The plaintiff raises several constitutional questions, which, we will 'consider in their order, first laying down the rules formulated by the experience of the past as safe guides when an act of the legislative branch of the Government is attacked upon the ground that it violates-some provision of the Constitution.

“The power of the General Assembly to pass all needful laws, except when barred by constitutional restrictions, is plenary.” Shelby v. Power Co., 155 N. C., 196.

“Every presumption is in favor of the validity of an act of the Legislature, and all doubts are resolved in support of the act. In determining the constitutionality of an act of the Legislature, courts always-presume in the first place that the act is constitutional. They also presume that the Legislature acted with integrity and with an honest purpose to keep within the restrictions and limitations laid down by the' Constitution.” Lowery v. School Trustees, 140 N. C., 40.

The right to declare an act unconstitutional “Should be exercised sparingly, and the conflict between the fundamental law and the legislation should be manifest, and clear beyond any reasonable doubt. We should endeavor, by the use of all reasonable logic, to harmonize the two, and only resort to the power as a last expedient, where our plain duty requires us to exercise it in order to preserve the supremacy of the Constitution.” Johnson v. Board of Education, 166 N. C., 472.

“It is a well recognized principle of statutory construction that A. court will not adjudge an act of the Legislature invalid unless its violation of the Constitution is, in their judgment, clear, complete, and unmistakable.’ Black Court Law, p. 61. And that as between two permissible interpretations, ‘That construction of a statute be adopted which will uphold the law.’” Bonitz v. School Trustees, 154 N. C., 379.

The courts have no power to declare an act unconstitutional because “it is opposed to the spirit supposed to pervade the Constitution,” or “is against the nature and spirit of the Government,” or “is contrary to the general principles of liberty,” or “because they may be harsh and may create hardships or inconvenience,” or “upon the grounds of inex-; pediency, injustice, or impropriety,” or “because not wise or against public policy.”

“The courts are not the guardians of the rights of the people against oppressive legislation which does not violate the provisions of the Constitution. . . . The propriety, wisdom, and expediency of legislation is exclusively a legislative question and the courts will not declare a statute invalid because in their judgment it may be unwise or detrimental to the best interests of the State. . . . The only question for the courts to decide is one of power, not of expediency, and statutes will not be declared void simply because, in the opinion of the Court, they are unwise.” 6 R. C. L., 104, et seq.

*446“Tbe Legislature, being familiar witb local conditions, is primarily tbe judge of tbe necessity of sucb enactment, tbe mere fact tbat a court may differ witb tbe Legislature in its views of public policy, or tbat judges may bold views inconsistent witb tbe propriety of tbis legislation in question, affords no ground for judicial interference, unless tbe act is unmistakably in excess of legislative power.” McLean v. Arkansas, 211 U. S., 539.

Tbe legislative construction of a statute, while not binding on tbe courts, “is entitled to great weight.” Sash Co. v. Parker, 153 N. C., 134.

Let us then see not whether tbe statute passed at tbe Special Session •of 1920 authorizing the sale of these bonds at less than par is wise, or in accordance witb tbe best public policy, but is its unconstitutionality "“clear, complete, and unmistakable,” tbe rule approved by Hoke; J., in tbe Boniiz case, or is it “manifest and clear beyond any reasonable doubt,” which is stated as tbe correct guide by Walker, J., in tbe Johnson' case, because tbis is tbe test, and unless we can so say, resolving doubts in favor of tbe statute, we are required to uphold and sustain it.

Tbe plaintiff contends:

1. That tbe act passed at tbe Special Session 1920, authorizing a sale •of tbe bonds at less than par, is in conflict witb Art. VIII, sec. 1, of tbe Constitution, which provides: “No corporation shall be created, nor shall its charter be extended, altered, or amended by special act, except corporations for charitable, educational, penal, or reformatory purposes tbat are to be and remain under tbe patronage and control of tbe State; but tbe General Assembly shall provide by general laws for tbe chartering and organization of all corporations, and for amending, extending, and forfeiture of all charters, except those above permitted by special act.”

