delivered the opinion of the court.

In November, 1881, one Byron H. Evers, conveyed an undivided one-fourth interest in certain lands located in this state to M. S. Baldwin. In July, 1884, Thomas Watson, who had furnished Evers the money to purchase these lands, exhibited his bill in the chancery court of DeSoto county, to fix a trust thereon for the money so advanced. In this bill the complainant, Watson, is stated to be a citizen of the state of Illinois; the defendants, Evers, Phillips and Marshall, are stated to be aliens, and the defendant, M. S. Baldwin, is stated to be a citizen of the state of Illinois.. A supplemental bill was subsequently filed making Sylvester Gwin, auditor of public accounts of Mississippi, a party defendant. The defendants, Phillips and Marshall, answered, making their answer a cross bill, in which they prayed for relief against their co-defendants, Evers and Baldwin. It seems that the other defendants also presented answers, but the full nature of these answers is not shown.

On December 26, 1884, Evers presented his petition, with a bond annexed, to the chancery court of DeSoto county, praying a removal of the cause to the district court of the United *583States for the northern district of Mississippi. In this petition he alleged that he was, at the commencement of that suit, and still is, an alien and citizen of Great Britain, and that Thomas Watson is, and then was, a citizen of the state of Illinois, and that a separable controversy between him and Watson was presented in that case. Evers, after having filed this petition and bond for removal, took no further steps looking to that end. Thereupon, on January 3, 1885, Thomas Watson, by leave of the federal court, appeared and exhibited an ancillary bill, in which it was stated that Evers had refused or failed to file in that court a transcript of the record of proceedings in the state court in the case of Watson v. Evers et al., for which he had prayed a removal, and for that reason a copy of such record was attached to the ancillary bill for the purpose, as alleged, of showing the full status of the parties thereto.

A motion was then made by M. S. Baldwin, one of the defendants, to remand the cause to the state court for want of jurisdiction in the federal court. This motion was overruled, and the court proceeded with the cause in due order.

On July 31, 1885, an interlocutory decree was entered, in which the rights of all the parties to the suit, except Evers, are stated to have been determined in accordance with the terms of an agreement entered into by such parties on December 15, 1884, a date previous to the filing of the petition for removal.

On October 3, 1885, a final consent decree was entered in the cause fixing the rights of all the parties thereto and ordering a sale of the lands in question. A few days thereafter, M. S. Baldwin conveyed all his interests in the lands to one Leander C. Goodsell. At the sale of the lands under the decree Thomas Watson became the purchaser, and he afterwards conveyed them to the Delta & Pine Land Company.

In March, 1893, Leander C. Goodsell exhibited this bill in the chancery court of Sunflower county, setting out the foregoing facts and annexing as exhibits certain parts of the pro*584ceedings bad in the cause of Watson v. Evers et al., but failing to annex other parts, such as the several bills and answers.

This bill prays that defendant’s title, acquired through the sale under the consent decree in the federal court, be annulled and that said decree be held for naught, with other prayers not necessary to state.

The defendant demurred to the bill. The demurrer was sustained, and the complainant appeals.

It is contended here by appellant that the case of Watson v. Evers et al. was never properly before the federal court. But this question must depend upon whether the case was or was not a removable cause, since, if removable, the instant Evers filed his petition and bond, the jurisdiction of the state court ceased, and that of the federal court attached. Thereafter it was the right of the complainant, either with or without leave of the federal court, to have the whole cause, either by transcript or otherwise, brought to the attention of that court. Anderson v. Appleton, 32 Fed. R., 855. Otherwise, a defendant, by filing a petition and bond for removal, might indefinitely postpone action in both courts. If the cause was not removable, of course the whole proceeding was ineffective.

Whether the cause of Watson v. Evers et al. was removable, depends upon the construction of the act of congress of March 3, 1875, entitled “An act to determine the jurisdiction of circuit courts of the United States, and to regulate the removal of causes from state courts, and for other purposes. ’' It has been held by the supreme court of the United States, in the case of King v. Cornell, 106 U. S., 395, that, under this act, where a citizen of a state sues jointly a citizen of the same state, and an alien, that the latter cannot remove the cause from a state to a federal court, although the controversy may be separable. In the case at bar the petition for removal showed that Watson, a- citizen of Illinois, sued Baldwin, a citizen of Illinois, and Evers, an alien. Therefore, although the petition alleged that there was a separable controversy between Watson and Evers, *585it did not on its face present such a case as entitled Evers to a removal.

