Wittkowsky v. Wasson

dissenting. I concur in the judgment of the Court, because, in my opinion, there was no evidence offered tending to establish a sale, but on the contrary, the evidence disproved the idea of a sale altogether.

But I do not concur in the propositions laid down as the principles of evidence, in this State, or in the line of dernarkation drawn between the rights of the Court and the rights of the jury in the administration of justice. I regard these propositions now distinctly announced for the first time, in our Courts as new, opposed to a long line of uniform decisions, and as subversive of that bulwark of all our individual rights, to wit, the right of trial by jury.

The opinion delivered admits the rule of evidence as announced in 1 Greenl., sec. 49, to wit, that “ whether there be any evidence or not, is a question for the Judge; whether it is sufficient evidence, is a question for the jury,” but undertakes to give a construction to “ any ” which destroys the plain meaning of a plain word and thus introduces the new and dangerous proposition contended for. It is now announced that the true meaning of “ any evidence ” is that it must be such “ as ought reasonably to satisfy the jury that the fact sought to be established is proved.” That it is not enough to say that there was some evidence, but it must be evidence on which they might reasonably and properly come to the conclusion to be arrived at.

The very cases relied on admit that the rule now set up is a new one, established by a train of late English decisions, and that they have overturned the long established law of evidence, that if there was any evidence — even a scintilla — it was necessary, in all cases, that it should go to the jury. Now, when *459did this confessedly new doctrine of the Courts of England become the law in North Carolina, and what decisions of our own Courts have formerly announced this innovation ? The State v. Vinson, 63 N. C. Rep., is cited as having done so. That case certainly does not profess to establish the rule contended for, but after laying down the true principle, as well understood in our State, and as governing that case, the Court obiter proceeds thus: “We may go farther and say, that the evidence must be such as will support a reasonable inference of the fact in issue.” A new proposition of such importance, announced in this tentative language, cannot be held as an authoritative exposition of the law. The State v. Vinson, has not met the approbation of the profession, and as an authority I think it must be confined to the case decided. It professes to be governed by the previous decisions of this Court, and so far as it may be inconsistent, it must give way to a long line of uniform adjudications upon this very question.

The rule laid down and uniformly adhered to in all the other cases, when properly understood, is that “ where there is any evidence tending to establish a material fact in issue, the weight and sufficiency of the evidence are solely for the jury.” So far has this Court gone in support of this rule, that in McRae v. Morrison, 13 Ired. 48, the Court say, that “ the impression of a witness who professes to have any recollection at all, is certainly some evidence ; the degree of weight to which it is entitled is a matter for the jury.” And in the instructive case of the State v. Allen, 3 Jones, 257, where the question is thoroughly discussed, the Court say, “Where there is a defect or entire absence of evidence, it is the duty of the Judge so to instruct the jury, but if there be any competent evidence, relevant and tending to prove the matter in issue, it is the true office and province of the jury to pass upon it, although the evidence may be so slight that any one may exclaim, 1 Certainly no jury will find the fact upon such insufficient evidence.5 Still the Judge has no right to put his opinion in the way of *460the free action of the jury.” And the Court there deprecates any error that majT have crept into our practice, by reason of our Court not having attached due importance to the distinction between the condition of things in England, where the Courts are allowed to express to the jury their opinion of the weight and sufficiency of testimony, and the condition of things in our State, whei'e the trial'by jury is protected both by the Constitution and by legislative enactment. “In all controversies of law respecting property, the ancient mode of trial by jury is one of the best securities of the rights of the people, and ought to remain sacred and inviolable.” Constitution, Art. 1, sec. 19. And to carry into effect this fundamental principle, it is provided, C. C. P., sec. 237, that “ no Judge shall give an opinion, in his charge to the jury, whether a fact is fully or sufficiently proved, such matter being the true office and province of the jury.” "When our organic law has thus announced that the trial by jury is an institution to be cherished by every free people, as the best safeguard to their lives and property, and as such must remain sacred and inviolable, and when by legislative act the line of distinction is so clearly drawn between the rights of the Court and the jury, it becomes the solemn duty of this Court, while preserving its own rights, to be equally zealous to see that the Court shall commit no usurpation upon “ the true office and province of the jury.”