Tbe answer is tbat tbe defendant is a public corporation, and sec. 1 •of Art. VIII “would seem clearly to have reference to private or business corporations, and does not refer to public or gmsi-public corporations acting as governmental agencies.” Mills v. Comrs., 175 N. C., 219, approved on tbis point at tbis term in Dickson v. Brewer, ante, 403.

If argument was needed in support of tbis authority it is found in tbe fact tbat tbe section is in an article, entitled “Corporations other than municipal,” section 2 deals witb “dues from corporations,” section 3 defines corporations as including “associations and joint-stock companies,” circumstances referable naturally to private corporations, and if section 1 includes public corporations, section 4, which properly belongs in Article VII, serves no purpose.

Again, section 1 only prohibits tbe enactment of a “special act,”, and an act applicable to all tbe municipal corporations of Wayne County, including cities, towns, townships and school districts, is not special.

*447In Williams v. Comrs., 119 N. C., 520, approved in Herring v. Dixon, 122 N. C., 423, and in R. R. v. Cherokee County, 177 N. C., 92, it was beld that a statute authorizing a special county tax for the purpose of maintaining public ferries, public roads, and meeting other current expenses of Craven County, was not for a special purpose within the meaning of sec. 6, Art. Y, of the Constitution. In Brown v. Comrs., 173 N. C., 598, that “The amendment of 1916 to our Constitution, Art. II, sec. 29, prohibiting the passage by the General Assembly of local, private, or special acts ‘authorizing the laying out, opening, altering, maintaining, or discontinuing of highways, streets, or alleys,’ does not include within its meaning an act authorizing a county to issue bonds for the highways of a township,” and the same conclusion was reached in Mills v. Comrs., 175 N. C., 216, in which an act authorizing an issue of bonds to build bridges across the Catawba Eiver was sustained, and in Parvin v. Comrs., 177 N. C., 508, sustaining an act allowing Beaufort County to issue bonds for roads, and none of the acts considered in these eases were broader in scope, or more comprehensive as to subject-matter than the one before us.

2. That the act is in conflict with Art. VIII, sec. 4, of the Constitution, which is as follows: “It shall be the duty of the Legislature to provide by general laws for the organization of cities, towns, and incorporated villages, and to restrict theii power of taxation, assessment, borrowing money, contracting debts, and loaning their credit, so as to prevent abuses in assessment and in contracting debts by such municipal corporations.”

The position of the plaintiff is that the duty imposed on the General Assembly to pass general laws operates to prevent the enactment of all special laws relating to municipal corporations, and if this can be maintained the General Assembly has no power to incorporate a city or town, or to amend its charter or to authorize it to issue bonds or to confer any other power, whatever may be the needs of the particular locality, and the special acts of 1917 authorizing fifteen bond issues and granting or amending thirty-eight charters, and of 1919 having the same effect as to twenty-five bond issues and forty-one charters, are void.

Evidently the General Assembly has not put this construction on the amendments to the Constitution.

Judge Dillon, one of the ablest and most learned of American lawyers, discusses at some length express prohibitions in Constitutions against special legislation (Dillon Munic. Corp. (5 ed.), vol. 1, sec. 141), and concludes: “Thirty years experience with these general constitutional interdicts against local and special legislation have impressed the author with the conviction that they have failed to produce the beneficial results anticipated, and that this has been brought about because the prohibi*448tions of special legislation, are too broad and sweeping. Special legislation in some form is often necessary, and it should be allowed, but carefully safeguarded. . . . Municipal administration is essentially local in its nature, and local features, peculiar to a single municipality, naturally call for special legislation. . . . The constitutional provisions were generally adopted about thirty years ago, and thirty years experience of legislation under their provisions gives grave reason to fear that, so far from being effective, they have not prevented legislation intended to have a special and local operation, and have caused endless uncertainty and confusion. . . . The application of constitutional provisions prohibiting special legislation has proved to be fraught with so many difficulties and to have resulted in so many inconsistencies that it may be doubted whether any lasting benefit has been derived from their adoption. . . . Special legislation to meet the wants, requirements, and special needs of each municipality, rather than general laws exclusively, is consonant with the fundamental principle and policy of local self-government and home rule, and in our judgment the true remedy is not absolutely and sweepingly to prohibit such legislation, but to safeguard it from legislative abuse. Such is the plain lesson taught by thirty years experience.”

