In re: O.D.S.
In re: O.D.S.
Opinion
*711 Respondent-Father appeals from an order terminating his parental rights as to his minor child O.D.S. We hold the trial court did not err in terminating Respondent-Father's parental rights on the ground of dependency, even though the trial court did not orally find that ground at the conclusion of the adjudication portion of the hearing, and we affirm the trial court's order.
The Orange County Department of Social Services ("DSS") obtained non-secure custody of O.D.S. and filed a petition on 25 February 2014, alleging he was a neglected and dependent juvenile. The trial court held a hearing on 3 April 2014 and entered an order on 8 May 2014, in which it adjudicated O.D.S. to be a neglected juvenile, and continued custody with DSS. By order entered 17 November 2014, the trial court relieved DSS from having to make further reunification efforts with *712 Respondent-Father and set the permanent plan for O.D.S. as reunification with his mother ("Mother"). Mother, however, failed to meet the goals of her case plan and, by order entered 20 February 2015, the trial court relieved DSS from having to make *412 further reunification efforts with Mother, set the permanent plan for O.D.S. as adoption, and ordered DSS to file motions to terminate Respondent-Father's and Mother's parental rights as to O.D.S. 1
DSS subsequently filed a motion to terminate Respondent-Father's parental rights, alleging grounds of neglect and dependency. See N.C. Gen.Stat. § 7B-1111(a)(1), (6) (2015). The trial court held a hearing on the motion on 16 July 2015, and entered an order on 11 August 2015 terminating Respondent-Father's parental rights as to O.D.S. In that order, the trial court found the existence of both grounds alleged in the motion and concluded that termination of Respondent-Father's parental rights was in O.D.S.'s best interests. However, at the conclusion of the adjudication portion of the termination hearing, the trial court stated it found that DSS had proven neglect as a ground for terminating Respondent-Father's parental rights, but the trial court did not reference the ground of dependency. Respondent-Father filed notice of appeal on 17 August 2015.
Respondent-Father argues the trial court erred in finding that the ground of dependency existed to terminate his parental rights. Respondent-Father contends the trial court erred because, at the conclusion of the adjudication portion of the hearing, the trial court did not orally state it was finding dependency as a ground for termination, but included that ground in the written order entered 11 August 2015. We disagree.
Specifically, Respondent-Father contends that, because the trial court did not state at the conclusion of the adjudication hearing that DSS had proven the ground of dependency pursuant to N.C. Gen.Stat. § 7B-1111(a)(6), it was precluded from finding dependency as a ground to terminate Respondent-Father's parental rights in its written order. We note that Respondent-Father does not make any argument challenging the adjudication of dependency based upon a lack of evidence or insufficient findings of fact. Respondent-Father's argument is entirely predicated on his contention that the trial court was precluded from including a ground in its written order that it did not address when rendering *713 judgment in open court. Therefore, our review is limited to whether the trial court was precluded from basing termination of Respondent-Father's parental rights on the ground of dependency when it did not state dependency as a ground for termination in open court.
N.C. Gen.Stat. § 7B-1109 requires the trial court to do the following in response to any adjudication hearing deciding whether grounds exist to terminate a person's parental rights:
The court shall take evidence, find the facts, and shall adjudicate the existence or nonexistence of any of the circumstances set forth in G.S. 7B-1111 which authorize the termination of parental rights of the respondent. The adjudicatory order shall be reduced to writing, signed, and entered no later than 30 days following the completion of the termination of parental rights hearing.
N.C. Gen.Stat. § 7B-1109(e) (2015). Thus, the trial court is required to address every ground brought forth in a petition or motion to terminate a parent's rights to his or her child, and make a determination for every ground alleged, whether the petitioning party has proved that ground, or failed to prove that ground. More generally, our Supreme Court has held that Rule 52 of the North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure
imposes three requirements on the court sitting as finder of fact: it must (1) find the facts on all issues joined in the pleadings; (2) declare the conclusions of law arising from the facts found; and (3) enter judgment accordingly. The court logically must comply with these three requirements in the above order. Thus, under Rule 58 there can be no valid entry of judgment absent necessary findings.