How the jury, whose exclusive province it is, can pass upon the “ weight and sufficiency ” of the testimony, when the Court may exclude it from their consideration altogether, because the evidence offered seems to it not “ reasonably sufficient ” to establish the fact sought to be proved, is to me, incomprehensible. The very weight and sufficiency must depend upon its reasonableness, and to say that the jury shall consider the weight and sufficiency of that testimony only, which the Court may consider reasonable and proper to produce belief in their minds, is in substance and effect to say that the quantum of evidence required by the jury to produce belief in their minds, is a ques*461tion for the Court. The proposition thus broadly stated, of course, cannot be maintained, and will not be affirmed by any one, yet it is the logical and inevitable sequence of the doctrine advanced in the opinion of the Court. Cobb v. Fogleman, 1 Ired., 440, is in harmony with these views, and the distinction is there drawn between “ defect of evidence and evidence confessedly slightand in Allen’s case, Cobb v. Fogleman, is reviewed, and defect of evidence is explained to be a failure of evidence or no evidence at all, but that any evidence, however slight, cannot be withheld from the jury, and this illustration is put: “ it is proved that goods are found in the possession of the prisoner, twelvemonths after the larceny was committed; every one would say, this is not sufficient evidence to convict; but yet it is some evidence. And in the same case it is held, that a fact, calculated to form a link “ in the chain, although the other links are not supplied, is, nevertheless, some evidence tending to establish the fact in issue, and its sufficiency must be passed on by the j ury.” Upon what principle, then, can the Court assume to pass upon the reasonableness of evidence to produce belief, and admit or reject it, as it may take .the one or the other view of it ? And upon what principle can ir exclude any,1 even a scintilla of evidence, from the jury % A scintilla of evidence is some evidence, fcr it is a scintilla of evidence; and if the law is administered, it must go to the jury, and the Court has no more power to withhold it, than to withhold the most positive material fact offered in evidence. The theory of the books is, and every practitioner knows, that the very slightest oral testimony before the jury, from the demeanor, character and surround'ngs of the witness, may, and often does, become potent and convincing proof. How then can this Court, which can only see the recorded testimony, which is no transcript of the living and visible evidence, as it appeared to the jury, and justly determined their verdict, undertake to say that the evidence was not reasonably sufficient to produce belief?

*462The truth is, that whenever we depart from the plain letter of the law, and long and uniform interpretations of the law, we throw doubt and distrust upon its administration.

The Court and jury are distinct and independant, though co-operating tribunals, with this difference, that the jury is the especial favorite, and its rights are carefully surrounded by the solemn guarantees of the Constitution, as well as the laws. The rightful jurisdiction of the jury, then must be protected and enforced against every encroachment, open or concealed, as the one dearest to a free people.

It is admitted that the later English cases, cited in the opinion of the Court, do establish the principle asserted in the opinion, and the same principle may be found in some of the American cases, but it will be found that in all such cases the Court claims and exercises the right of expressing to the jury its opinion as to the weight and sufficiency of the evidence, a claim sternly forbidden by our Constitution and laws. Even in our State, the Courts have at times, prone to follow English precedents and forgetful of the injunction of our organic and statutory laws, deviated somewhat from the true principle here contended for, but these deviations have seldom occurred and have afterwards been acknowledged and corrected, as in Allen’s case; and upon the whole, the Judiciary of North Carolina, while maintaining its own just rights, has vindicated the ancient and time honored jurisdiction and privileges of the jury, as the trier of facts.

As the Judge instructed the jury to find a verdict for the defendant, he must be taken to have decided that there was no evidence of a sale of the goods to the plaintiff, Where there is <my evidence to support a plaintiffs claim, it is the duty of the Judge to submit the question to a jury, who are the exclusive judges of its weight. This doctrine must have been a part of the law from the earliest times at which the respective functions of the Judge and jury were discriminated. The earliest distinct expression of it that I know of was by Bulleb, J., in Company of Carpenters, &c., 1 Doug. 875. “ Where there be any evidence is a question for the Judge. Whether sufficient evidence is for the jury.”

Since then it has been repeated innumerable times. Of course, after a while it became a question as to what was the meaning of the phrase, “ any evidence.” Did it mean the slightest scintilla of evidence, or such only as that from which a jury might reasonably infer the existence of the alleged fact. The latter view has been adopted in this State and in England, and so far as my researches have extended, in other States generally. This was the view taken by this Court in State v. Vinson, 63 N. C. Rep. 335, upon the authorities there cited. In addition to those are the following eases in this State, which speak an uniform language: Jordan v. Lassiter, 6 Jones 130; State v. Revels, Busb. 200; Sutton v. Madre, 2 Jones 320; Cobb v. Fogleman, 1 Ired. 440.