This section (Art. VIII, sec. 4), as said in French v. Comrs., 74 N. C., 692, imposes on the Legislature “a moral obligation.” It contains no prohibition on the exercise of legislative power, and has in it no declaration that private, local, or special acts shall not be passed relating to the organization of cities and towns, and conferring particular powers, and this omission, when considered in connection with the history of the recent amendments to the Constitution, is fatal to the claim that local or special acts may not be legally enacted, conferring special authority on municipal corporations.

The sessions of the General Assembly are practically limited to sixty days, and so much of its time was consumed in dealing with private and local bills that legislation of State-wide importance could not receive proper and deliberate consideration.

The General Assembly of 1915 undertook to remedy this evil by submitting several amendments to the Constitution, which were adopted at the election in 1916.

The first amendment requires the General Assembly to pass general laws on fourteen subjects, and declares “the General Assembly -shall not pass any local, private, or special act or resolution” relating to them.

Among these subjects is “changing the names of cities, towns, and townships.”

The second amendment authorizes the appointment of emergency judges, under certain conditions, and is not material.

*449Tbe third strikes out tbe first section of Article VIII, and substitutes tbe section quoted above, and it will' be noted that tbe old section provided for tbe organization of private corporations under general law, without prohibiting special legislation, while the new section prohibits a special act.

The fourth submits section 4 of Article VIII as it now stands, instead of section 4 as it was before it was amended, the only change being the insertion of the words “by general laws.”

It is thus seen that the General Assembly had in mind and fully realized the evils of special, local, and private acts, and that it adopted a complete and comprehensive scheme by constitutional amendment as a remedy; that in doing so such legislation was expressly prohibited on fourteen subjects, including “changing the names of cities, towns, and townships”; that granting a charter to a private corporation or amending the same by special act was prohibited, but when it came to the municipal corporation the Legislature is left free and without express restraint, although since 1868 more than a thousand special acts have been enacted in reference to municipal corporations. Why should there be prohibitions on legislative action in amendments one and three and none in four, if the same restraint was to operate on all ?

Why should it be said in amendment one, “The'General Assembly shall not pass any local, private, or special act relating to 'changing the names of cities, towns, or townships,’ ” if section 4 prohibits special legislation relating to municipal corporations, which would include legislation changing the name?

When it is remembered that the amendments were submitted at the same time as parts of one scheme to get rid of special legislation as far as practicable; that special acts relating to municipal corporations were more numerous than any one other subject; that cities and towns are referred to in amendment one, but only in reference to changing the name; that there is positive restraint on legislative action as to all subjects except those embraced in section 4, and no-restraint in that one, is it not clear that the true intent of the last section is to impose the duty of passing general laws relating to cities and towns, leaving it to the discretion of the Legislature to enact special acts as the needs of the municipalities may require?

The reason for making this distinction is that the needs of the different communities are so diverse that no Legislature could foresee the emergencies that would arise in different localities, or the necessity for additional powers dependent on changing conditions, and could not provide for them by general legislation, and the present case is an apt illustration of the wisdom of this course.

*450When the finance act was passed, declaring that municipal bonds should not be sold at less than par, there was a ready market for bonds, while now it is impossible to find a purchaser except at a discount, and already not only Wayne County towns, but also Tarboro, Plymouth, Roanoke Rapids School District, and Guilford County have applied for authority to sell for a less price as is shown by the acts of the special session, and the authority has been granted.

