State v. Fox
State v. Fox
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting.
In Delaware v. Prouse, 440 U.S. 648, 663, 59 L.Ed. 2d 660, 673, 99 S.Ct. 1391, 1401 (1979), the United States Supreme Court held that
. . . except in those situations in which there is at least ar-ticulable and reasonable suspicion that a motorist is unli*696 censed or that an automobile is not registered, or that either the vehicle or an occupant is otherwise subject to seizure for violation of law, stopping an automobile and detaining the driver in order to check his driver’s license and the registration of the automobile are unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment.
Believing that the majority has failed properly to consider the application of Prouse to the facts of this case, I dissent.
To reach its conclusion that Officer Bryant had a reasonable suspicion that defendant might be engaged in criminal activity, the majority relies on State v. Tillett and State v. Smith, 50 N.C. App. 520, 274 S.E. 2d 361, appeal dismissed 302 N.C. 633, 280 S.E. 2d 448 (1981). The Tillett and Smith Court relied upon State v. Thompson, 296 N.C. 703, 252 S.E. 2d 776 (1979). Significantly, Thompson was decided eleven (11) days before Prouse,
There was an arguable basis for stopping Tillett and Smith —Officer Wagner “did not observe an inspection sticker on the vehicle,” 50 N.C. App. at 521, 274 S.E. 2d at 362, as is required by G.S. 20-183.2(a). In the case sub judice, the majority correctly points out that Officer Bryant “did not observe any traffic or equipment violations,” ante p. 2. Further, in Tillett and Smith, Officer Wagner “approached the vehicle, asked the driver of the vehicle what he was doing[,] . . . shined his flashlight into the vehicle and” simultaneously observed, in Officer Wagner’s opinion, marijuana. 50 N.C. App. at 522, 274 S.E. 2d at 362. In the case sub judice, Officer Bryant observed nothing about defendant to justify the intrusion.
I am particularly concerned that the majority deems significant the fact that the “[defendant was dressed shabbily but drove a ‘real nice’ 1981 Chevrolet” and that the defendant “did not stop to ask directions, or otherwise communicate with the officer, though he drove within two feet of Officer Bryant, and appeared to avoid his gaze.” The majority’s reasoning subjects most people
Officer Bryant himself testified that he thought defendant may have been lost. Based on Delaware v. Prouse, I do not believe Officer Bryant had a reasonable and articulable suspicion that criminal activity was afoot when he observed defendant driving slowly from a dead-end street “of locked businesses previously fraught with property crime.” Ante, p. 4.
In my opinion, the defendant’s motion to suppress the evidence should have been allowed.
. It is also significant to note that the facts in Thompson did not compel unanimity in our appellate courts. Judge Erwin dissented in 37 N.C. App. 628 (1978), and Justice Exum dissented in 296 N.C. 703 (1979).
Opinion of the Court
Defendant argues that the court erred by permitting Officer Bryant to testify at the pretrial hearing on defendant’s motion to suppress that he “expressed an articulated basis” for stopping defendant, and that it was error to deny defendant’s motion to suppress evidence obtained pursuant to the stop and detention.
The following exchange took place on recross examination of Officer Bryant:
I did not arrest the defendant solely because of his appearance, that was not my sole basis. I took into consideration all of the things that I observed with respect to the defendant and the car he was in.
Q. It would be fair to say that based upon everything you observed about him you had a reasonable suspicion that he was engaged in some illegal activity at that time?
Mr. BRAGG: Objection.
THE COURT: Overruled. Well, that’s calling for a conclusion, though.
*694 Q. You have expressed an articulated basis for your suspicions here today?
Mr. BRAGG: Objection.
The Court: Overruled.
A. Yes, sir.
MR. BRAGG: Move to strike the answer.
THE COURT: Overruled. Any other questions?
Defendant contends that the witness should not have been allowed to express his opinion regarding whether he had articulated his suspicions in view of the mandate of Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed. 2d 889 (1968), that an officer “must be able to point to specific and articulable facts which, taken together with rational inferences from those facts,” id. at 906, warrant an investigatory stop, on the grounds that a non-expert may not testify as to a question of law. Though it is not apparent to us that the officer’s answer was any more than a statement that he had articulated the facts known to him preceding his stop of the green Chevrolet, we hold that any error that may have occurred in the admission of this testimony was nonprejudicial. Even assuming that the evidence was improperly admitted, we find nothing to rebut the presumption that incompetent evidence was disregarded by the trial judge. See State v. Davis, 290 N.C. 511, 227 S.E. 2d 97 (1976). Moreover, it is clear from the record that the court understood the legal prohibition against conclusory testimony from nonexperts. This assignment of error is overruled.
Defendant maintains by his second assignment that he was stopped and detained by Officer Bryant in violation of his constitutional rights and that the court erred by refusing to order that all evidence obtained as a result of the intrusion be suppressed.
A police officer is authorized to stop a person without probable cause to arrest him if he observes unusual conduct making him reasonably suspicious that criminal activity may be afoot, and can point to specific facts that warrant the suspicion. Terry v. Ohio, supra. Our examination of the judge’s findings of fact, which are based on the evidence and are thus conclusive, satisfies us
Affirmed.
Reference
- Full Case Name
- State of North Carolina v. John Heywood Fox
- Cited By
- 14 cases
- Status
- Published