agreement?
ANALYSIS
I. pie Indemnity Agreement Is Enforceable Against Defendants-Appellants.
The Defendants-Appellants first argue that they are not bound by the indemnification agreement because an assignment of the performance bond (KIC 1665-PF) was made by EDLF to the Demapans on September 11, 1983. Defendants-Appellants contend that this alleged assignment invalidates their indemnity agreement because Section 23 of the indemnity agreement states
Contrary to Defendants-Appellants' argument, Sections 11 and E of the indemnity agreement deal specifically with the rights of KIC under the performance bond.
Section 11 states in pertinent part as follows:
The undersigned (Defendants-Appellants) hereby authorize the Company (KIC). at. is (sic) sole discretion to do the following: (a) from time to time to make or consent to any change in, or issue any substitue (sic) for or renewal of, any such bond, ... (c) to take such steps as the Company may deem necessary or proper to obtain release from liability from any such bond.
Subsection E states as follows:
The undersigned hereby empower and authorize the corporation to grant or consent to the granting of, any and all extensions, continuations, increases, modifications, changes, alterations and/or renewals of the original bond herein referred to, and to execute or consent ‘to the execution of any and all substitutions for said bond with the same or different conditions and parties, and the undersigned hereby hold themselves jointly and severally liable to the Company for the original bond herein above-mentioned or for any and all. extensions, continuations, increases, mofifications (sic), changes, alterations, renewals or substitutions thereof, until the full amount including principal, interests, premium ■ costs, and other expenses due to the Company thereunder is fully paid up. The undersigned hereby also waive notice of such extensions, renewals, alterations, and substitutions.
Clearly, Sections 11 and assignment of the performance E authorize the aforementioned bond and, therefore, Defendantsr Appellants remain bound by the indemnification agreement.
In order to insure the proper performance of this contract, the Owners or EDLF shall retain ten percent (10%) of the total amount on each estimate for a period of thirty (30) calendar days after completion of the store and laundry mat unit.
Thus, KIC and Defendants-Appellants remain as surety and indemnitors, respectively.
The Defendants-Appellants next challenge the trial court's factual finding "[t]hat at all times herein KIC proceeded and acted in good faith...." [Finding of Fact #13, June 14, 1985). The Defendants-Appellants cite National Surety Corporation v. Peoples Milling Co., Inc., 57 F.Supp. 281 (D.C. Kentucky, 1944), and argue that KIC should not have made payment on a claim that could have been successfully defended. They. further contend that since KIC paid said invalid claim, the Defendants-Appellants, as indemnitors, are relieved from their liability under the indemnity agreement.
Paragraph 10 provides:
The Company shall- have the exclusive right to decide and determine whether any claim, liability, suit or judgment made or brought against the Company or the undersigned or any one of them on any 'such bond shall or shall not be paid, compromised, resisted, defended, tried of appealed, and the Company's decision thereon, if made in good faith, shall be final and binding upon the undersigned unless the undersigned, or any of them, shall request the Company to litigate such claim or demand, or to defend such suit, or to appeal from such judgment, and shall deposit with the Company, at the time of such request, cash or collateral satisfactory to the Company in kind and amount, to be used in paying any judgment or judgments rendered or that may be rendered, with interest, costs, expenses, and attorneys' fees, including those of the Company. An itemized statement of payments made by the Company for any of the purposes specified herein, sworn to by an officer of the Company, or the voucher or vouchers for such payments, shall be prima facie evidence of the liability of the*1026 undersigned to reimburse the Company for such payments with interest.
The trial court' s finding of fact that it proceeded and acted in good faith in handling the Demapans claim is supported by substantial evidence adduced at trial. Specifically, KIC retained attorneys and architects to determine its proper responsibilities pursuant to the terms of the performance bond. KIC decided to enter into a completion contract upon the advice of its attorneys which was based on the architect's professional determination that the project had not been completed in accordance with the plans and specifications. Suit had been instituted by the Demapans against XIC in connection with the Demapans' delay damage claim. The construction project was completed approximately 19 months late and the contract called for liquidated damages in the amount of $25 per day which totaled in'excess of $14,000. KIC finally settled such delay claim for $7,000 after an offer of $5,450 was rejected by the Demapans.