It may well be said of the failure to prohibit special legislation in Article VIII, section 4, as was said by Rodman, J., in French v. Comrs., supra, of the refusal to limit the rate of taxation of cities and towns in the Constitution, “The omission was of purpose. It was unwise to establish in a law, which was expected to be comparatively permanent, the same maximum rate of taxation for all the cities and towns in the State, with imputation and other conditions so different.”

However this may be, there is no prohibition in section 4, and “in the absence of an express constitutional provision to the contrary, the Legislature may enact special and local laws with respect to the establishment and government of municipal corporations. There is no constitutional objection to a law which is in fact applicable to but a single city or town.” 19 R. C. L., 739.

The case of Stuart v. Kirley, 12 South Dakota, 245, is directly in point, as it was held in that case that the Legislature could enact a special act changing the boundaries of a particular county, although the State Constitution declared that “The Legislature shall provide by general law for changing county lines.”

The case principally relied on by the plaintiff, 4 Kansas, 124, approved in 5 Kansas, 603, has language in it which sustains the position of the plaintiff, but it was not necessary to the decision of the case'beause the Court had already held that the statute then under consideration was void under an express prohibition in the Constitution, and if the case is authority at all on this point, and should be followed, it would prohibit all acts of the Legislature in regard to municipal corporations, including the granting of charters, their amendment, extension of boundaries, etc.

The preamble to the finance act furnishes an argument that the Legislature of 1917 was of opinion that the amendment of 1916 is mandatory, to the extent that it imposes the duty to pass a general law, but not that it prohibits a special act, and in any event the Legislature of 1919 was of a different opinion, as it repealed the preamble (ch. 178, Laws 1919), and it is now no part of the finance act.

3. That the act confers special privileges, and is therefore in conflict with section 7, Article I, of the Constitution, which declares: “No man *451or set of men are entitled to exclusive or separate emoluments or privileges from the community but in consideration of public services.”

Answering a similar objection in Reid v. R. R., 162 N. C., 359, the Court says: “Nor will the second objection avail plaintiff, that the act violates the section of the Constitution which prohibits the granting of special privileges and emoluments. The very section relied on by the appellant closes with the exception, Tut in consideration of public services,’ and under our decisions these franchises granted to public-service corporations come directly within the words and meaning of the exception. In re Spease Ferry, 138 N. C., pp. 219-222.”

In Power Co. v. Power Co., 175 N. C., 677, it was objected that the right of eminent domain could not be conferred on one electric company, and the Court says: “Such a right has been conferred in many instances, especially in the case of railroad companies and other like corporations which serve the public. It is not forbidden to be done by our Constitution, Art. I, sec. 7 (Bill of Rights), which declares that To man or set of men are entitled to exclusive or separate emoluments or privileges from the community, but in consideration of public services,’ because in this case the power to condemn is based upon the obligation to render that kind of service.”

Surely if this principle avails the railroad and electric company, it will be applied in behalf of the municipal corporation, an agency of the State, created for the benefit of the public.

These are the constitutional objections, and no other can justify setting aside an act of the General Assembly, but there are others growing out of certain legislation, which may well be considered, although it should be sufficient to say that no Legislature can by general or special act bind its successor.

4. It is urged that the General Assembly, acting under the authority of Article Till, section 4, of the Constitution, adopted the finance act, which requires bonds to be sold at par, and that the "Wayne County act is in conflict with the general law, and should be set' aside.

All acts of the Legislature are passed under constitutional authority, and if the position of the plaintiff can be maintained, it would withdraw from subsequent Legislatures the power of amendment or repeal.

The finance act is simply a legislative act, not a constitutional provision, and like other acts is subject to change at the will of the Legislature. Bramham v. Durham, 171 N. C., 197, is very much in point.

In 1915 (ch. 56) an act relating to local improvements, applicable to' all municipalities, was adopted, acting under this section of the Constitution, and authorizing issues of bonds without a vote of the people. At the same session there was another act, confined in its operation to Durham, authorizing an issue of bonds for street improve-*452merits, but requiring a vote of tbe people, and it was beld tbat tbe two acts must be construed together, tbat tbe latter was in effect an exception from tbe first, and must be followed.