Stachlowski v. Stach,
Because many of our appellate decisions addressing these issues were based upon rules that have since changed, it is important to note how entry of judgment and notice of appeal from civil judgments have changed in light of revisions to Rule 58 of the North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure, which became effective 1 October 1994 for "all judgments subject to entry on or after that date." 1994 N.C. Sess. Laws, Ch. 594;
Capital Outdoor Advertising v. City of Raleigh,
Defendant's final argument is that the trial judge erred in signing the judgment. Here, the trial court announced the general terms of its judgment in open court. Defendant gave oral notice of appeal in open court immediately after the court announced its judgment. 3 Five days later, the *715 court executed a written judgment. Defendant contends the trial judge was not permitted to execute any written judgment that was different in any manner from the announcement of the judgment made in open court.
Defendant's contention hinges on our interpretation of the trial court's actions under Rule 58 of the North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure, N.C.G.S. Sec. 1A-1, Rule 58 :
Subject to the provisions of Rule 54(b): Upon a jury verdict that a party shall recover only a sum certain or costs or that all relief shall be denied or upon a decision by the judge in open court to like effect, the clerk, in the absence of any contrary direction by the judge, shall make a notation in his minutes of such verdict or decision and such notation *414 shall constitute the entry of judgment for the purposes of these rules. The clerk shall forthwith prepare, sign, and file the judgment without awaiting any direction by the judge.
In other cases where judgment is rendered in open court, the clerk shall make a notation in his minutes as the judge may direct and such notation shall constitute the entry of judgment for the purposes of these rules. The judge shall approve the form of the judgment and direct its prompt preparation and filing.
In cases where judgment is not rendered in open court, entry of judgment for the purposes of these rules shall be deemed complete when an order for the entry of judgment is received by the clerk from the judge, the judgment is filed and the clerk mails notice of its filing to all parties. The clerk's notation on the judgment of the time of mailing shall be prima facie evidence of mailing and the time thereof.
Here, the verdict was not for "only a sum certain or cost or that all relief" be denied, but the trial judge awarded attorney fees and relief other than damages. Although the trial judge announced his general holdings at the end of the trial, he did not direct the clerk to make any entry in *716 the record. Therefore, under the second paragraph of Rule 58, the judgment was not entered in open court and the written judgment of 9 June 1986 is the judgment for the purposes of the Rules of Civil Procedure under the third paragraph of Rule 58. The written judgment did not determine any issue different from those dealt with in the judgment announced in open court. Therefore, defendant's oral notice of appeal, though given in open court prior to the entry of judgment, was effective to give notice of appeal to the written judgment under N.C.G.S. Sec. 1-279(a).
Even if the judgment had been entered in open court, the subsequent written judgment is not invalid. A trial court has the authority under N.C.G.S. Sec. 1A-1, Rule 58 to make a written judgment that conforms in general terms with an oral judgment pronounced in open court. A trial judge cannot be expected to enter in open court immediately after trial the detailed findings of fact and conclusions of law that are generally required for a final judgment. If the written judgment conforms in general terms with the oral entry, it is a valid judgment. A notice of appeal entered in open court immediately after entry of the oral judgment does not remove the authority of the trial court to enter its written judgment which conforms substantially with the court's oral announcement. Here, the written judgment conforms in general terms with the oral announcement of the judgment in open court and therefore, even if the judgment had been entered in open court, the subsequent written judgment is valid. 4
Morris,
Although the trial judge announced his general holdings at the end of the trial, he did not direct the clerk to make any entry in the record. Therefore, under the second paragraph of Rule 58, the judgment was not entered in open court and the written judgment of 9 June 1986 is the judgment for the purposes of the Rules of Civil Procedure under the third paragraph of Rule 58. The written judgment did not determine any issue different from those dealt with in the judgment announced in open court. Therefore, defendant's oral notice of appeal, though given in open court prior to the entry of judgment, was effective to give notice of appeal to the written judgment under N.C.G.S. Sec. 1-279(a).
