The right of the owner of land to recover possession before a justice of the peace against one who has entered into a rental contract, and the limitations upon the right, are clearly and accurately stated by Justice Hoke in Hauser v. Morrison, 146 N. C., 249. He says: “The authorities of this State have established the principle that the remedy by summary proceedings in ejectment given by the landlord and tenant act (Revisal, sec. 2001 et seq.), is not coextensive with the doctrine of estoppel arising, where one enters and holds land under another, but is restricted to the case expressly specified in the act, and where the relation between the parties is simply that of landlord and tenant, and when, on the trial of such a proceeding, it is made to appear that the relation existing is that of mortgagor and mortgagee, giving the right to an account, or vendor and vendee, requiring an adjustment of equities, a justice’s court has no jurisdiction of such questions, and the proceeding should be dismissed. . . . And it is equally well settled that the jurisdiction does not extend to the relation of mortgagor and mortgagee and vendor and vendee, in which, although the mortgagor and vendee may technically be tenants at law, they are viewed in equity as the owners of the estate, and are allowed, in order to avoid the circuity of letting judgment go and then going into equity to enjoin the execution, to set up in one action under our present system their equitable title in defense to any action which may be brought to recover the possession. . . .

“There are decisions here and elsewhere to the effect that a mortgagee of property, after default, and a vendor, under an executory contract, *353may at times rent tbe property to the mortgagor or vendee in possession, as in Crinkley v. Edgerton, 113 N. C., 444, and that such a lease will, under certain circumstances, be upheld so far as to give the lessor the benefit of a landlord’s lien as against a claim by outsiders. But these cases and the principle upon which they rest do not go to the extent of depriving the mortgagor or vendee occupying the property of his right to account and adjustment; or of conferring on a landlord under such a contract the right of summary proceedings in ejectment, which, as stated, applies only when the simple relation of landlord and tenant exists between the parties.”

It is also held in Boone v. Drake, 109 N. C., 82, that the jurisdiction to determine whether there has been an abandonment of a contract of purchase is in the Superior Court, and in Cheese Co. v. Pipkin, 155 N. C., 396, that the jurisdiction of the Superior Court on appeal from a justice is entirely derivative.

In Boyett v. Vaughan, 85 N. C., 365, the Court said in a unanimous opinion: “It is the jurisdiction of the justice of the peace which, on appeal, gives jurisdiction to the Superior Court, and of course if the justice had no jurisdiction, the Superior Court could have none”; and again in Ijames v. McClamroch, 92 N. C., 365 : “The jurisdiction of the Superior Court in appeals from justice’s courts is entirely derivative. If the justice in such cases has no jurisdiction of the action, the Superior Court can derive none by the appeal.”

Both of these cases were cited and approved in Robeson v. Hodges, 105 N. C., 49, in an opinion written by Chief Justice Clark, in which he quotes from the first that “It is the jurisdiction of the justice of the peace which, on appeal, gives jurisdiction to the Superior Court, and, of course, if the justice had no jurisdiction, the Superior Court could have none, and, therefore, by allowing an amendment in the transcript, which enlarges the cause of action beyond the jurisdiction of the justice it must necessarily oust itself of jurisdiction”; and the same learned judge concurred in the opinion written by Chief Justice Furches in S. v. Wiseman, 131 N. C., 797, in which it was said: “In cases where bills are found in the Superior Court, its jurisdiction is original. But in cases of appeal from justices of the peace its jurisdiction is derivative, and it has no more or greater jurisdiction than the justice of the peace had; and if the justice had none, the Superior Court had none.”

If these principles are applied to the facts in the record, a statement of the questions involved in the appeal is sufficient to demonstrate that the justice did not have jurisdiction and that the action was properly dismissed.

(1) Is the plaintiff a purchaser for value? This is at least in controversy, as her own testimony may mean that she paid nothing for the *354land, but that it and three other tracts were allotted to her as a part o£ her husband’s estate, to which she was entitled, at a valuation of $3,400.

(2) Is the paper-writing of 25 April, 1895, a contract to convey, or an option?

(3) If a contract to convey, has there been an abandonment of the contract by the defendant ?

(4) If a contract to convey, and there has been no abandonment, what payments have been made thereon?

(5) If an option, was the writing at the foot of the paper, “I accept the above on the foregoing terms,” intended by the parties as an acceptance of the offer to sell?

(6). If not, has there been an acceptance since that time by payments made by defendant ?

(7) If an option, and the offer to sell has been accepted, has the defendant abandoned the rights acquired thereunder ?

(8) If there has been an acceptance and no abandonment, what amounts have been paid by the defendant?

(9) Did the defendant execute the paper spoken of as the rental contract under which the plaintiff claims?

(10) If so, was there any imposition upon him?

There is ample evidence on the part of the plaintiff that the defendant did sign the rental contract, that it was read to him, and that the transaction was open and fair; but the defendant testified that it was not read to him, and that he did not know what was in it.

It was in evidence that the defendant is ignorant, and that the paper was prepared by the agent and attorney of the plaintiff in South Carolina, and executed in his office there.