Additionally, KIC was bound to pay the delay damages because the contractor's performance bond incorporated by reference the construction contract between the Demapans and Marianas and thus, all provisions of the construction contract became provisions of the bond. Continental Casualty Co. v. Hartford Accident & Indemnity Co.. 243 Cal. App. 2d 565, 52 Cal. Rptr 533 (1966).
The surety was authorized to incur expense for investigating and defending the claims asserted against it and to employ accountants, attorneys and investigators to perform this service.
The surety had the right to settle and compromise the claims which were .asserted against it but in so doing it was required to act in good faith. The uncontroverted evidence in this case demonstrated that the surety did act in good faith.
Provisions in indemnity agreements granting to the indemnitor the right to compromise and settle claims, and providing that vouchers and other evidence of payment shall be prima facie evidence of the-propriety thereof, have been upheld as not against public policy and enforced by - the courts.
The purpose of clauses in indemnity agreements of the type here involved is to facilitate the handling of settlements by sureties and obviate unnecessary and costly litigation.
Transamerica Insurance Co. v. Bloomfield. 401 F.2d 357, 362-363 (6th Cir. 1968).
The record below overwhelmingly supports that KIC acted in good faith in settling the claim on the bond with the Demapans.
II. It Was Not Reversible Error To Admit Plaintiff’s BEEI5IEr'».'"9. 10. 11 ah3~T2'Tnto~EvidericeI-
The Defendants-Appellants next raise the issue that Exhibit Nos. 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 should never have been admitted in
Even if it was error to admit these exhibits, it was certainly not reversible error because, as stated above, the evidence that the project had not been completed pursuant to the terms and specifications of the .construction contract was overwhelming.
The trial court found in its Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law filed June 14, 1985, that Defendants-Appellants, as indemnitors, were responsible pursuant to their indemnity agreement, for attorney's fees in the amount of $3,242 incurred by KIC in "resolving the disputes arising out of the default and for the purpose of defending Civil Action No. 84-05 in the Commonwealth Trial Court which was filed by the Demapans against KIC seeking damages allegedly arising out of the default." (Finding of Fact #10). The Defendants-Appellants do not dispute this amount. The Defendants-Appellants, however, dispute the trial court's order entered August 8, 1985, awarding attorney's fees and costs in the amount of $3,085.50 allegedly incurred by KIC in seeking to enforce the terms of the indemnity agreement against them. The Defendants-Appellants contend that Paragraph 4 of the indemnity agreement is not broad enough to include within its ambit these attorney's fees charged against Defendants-Appellants. Paragraph 4 of the indemnity agreement expressly provides as follows:
That the undersigned will indemnify the Company, and keep it indemnified for, and hold and save it harmless from, any and all damages, payments, advances, losses, costs, stamps, taxes, penalties charge, attorney's fees, and expenses for (sic) whatever kind of (sic) nature that the Company may at any time sustain or incur as a consequence of having become surety upon the abovementioned Bond,*1030 its renewals, extensions, modifications or substitutions, and without limiting the generality of the foregoing, to pay, reimburse, and make good to the Company, its successors and assigns, all stuns of money which it shall pay or cause to be paid by virtue of said Bond, its renewals, extensions, modifications or substitutions. In no case shall the indemnity for attorney's fees be less than 15% of the amount claimed by the Company, regardless of whether the Company's claim is satisfied through court action or settled out of court.
As can be seen by the clear language of Paragraph 4 of the Indemnity Agreement, KIC is entitled to complete reimbursement for all expenses incurred at any time as a consequence of having issued the performance bond. Thus, the trial court's award to KIC of attorney's (fees and costs incurred pursuing this indemnification claim against Defendants-Appellants is affirmed.
CONCLUSION
The trial court's judgment is affirmed in all respects.
--- iAL C. DÜENaS, District Judge
MHUEL’l. &m,"Mstrict Judge
Reference
- Full Case Name
- KOREA INSURANCE CORP. v. IGNACIA VILLALUZ
- Status
- Published