Tbe Court, speaking' through Hoke, J., says: “It is a well recognized jorinciple of statutory 'construction tbat wben there are two acts of tbe Legislature applicable to tbe same subject, their provisions are to be reconciled if this can be done by fair and reasonable intendment, but, to tbe extent tbat they are necessarily repugnant, tbe latter shall prevail. Tbe position is stated in substantially these terms by Associate Justice Field in U. S. v. Tynen, 78 U. S., 92, as follows: ‘Where there are two acts on tbe same subject, tbe rule is to give effect to both, if possible; but if tbe two are repugnant in any of their provisions, tbe latter act, and without any repealing clause, operates to tbe extent of tbe repug-nancy as a repeal of tbe first’; and in Sedgwick on Statutory Construction, p. 127, quoting from Ely v. Bliss, 5 Beavan, it is said: ‘If two inconsistent acts be passed at different times, tbe last is to be obeyed, and if obedience cannot be observed, without derogation from tbe first, it is tbe first tbat must give way.’

“Again, it is established tbat where a general and a special statute are passed on tbe same subject, and tbe two are necessarily inconsistent, it is tbe special statute tbat will prevail, this last being regarded usually as in tbe nature of an exception to tbe former. Cecil v. High Point, 165 N. C., pp. 431-435; Comrs. v. Alderman, 158 N. C., pp. 197-198; Dahnke v. The People, 168 Ill., 102; Stockett v. Bird, 18 Md., 484, a position tbat obtains though tbe special law precedes tbe general, unless tbe provisions of tbe general statute necessarily excludes such a construction. Rodgers v. U. S., 185 U. S., 83; Black on Interpretation of Laws, p. 117.”

This ease was approved in Power Co. v. Power Co., 171 N. C., 255, in an opinion by Walker, J., who adds: “Where a later special law, local or restricted in its operation, is positively repugnant to tbe former law, and not merely affirmative, cumulative, or auxiliary, it repeals tbe older law by implication pro tante, to tbe extent of such repugnancy within tbe limits to which tbe latter applies. McGavick v. State, 30 N. J. L., 510; Township of Harrison v. Supervisors, 117 Mich., 215; R. R. v. Ely, 95 N. C., 77. ‘The well settled rule of construction, where contradictory laws come in question, is tbat tbe law "general must yield to tbe law special. Moy’s Maxims, 19. S. v. Clark, 25 N. J. L., 54.”

There is no conflict between tbe two acts, and tbe latter should be read as an exception to tbe former.

5. It is further contended tbat tbe sale of tbe bonds at less than par is usurious and in conflict with tbe general law fixing tbe rate of interest in tbe State. If this was true it would furnish no reason for refusing *453to give effect to the Wayne County act, because usury laws may be changed at will, but the transaction is not usurious, the sale of bonds being dealt with as a sale of chattels.

In 39 Cyc., 936, after stating that the delivery of a note by the maker to a purchaser at less than its face value is usurious, the author, Prof. Yance of the Yale Law School, says: “In some jurisdictions the principle just stated is applied to issues of municipal and other bonds purchased directly from the corporation at a discount greater than legal interest. But by the weight of authority such bonds are regarded as having a valid existence and transferable quality in the hands of the issuing corporation, and thus subject to sale at their market value, which may be at a discount much greater than legal interest, without making them subject to the taint of usury in the hands of an immediate purchaser.”

In Bank v. Mfg. Co., 96 N. C., 298, it was held that a sale of 'bonds of the face value of $45,000 for $30,000 was not usurious, and the same conclusion reached in R. R. v. Ashland, 79 U. S., 226, upon the ground that a sale of bonds was as the sale of any other chattel, where the bonds bore ten per cent interest on their face, and were sold to a corporation limited by its charter to taking more than seven per cent.

The following authorities also sustain this fully: Orchard v. School District, 14 Neb., 379; Griffith v. Burden, 35 Iowa, 143; Gamble v. 2 C. W. Co., 123 N. Y., 93; Memphis v. Bethel (Tenn.), 17 S. W., 193; Coe v. Railroad (Ohio), 75 A. D., 518; Memphis v. Brown, 16 Fed. Cases, No. 9415.