Id.
at 388-89,
The implication is that, had the subsequent written judgment differed from the oral judgment, the notice of appeal would not have been effective because, though it was given after judgment had been rendered in open court, it was given before the judgment was entered. Therefore, it could not serve to give notice of appeal from anything in the later written judgment that differed substantially from the oral rendering of that judgment. The further implication is that the judgment later written and entered controlled, and the trial court was not bound by its earlier rendered judgment. This is so because if the trial court was bound by its non-entered orally rendered judgment, notice of appeal from that judgment would always be effective-the trial court would simply have to *718 insure that its entered written judgments always conformed with their corresponding non-entered orally rendered judgments. If this were the case, remedy for failure of the entered written order to conform to the orally rendered order would be remand to make the written order conform with the orally rendered order; but the validity of the notice of appeal would not be in question. However, the issue in Morris was the validity of the notice of appeal, not the validity of the written and entered judgment itself.
Furthermore, this Court has not generally required written entered judgments to adhere to the prior non-entered, orally rendered judgments upon which they were based. " 'The announcement of judgment in open court is the mere rendering of judgment,' and is
subject to change
before 'entry of judgment.' 'A judgment is entered when it is reduced to writing, signed by the judge, and filed with the clerk of court.' "
Morris v. Southeastern Orthopedics Sports Med. & Shoulder Ctr.,
This is not to say there are no circumstances in which deviation from judgments rendered in open court will constitute error. Respondent-Father relies on this Court's holding in
In re J.C. & J.C.,
Respondent-Father, relying on J.C., argues that, because the order entered in the matter before us did not generally comply with the order rendered in open court, we, and the trial court, are bound by the order as rendered in open court on 16 July 2015, which did not address dependency as a ground for terminating his parental rights. In J.C., this Court stated the following:
"[A] judgment is entered when it is reduced to writing, signed by the judge, and filed with the clerk of court." N.C. Gen.Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 58 (2013). Thus, "[a]nnouncement of judgment in open court merely constitutes 'rendering' of judgment, not entry of judgment."
*417 Abels v. Renfro Corp.,126 N.C.App. 800 , 803,486 S.E.2d 735 , 737 (1997). "If the written judgment conforms generally with the oral judgment, the judgment is valid." Edwards v. Taylor,182 N.C.App. 722 , 727,643 S.E.2d 51 , 54 (2007). However, if there is a discrepancy between the written order and the oral rendering of the order in open court as reflected by the transcript, the transcript is considered dispositive. See State v. Sellers,155 N.C.App. 51 , 59,574 S.E.2d 101 , 106-07 (2002).
Id.
at 562,
However,
J.C.
appears to be in conflict with certain established precedents.
J.C.
cites to
Edwards,
which in turn cites
Morris, supra.
As stated above, this portion of
Morris
is discussing a situation when an order was
entered
orally in open court, then subsequently reduced to writing and filed.
Morris,
J.C.
cites a criminal case,
Sellers,
for the proposition that "if there is a discrepancy between the written order and the oral rendering of the order in open court as reflected by the transcript, the transcript is considered dispositive."
J.C.,
Defendant asserts the trial court erred in failing to make the requisite finding that the aggravating factors outweighed the mitigating factors before sentencing defendant to an aggravated term for assault with a firearm on Officer Denny. The transcript reveals the trial court stated, "[t]he Court finds that the factors, factors in aggravation outweigh the factors in mitigation, and that an aggravated sentence is justified in the judgments to be entered." The form, however, leaves unchecked this important finding. From the transcript and the aggravated sentence imposed, it is clear that the court intended to have this box checked. Clerical errors are properly addressed with correction upon remand because of the importance that the records " 'speak the truth.' " Accordingly, upon remand the trial court should correct the clerical error when it enters a new judgment.
Sellers,
As discussed above, prior opinions of this Court have made clear that, as a general proposition, the written and entered order or judgment controls over an oral rendition of that order or judgment.
See, e.g.,
Fayetteville Publ'g,
the trial court made two statements [in open court] which constituted [the oral rendering of its] order regarding visitation: "I'm going to adopt the recommendations put for[th] by the Department with the exception that DSS will supervise until they can find a replacement[,]" and "I'm adopting every recommendation [by DSS] with the exception of the visitation will be at Social Services every other week." Nonetheless, in its written order, the trial court directly contradicted the order it rendered from the bench, instead adopting DSS's recommendation by ordering that respondent's visitation would continue to be at a visitation center at respondent's expense.