There is a recent case iu the English Court of Exchequer Chamber, which puts the doctrine so clearly as to excuse a quotation. The question in that case was, whether certain articles which had been sold to an infant were necessaries. Willes, J., says: “ There is in every case a preliminary question which is one of law, viz: whether there is any evidence on which the jury could properly find the question for the party on whom the onus of proof lies. If there is not, the Judge ought to withdraw the question from the jury and direct a non-suit if the onus is on the plaintiff, or direct a verdict for the plaintiff if the onus is on the defendant. It was *455formerly considered necessary in all cases to leave the question to the jury if there was any evidence, even a soinUlla. in support of the ease; but it is now settled that the question for the Judge (subject, of course, to review,) is, as stated by Maule, J., in Jewell v. Parr, 13 C. B. 916; 76 E. C. L. R., not whether there is literally no evidence, but whether there is none that ought reasonably to satisfy the jury that the fact sought to be proved is established. In Toomey v. London and Brighton R. W. Co., 3 C. B. N. S. 150, (91 E. C. L. R.,) WilliaMS, J., enunciates the same idea thus : “ It is not enough to say that there was some evidence — a scintilla of evidence clearly would not justify the Judge in leaving the case to the jury. There must be evidence on which they might reasonably and properly conclude that there was negligence” — the fact in that case to be established. And in Wheelton v. Hardisty, 8 E & B. 262, (92 E. C. L. R.,) in the considered judgment of the majority of the Court, it is said: “ The question is, whether the proof was such that the jury would reasonably come to the conclusion that the issue was proved 2” This, “ they say,” is now settled to be the real question in such cases by the decisions in the Exchequer Chamber, which have, in our opinion, so properly put an end to what had been treated as the rule, that .a case must go to the jury if there were what had been termed a scintilla of evidence.” Ryder v. Wombwell, (1868) L. E. 4 Exch. 32. By thus quoting from recent English cases we do not mean to extend or alter any rule of practice or evidence heretofore recognized in this State. The great importance of this understanding of the phrase, “any evidence,” will be seen by considering it as it may be applied in criminal actions.

The question then is, was there any evidence in this case of a sale of the goods in question to the plaintiffs. A sale is defined by Benjamin as “ a transfer of the absolute or general property in a thing for a price in money.” To the completion of this contract, as of all others, there must be the mutual assent of the parties to its terms. Such mutual assent cannot *456exist unless the terms are definite. The thing sold must be ascertained. Until the specific thing is agreed on, the agreement can only be executory. Benjamin on Sales, 227-8.

And for a like reason, the price to be paid must also be certain, or some guide must be agreed on by which it can be found with certainty. There may be a sale for a reasonable price, in which case, if the party afterwards differ, the price must be made certain by the verdict of a jury. Or there may be a sale at a price to be afterwards fixed by valuers. In such case, if the valuers refuse to fix the price, the sale is considered incomplete or else as rescinded by the refusal. If, indeed, the thing sold has been delivered to the vendee and consumed, so that the parties cannot be put in statu quo, the vendee is liable for a reasonable price. Benjamin on Sales, 69; Clarke v. Westroppe, 18 C. B. 765. But there cannot be an executed sale so as to pass the property where the price is to be fixed by agreement between the parties afterwards, and the parties do not afterwards agree. One element of a sale is wanting, just as a different element would be if the thing were not ascertained. If in such ease the thing was actually delivered and consumed, the vendee would be liable, not upon the special imperfect contract, but on an implied contract to pay a reasonable price. In Devane v. Fennell, 2 Ired. 36, it is said that if upon a contract for the sale of goods anything remains to be done by the vendor to ascertain the price, &c., the sale is incomplete, and if the actual possession has been delivered to the vendee, it is still constructively in the vendor.

To apply these principles to the evidence for the plaintiff in the present ease; The plaintiffs being creditors of WyckofF & Shepperd, sued out an attachment against them, and sent a deputy sheriff and another person as their agent, to the store of Wycoff & Shepp&i'i. The attachment was not levied and no claim is set up on that account. The agent proposed to take the goods in question, or as much of them as might be required for the purpose, in payment of the plaintiffs’ debt, but he and Shepperd did not agree upon the price. There*457upon, as the case states the testimony of tile agent, who was a witness for plaintiffs, “the agent and Shepperd agreed to box up all the goods without an inventory, haul them to Trout-man’s depot on the A., T. & O. E. E., next morning, which was Thursday; that on the next Monday Shepperd was to go down with the goods to Charlotte and agree on the price with Wittowsky, and if they agreed, the debt to plaintiffs was first to be paid out of the price and the remainder paid over to Shepperd,” &c.

The goods were accordingly hauled to the depot and the agent of the Eailroad Company was told that they were to go to plaintiffs at Charlotte, and that Shepperd was to go with them. The plaintiffs’ agent, with the consent of Shepperd, sold some guano and a set of counter scales which w'ere at the store, and before the goods were carried to the depot, and received the price. The goods were not sent to Charlotte, but remained at the depot; no price was afterwards agreed on between plaintiffs and Shepperd, and on Monday night they were levied on by the defendant as sheriff.

In all the transaction, we think there is no evidence of an executed sale; nothing from which it could be reasonably or fairly inferred that it was the intent of the parties to it to transfer the absolute property in the goods to the plaintiffs.

There may be a doubt as to who had actual possession and control of the goods while at the depot, whether the plaintiffs or Shepperd. That cpiestion is not assumed either way, and no stress is put on it. But if the goods had happened to have beeD burned at the depot and 'Wycoff & Shepperd had sued the plaintiffs for the price as on an execnted sale, by what rule would the price have been ascertained % Not by any furnished by the contract between the parties, which shows that the contract was incomplete.

Pee Cubiam. Judgment affirmed.

I assented to the decision ás delivered in the *458opinion of brother Rodman, upon the explanation therein, that it was not to be interpreted as an innovation upon the established rule, that the jury are the sole judges of the weight of evidence without any intimation of opinion on the part of the Judge.