The most interesting and instructive of these is the Iowa case, which says: “Under the more modern rule respecting municipal and corporation bonded indebtedness, whether the power to issue the bonds is derived from authority to 'borrow money/ to 'negotiate a loan/ to 'fund its indebtedness/ to 'contract a debt and issue its bonds therefor/ to 'issue and sell its bonds not exceeding/ etc., or, generally, to do any act or accomplish any work requiring, or which may properly be effectuated by the issuance of bonds, the power to sell the bonds in the market directly by the officers and agents of the municipality or corporation issuing them is well established. In other words, the authority to sell the bonds in the market is an incident attendant upon and growing out of the power to issue them. And it follows, hence, that the right and title of the first purchaser, directly from the municipality or corporation, is as perfectly and fully enforced and protected as if he were a third person buying the bonds in a subsequent market sale. The character of a chattel attaches to them under such circumstances, and the title passes as effectually as if they were chattels fairly sold at their market value, and no equities, such as might attach under like circumstances *454to ordinary commercial paper, can be interposed as a defense, total or partial, in an action npon tbem. As was decided by a very able Court, in one of the many cases we have carefully examined: 'The obvious interest of the companies is that these bonds should be saleable, free from all questions of equity. They are generally issued for the express purpose of raising money by their sale. To declare them subject to the equities existing in the case of ordinary bonds, upon every transfer of them, would be to strike a blow at the credit of the great mass of these securities now in the market, the • consequence of which it would be impossible to predict.’ The Morris Canal & Bank Co. v. Fisher, 1 Stock., ch. 667 (i. e., 700).

“This character of chattels, which by the modern rule it attached to these securities, must also, upon principle, exempt them from the defense of usury (as has been done by express statute in several of the States). For, if they are regarded as chattels, and this character is accorded to them in order to promote their sale and enhance their value as investments, then, since usury cannot be predicated upon a sale of chattels merely, neither can it be predicated upon a sale of bonds having the recognized character of chattels.”

6. It is also urged that the act is not general in its application, and that it permits the municipal corporations of "Wayne County to sell bonds at less than par when the same privilege is not granted in other localities.

In Power Co. v. Power Co., supra, this objection is met and the rule approved which is stated by Judge Cooley, as follows: “ 'The authority which legislates for the State at large must determine whether particular rules shall extend to the whole State and all its citizens, or, on the other hand, to a subdivision of the State or a single' class of its citizens only. The circumstances of a particular locality, or the prevailing public sentiment in that section of the State, may require or make acceptable different police regulations from those demanded in another, or call for different taxation and a different application of the public moneys. The legislature may, therefore, prescribe or authorize different laws of police, allow the right of eminent domain to be exercised in different cases, and through different agencies, and prescribe peculiar restrictions upon taxation in each district or municipality, provided the State Constitution does not forbid. These discriminations are made constantly, and the fact that the laws are of local or special operation only is not supposed to render them obnoxious in principle.’

“And in the same work, at p. 554, note 2, it is said: 'To make a statute a public law of general obligation, it is not necessary that it should be equally applicable to all parts of the State. All that is required is that it shall apply equally to all persons within the territorial *455limits described in tbe act/ citing S. v. County Commissioners of Baltimore, 29 Md., 516; Pollock v. McClurken, 42 Ill., 370; Haskel v. Burlington, 30 Iowa, 232; Unity v. Burrage, 103 U. S., 447.”

In S. v. Moore, 104 N. C., 720; S. v. Blake, 157 N. C., 608, and in Newell v. Green, 169 N. C., 462, numerous instances are given of valid laws applicable to particular localities, tbe rule being as stated in tbe Moore case, and approved in tbe Blake case: “If tbe laws be otherwise unobjectionable, all tbat can be required in these cases is that they be general in their application to tbe class or locality to which they apply, and tbat they are public in their character, and of their propriety and policy the Legislature must judge.”