But the supreme court of the United States, in construing this same act of 1875, in the Removal Cases, 100 U. S., 457, says: ' ‘ This we understand to mean that when the controversy about which a suit in the state court is brought is between citizens of one or more states on one side, and citizens of other states on the other side, ether party to the controversy may remove the suit to the circuit court, without regard to the position they occupy in the pleadings as plaintiffs or defendants. For the purposes of removal the matter in dispute may be ascertained, and the parties to the suit arranged on opposite sides of that dispute. If- in such arrangement it appears that those on one side are all citizens of different states from those on the other, the suit may be removed. Under the old law the pleadings only were looked at, and the rights of the parties in respect to a removal were determined solely according to the position they occupied as plaintiffs or defendants in the suit. Under the new law the mere form of the pleadings may be put aside, and the parties placed on different sides of the matter in dispute according to the facts. ’ ’ This construction of that act seems reasonable, and is binding on this court. It would hardly be just to permit a party to be deprived of a substantial right under the constitution and laws by a mere trick of pleading, for which the methods of procedure in equity offer so many facilities. See, also, Arapahoe County v. Railway Co., 4 Dillon (U. S. C.), 277.

Therefore, when the federal court came to consider the motion of Baldwin to remand the cause, it was its right and duty to look not alone to the face of the petition for removal, but to all the pleadings and proceedings, and, if such court was of the opinion that there was no substantial controversy between the defendant, Baldwin, and the complainant, Watson, and, after having arranged the several parties to the suit according to the real nature of the controversy disclosed by the facts and *586the record, it found all the parties making common cause against the alien, Evers, then Evers was entitled to have his cause heard in the federal court, and the motion of Baldwin to remand ought to have been denied. Bondoraut v. Watson, 103 U. S., 281.

We have no means of knowing from the record hero how the- federal court came to its conclusion in denying the motion to remand, but such denial was had and amounts to a judgment of that court on the question of its jurisdiction.

it is "well settled that all federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction, and, in a direct attack on their judgment, on appeal, such a state of case must be made to appear, not necessarily in the judgment, but somewhere in the record, as will bring the particular cause clearly within the jurisdiction of such courts. But we have not been able to find where it has ever been held that any of the federal courts are courts of inferior jurisdiction in the sense that, unless all jurisdictional facts appear on the face of their proceedings and judgments, such proceedings and judgments are null and void whenever and however attacked..

If this were a case of a direct attack on appeal, we could not positively affirm that the judgment on the motion to remand was even erroneous, because the pleadings and'facts that made up the record before the federal court are not fully presented to us. But, in this collateral attack, which', from the nature of the case, is the only kind of an attack that can ever be made in a state court on the judgment of a federal court, it must be shown from the record itself, affirmatively, that, under no state of case therein disclosed, could the federal court have had jurisdiction. This the record in this suit fails to do. So far as we are able to know, the facts set out in the pleadings themselves may have shown a removable case. Complainant’s bill alleges that Baldwin was an indispensable party, but it is not shown by sufficient facts, nor even alleged, that Baldwin was an indispensable party who had a substantial controversy with *587Watson. And the facts set out in the interlocutory decree would seem to mean that, if Watson had ever had a controversy with any of the defendants except Evers, that such controversy had been settled by some sort of an agreement made before the petition for removal was filed. Under such circumstances, it seems to us that we are bound by the judgment of the federal court as to its jurisdiction. Therefore, we hold that the decree of the federal court is valid and binding on all the parties and privies thereto, and the judgment of the court below is

*587 Affirmed.

delivered the opinion of the court in response to suggestion of error.

We have carefully considered the suggestion of error made by appellant, and remain satisfied with the opinion heretofore delivered.

In Evers v. Watson, in which case we have been furnished with a manuscript opinion of the supreme court of the United States, the decree herein assailed seems to have been attacked by other parties thereto by original bill in the court in which it was rendered, and from a decree dismissing that bill an appeal was prosecuted to the supreme court of the United States. The opinion of that court, affirming the decree of the lower court, proceeds along the precise line of our opinion heretofore delivered. We have not decided, as counsel assumes, that an alien defendant, having a separable controversy, may remove a cause from the. state to the federal court. We have decided *589only, that, upon the facts stated, it is not made to appear, ‘' beyond controversy, that, upon the record, the court could not have had jurisdiction; ” and this is given as the test by the supreme court for the determination of the fact of want of jurisdiction. Evers v. Watson, supra. Some agreement,seems to have been entered into between the other parties to the record before the application by Evers to remove the cause was made. His bond for removal was dated December 24, 1884; from the recitals of an interlocutory decree made in the cause in the federal court, it appears that all the other parties, plaintiff and defendant, had, by an agreement of date December 15, 1884, arranged for a settlement of all matters involved between them, and probably, thereafter, made common cause against him. The whole record suggests, that while there may have been some dispute between the other parties in reference to their respective interests in, or claims upon, the subject-matter of the litigation, all claimed adversely to Evers, or, rather, that he asserted title as against all other parties, while they claimed that he held as trustee for them. By a rearrangement of the parties according to their real interest, all others may have been complainants and Evers the sole defendant. In this condition of the record Evers could have removed the cause, not as an alien having a separate controversy from his co-defendants, but as one of the parties — being sole" defendant — within the meaning of the first clause of § 2 of the act of 1875.

A reargument is denied.