J.C.,
We further note that were we to find error in the trial court's omission in rendering judgment in open court, the remedy would be to remand for the trial court to make findings of fact and conclusions of law and determine whether DSS proved the ground of dependency. This, of course, the trial court has already done. This Court has decided that, when the trial court has failed to find
any
specific N.C. Gen.Stat. § 7B-1111 ground for terminating a respondent's parental rights, it will not dismiss the action, it will vacate the erroneous judgment and remand to the trial court, to either amend its order to demonstrate that it correctly found a ground for termination pursuant to
*723
N.C. Gen.Stat. § 7B-1111, or take other appropriate action to insure the matter was properly decided.
See,
e.g.,
In re T.M.H.,
In the present case, the trial court found that DSS had proven the two grounds alleged in its motion to terminate, neglect and dependency. Even assuming arguendo it was error for the trial court to fail to announce in open court that it would rule in favor of DSS on the ground of dependency, our remedy would be to remand to the trial court to give it the opportunity to provide findings and conclusions in support of terminating Respondent-Father's parental rights on the ground of dependency, assuming that was the trial court's intention. Because there is already a judgment, written and entered on 11 August 2015, in which the trial court ruled that the ground of dependency had been proven, remand would be an unnecessary delay, and a waste of judicial resources. We hold that the trial court was not precluded from finding dependency as a ground for terminating Respondent-Father's parental rights even though it did not include that ground when it rendered the judgment in open court.
*419 We now address dependency as a basis for the trial court's decision to terminate Respondent-Father's parental rights. The trial court concluded in its 11 August 2015 order:
Grounds exist to terminate Respondent[s] parental rights under N.C.G.S. § 7 [B-]1111(6) in that Respondent [ ] is incapable of providing for the proper care and supervision of the juvenile, such that the juvenile is a dependent juvenile within the meaning of G.S. 7B-101 ; there is a reasonable probability that such incapability will continue for the foreseeable future; and Respondent lacks an appropriate alternative childcare arrangement.
*724 We find no evidence that the ground of dependency had been dismissed, and note that Respondent-Father's counsel put on evidence in an attempt to rebut the allegation that Respondent-Father lacked an appropriate alternative caregiver. The trial court was thus statutorily required to determine the existence or non-existence of the ground of dependency because it was alleged in the motion to terminate Respondent-Father's parental rights. N.C. Gen.Stat. § 7B-1109(e).
Respondent-Father does not otherwise challenge the trial court's conclusion that termination of his parental rights was appropriate based upon the ground of dependency, and does not challenge the court's conclusion that termination of Respondent-Father's parental rights was in O.D.S.'s best interests. Because Respondent-Father does not argue on appeal that the trial court's findings of fact and conclusions of law do not support its determination that termination of his parental rights was proper based upon N.C. Gen.Stat. § 7B-1111(a)(6), we hold that this ground supports the trial court's decision to terminate Respondent-Father's parental rights. Thus, we need not address Respondent-Father's arguments regarding the ground of neglect,
see
In re N.T.U.,
AFFIRMED.
Judges BRYANT and STROUD concur.
The motion to terminate the parental rights of Mother was heard at a separate hearing, and she is not a party to this appeal.
"Prior to 1 July 1989, notice of appeal in civil actions could be given either in writing or orally in open court. Appellate Rule 3(a), however, was amended on 8 December 1988 to provide that an appeal in a civil action is taken, effective for all judgments entered on or after 1 July 1989, by filing notice of appeal with the clerk of superior court and serving copies thereof upon all other parties."
Currin-Dillehay Bldg. Supply v. Frazier,
But see
Hopkins v. Hopkins,
Once a judgment has been entered, the trial court cannot make substantial changes to that judgment without notice to the parties and an opportunity to be heard.
See
N.C. Gen.Stat. § 1A-1, Rules 59 and 60 ;
Lee v. Lee,
Reference
- Full Case Name
- In the Matter of O.D.S.
- Cited By
- 17 cases
- Status
- Published