The defendant further testified in reference to this paper: “I have never made any settlement with Mrs. McLaurin for rent of this land. I cannot see the paper you have handed me without my specks. I have not got them with me. I am 60 years old and I can’t read it, because I can’t see it. I can read and write a little bit. The signature to the paper looks like my own. It kinder looks like it. I would not swear to it. If I signed it, I don’t remember about it. Mr. McCall told me to sign. That man scared me to death. I went down there and I went to see Mrs. McLaurin first and it looked like he got insulted. I don’t know what I done. I would not swear that is my signature. It kinder looks like it. I will not swear it is- or is not. I don’t remember what was in the paper. It was several years ago. I know I went to Mr. McCall’s office and he scared me half to death. I went to see Mrs. McLaurin first, then I went to the office. I remember that much.

“I don’t know whether that is my signature or not. I signed no paper giving away my home. I tell you at the time I was in there I was most *355wild; that man scared me so bad. That looks like I signed it. I cannot read without my specks. That looks like my handwriting. I would not swear I did it. It looks like my handwriting. Mr. McCall just simply got offended because I went to see her first. I think I signed some paper-writing down there.”

It is rare that a more complex situation is presented, and it is not only manifest that the title to land is in controversy, but also that equities may arise when the facts are definitely settled, which it was never intended should be committed to a justice of the peace for adjustment.

We have refrained from expressing an opinion upon the different questions in controversy because not necessary to this decision, and'it is better and fairer to the parties to await a fuller development of the facts in a court having jurisdiction of the whole case.

The only matter before us is whether the questions arise, and if so,' has a justice of the peace jurisdiction of them ?

It is but just 'to counsel for plaintiff to say that when this proceeding was instituted it appeared to them that the relation between the plaintiff and defendant was that of landlord and tenant, pure and simple, and that the question of jurisdiction arises on account of the claims of the defendant under an unregistered paper.

Affirmed.

dissenting: When this case was dismissed by the justice of the peace the appeal brought it into the Superior Court. If the justice erred, the case should have been tried in the Superior Court de novo. If he was correct in dismissing, the case was all the more in the Superior Court by virtue of the appeal, and as that court had jurisdiction of the subject-matter it should have proceeded to try the case on its merits. In this day when there is search for more efficiency in the administration of the courts, there is no reason to dismiss a cause which is in a court which has full jurisdiction of the subject-matter, simply that the plaintiff may issue another process and come back into the very same court. To do so is but to follow the ancient ideas by which if a cause was brought in debt when it should have been in covenant, or in detinue when it should have been in replevin, or in equity when it should have been at law, the plaintiff was dismissed and told to come back into the same court.

On a like appeal from a justice in a criminal action, if the justice did not have jurisdiction, the defendant is not dismissed, but a bill is sent to the grand jury. In the appeal in a civil case, jurisdiction should likewise be retained and a complaint filed.

It is sometimes said that on appeal from the justice the Superior Court acquires only derivative jurisdiction. There is nothing in -the Constitution to that effect and no warrant for the position. The ease if tried on appeal in the Superior Court is tried de novo and in every *356particular as i£ tbe cause bad beeu originally brought to tbat court. Tbe warrant and trial before tbe justice and tbe appeal in tbis case bave given tbe defendant certainly as much notice of tbe nature of tbe case as if a summons bad been served on bim returnable to tbe Superior Court.

Tbe Superior Court is a court of general jurisdiction. Formerly wben an action was br-ougbt before tbe clerk wben it should bave been brought to tbe court at term, tbe action was dismissed, upon exactly tbe same ground tbat it is now sought to oust tbe jurisdiction of tbe Superior Court. Rut tbe Legislature passed tbe statute which is now Revisal, 614, which provides: “Whenever any civil action or special proceeding begun before tbe clerk of tbe Superior Court shall be, for any ground whatever, sent to tbe Superior Court before tbe judge, tbe judge shall bave jurisdiction,” and authorizes bim “to bear and determine all matters in controversy in such action.” Tbe decisions bold tbat tbe judge may make any amendment whatever in such case, and even though tbe proceeding before tbe clerk was a nullity. In re Anderson, 132 N. C., 243; R. R. v. Stroud, ib., 416; Ewbank v. Turner, 134 N. C., 81. Tbis was so, logically, under our system of courts, without the passage of tbe act to correct decisions theretofore to tbe contrary. Tbe same rule, and for tbe same reason, should obtain on appeals from a justice of tbe peace in civil cases as fully as in criminal cases. Tbe Superior Court having general jurisdiction, is seized fully of all cases brought on its docket by appeal, as fully as if they bad originated there, and tbe judge should' have -power to make amendments and try tbe cases as if they bad begun in tbat court.

Tbis matter has been fully discussed in Unitype Co. v. Ashcraft, 155 N. C., at p. 71; Cheese Co. v. Pipkin, ib., at p. 401; S. v. McAden, 162 N. C., at p. 578, and in Sewing Machine Co. v. Bullock, 163 N. C., at p. 547.