Murrow v. Daniels
Murrow v. Daniels
Opinion of the Court
In substance, defendants’ contentions are that as a matter of law the evidence presented failed to establish their negligence and established plaintiffs contributory negligence; that they were prejudiced by much inadmissible evidence; that the jury instructions were erroneous in several respects; and that it was error to grant a new trial on just the damages issue. Since a new trial on
I.
First, we discuss and overrule defendants’ contention that the evidence presented shows as a matter of law that they were not negligent because the harm done plaintiff by the criminal intruders was not reasonably foreseeable. An innkeeper owes a duty of reasonable care to his guests and that duty includes taking precautions to protect guests from the reasonably foreseeable criminal acts of third persons. Urbano v. Days Inn of America, Inc., 58 N.C. App. 795, 295 S.E. 2d 240 (1982). Such foreseeability can be proven by evidence of prior criminal activity on the premises involved, Urbano v. Days Inn of America, Inc., supra, or in the area in which the inn is situated. Wesley v. Greyhound Lines, Inc., 47 N.C. App. 680, 268 S.E. 2d 855, disc. rev. denied, 301 N.C. 239, 283 S.E. 2d 136 (1980); Sawyer v. Carter, 71 N.C. App. 556, 322 S.E. 2d 813 (1984), disc. rev. denied, 313 N.C. 509, 329 S.E. 2d 393 (1985). In this case plaintiffs evidence is clearly sufficient to show that the criminal activity at both the Smithfield interchange to 1-95, where defendants’ motel is located, and at the Selma interchange, two miles away where other motels are situated, had been high for several years before the night involved and that such activity could reasonably be expected to be repeated thereafter. According to the testimony of the law enforcement officers and motel operators and the records of the local police and sheriffs departments over 300 crimes were committed at the two interchanges between 1978 and 1982, 100 of which were at the Smithfield interchange. Defendants contend that all this evidence was improperly admitted because none of the reported crimes occurred on their premises; that the offenses at the Selma interchange were irrelevant because that interchange is one neighborhood and the Smithfield interchange another; and that the crimes that occurred were not similar to those committed on plaintiff. These contentions have no merit. In Sawyer v. Carter, supra, we held that evidence pertaining to the foreseeability of a criminal attack will not be limited to crimes that occurred on the premises in question. Though Smithfield and Selma are geographically and
When substantial identity of circumstances and reasonable proximity in time is shown, evidence of similar occurrences or conditions may, in negligence actions, be admitted as relevant to the issue of negligence ....
1 Brandis N.C. Evidence Sec. 89 (1982). See also Byrd, Proof of Negligence, Pt. II, 48 N.C. L. Rev. 731, 739-44 (1970). Thus, the evidence of criminal activity at the Selma interchange was not irrelevant to what defendants should have foreseen might occur on their premises; for it tends to show that the adjacent interchanges with their accompanying businesses are equally inviting and accessible to motorists traveling that short stretch of 1-95-and to criminals who prey upon them. And as to the crimes reported in the area not being similar to those committed on plaintiff both the law and the evidence has an answer. The law does not require that the precise crimes committed be foreseeable, only that some criminal act might be suffered, Urbano v. Days Inn of America, Inc., supra; and the evidence shows that the crimes reported, not just in the general area but immediately adjacent to defendants’ motel and about which defendants were informed, included at least five armed robberies, the harm of which, obviously, could have exceeded that suffered by plaintiff. Thus, we rule that the court did not err either in receiving this evidence or in charging the jury that it could be considered on the foreseeability question. We also hold that this evidence, along with the other evidence indicating that defendants’ security arrangements were inadequate, is sufficient to support the jury finding that defendants were negligent.
II.
Defendants’ contention that plaintiff was contributorily negligent as a matter of law is based upon evidence mostly from
But we agree with defendants that in charging on the contributory negligence issue the court committed prejudicial error in refusing to instruct the jury that they could also consider plaintiffs failure to look out the bathroom window as a basis for finding that she was contributorily negligent. In asserting this defense three grounds were alleged —the failure to use the bathroom window, the failure to call the motel office, and the opening of the door —and defendants’ evidence tended to support all three grounds at least to some extent. Though according to the evidence the window was inconveniently arranged and situated and to see through it she would have had to stand in the bathtub and slide an adjustable panel of frosted glass over, its availability was nevertheless a material aspect of this defense and the jury should have been permitted to determine whether ordinary care required plaintiff to use it; for it cannot be said as a matter of law that either the window had no utility or it was not contributory negligence to fail to use it. Thus, since the other two grounds for
III.
Of the many items of evidence that defendants contend were erroneously received against them we discuss only the following: The testimony of another motel operator as to security measures that he took after the incident involving plaintiff at defendants’ motel did not violate G.S. 8C-1, Rule 407, N.C. Rules of Evidence, as defendants contend. For that rule applies only to remedial measures “which, if taken previously, would have made the event less likely to occur,” and the evidence involved was as to measures taken by other persons on other properties. See generally, 2 Weinstein’s Evidence, United States Rules, para. 407[01] (1985). Whether a 1980 newspaper article regarding thefts from a Selma motel was inadmissible, as defendants contend, because it contained unsworn statements and its author could not be cross-examined, cannot be ruled upon since the challenged article does not appear in the record, or among the exhibits submitted with the record, as required by Appellate Rule 9. Furthermore, the record fails to indicate whether the article was offered merely to illustrate the witness’s testimony, for which purpose it would have been admissible, or as proof of the truth of the matters stated therein. See generally, 1 Brandis N.C. Evidence Sec. 138 (1982). The testimony of Thomas Kindler, plaintiffs expert witness on motel security, that he could not see through a certain bathroom window in defendants’ motel, was not irrelevant though the window was not in the room that plaintiff occupied when as
IV.
Another instruction to the jury that defendants complain of is that —
*409 [I]nnkeepers should foresee that necessarily large amounts of money and credit cards are carried by their guests and consequently increased security is required in these days of rapidly increasing assaultive crimes.
Defendants contend that this instruction was erroneous because no evidence was presented that motel and hotel guests carry large amounts of money and credit cards or that these are days of rapidly increasing assaultive crimes. This contention is rejected for two reasons. First, there was evidence that motel guests usually have enough money to pay their bills and that a number of assaultive crimes had occurred in that area. Second, it is not necessary to prove that which is commonly known, 1 Brandis N.C. Evidence Sec. 11 (1982), and that motel and hotel guests often carry credit cards and large amounts of cash, and that assaultive crimes have greatly increased in this country are facts well known to all. For even in our smaller towns assaults and robberies are reported almost daily by the media and rarely does a year go by without an increase in violent crime being publicly lamented by national, state and local agencies of different kinds.
New trial.
Concurring Opinion
dissenting.
In my view, the record does not contain even a scintilla of evidence supporting a finding that plaintiff was contributorily negligent by her failure to look out the bathroom window. To suggest that a sixty-two-year-old woman must go to a bathroom, stand on a bathtub, crank open a window and stick her head out to see who was knocking to overcome a contributory negligence defense is anomalous in view of the jury’s conclusion that plaintiffs act of opening the door and her failure to call the desk clerk was not contributory negligence. I vote to affirm.
Reference
- Full Case Name
- MARY MURROW v. EDITH E. DANIELS, Executrix of the Estate of WALTER CLEE DANIELS, EDITH E. DANIELS, Individually, and EDITH E. DANIELS, D/B/A HENRY JOHNSON'S MOTOR LODGE & RESTAURANT
- Cited By
- 11 cases
- Status
- Published