We have in this State two well recognized exceptions to the usury statute, one allowing banks to take interest in advance (Rev., 228), which in the private individual would be usury, and the other, which is a part of the usury statute, permitting the bonds of private corporations to be sold at less than par, and it was held in Bank v. Mfg. Co., 96 N. C., 298, that a sale of bonds of the par value of $45,000 for $30,000 by a private corporation was not usurious.

7. The last objection is that the News and Observer is not a financial paper within the meaning of the amendment to the finance act at the special session, requiring a certain notice to be published “in a financial paper or trade journal,” but it is agreed that this paper, in addition to publishing general news, “also regularly publishes news relating to financial matters, and also publishes from time to time notices of proposed sales of municipal- bonds of municipalities in North Carolina,” which is a sufficient compliance with the statute.

The fact that the bonds were sold privately for a higher price than could be obtained at public sale, and after three efforts to sell after due advertisement, does not invalidate the sale.

The statute of 1920 has been passed to meet a pressing emergency, and is of limited duration, and as we find no constitutional objection to its enactment, it must be sustained.

Affirmed.

dissenting: Up to the second Wednesday in January, 1917, the Constitution of North Carolina, Art. Till, sec. 4, read as follows:

“Sec. 4. It shall be the duty of the Legislature to provide for the organization of cities, towns, incorporated villages, and to restrict their power of taxation, assessment, borrowing money, contracting debts, and loaning their credit, so as to prevent abuses in assessments and in contracting debts by such municipal corporations.”

*456Tbe General Assembly of 1915, cb. 99, submitted sundry amendments to tbe Constitution to tbe people for approval, and among them, section 4 of said act provided tbat tbe Constitution should be amended “by striking out section 4 of Article YIII and substituting tberefor tbe following:

“It shall be tbe duty of tbe Legislature to provide by general laws for tbe organization of cities, towns, and incorporated villages, and to restrict their powers of taxation, assessment, borrowing money, and loaning their credit, so as to prevent abuses in assessment and in contracting debts by such municipal corporations.”

Said act provided for the manner of voting upon tbe amendments, and tbe return of tbe votes and tbe declaration of tbe results, and section 8 of tbe said act provided tbat “any amendment so adopted shall take, effect on tbe second Wednesday after tbe first Monday in January, 1911. Any provision of these amendments passed by tbe General Assembly, and so adopted by tbe qualified voters, inconsistent with, or in conflict with, any provisions of tbe present Constitution shall be held to prevail.”

Tbe amendment in question, striking out tbe former section 4, Article YIII, and substituting tbe new section 4 of tbat article, was declared duly adopted by tbe people at tbe ballot box, and has been a part of the Constitution since tbe prescribed date, 10 January, 1917.

It will be seen by comparison tbat tbe new section 4, Article YIII, differs from tbe old section of tbat article only by tbe insertion of tbe ■words "by general laws” in lines 1 and 2 thereof, so tbat, whereas, prior fo tbe enactment of tbe substituted section, tbe Legislature was left free to discharge tbe duties placed upon it by said section, either by special laws or general acts, as it saw fit, by tbe substituted section tbe Legislature was empowered to exercise those duties "by general laws” only. Those who are conversant with tbe history of tbe State at tbat time, and with tbe discussion of this amendment in tbe press, in tbe General Assembly, and to tbe public before tbe election, will recall tbe purpose of such substitution was for tbe sole purpose of forbidding tbe Legislature to discharge tbe duties of tbat section by special legislation, and to restrict it to general laws on those subjects.

If this was not tbe intention in substituting the new section 4, Article YIII, for what purpose was it solemnly enacted by tbe General Assembly, and for what purpose did tbe peojde ratify it at tbe polls?

That tbe next succeeding General Assembly, whose members were elected- on tbe same day this was ratified, so understood tbe object of this amendment is shown by tbe fact tbat tbe General Assembly of 1917 enacted chapter 136, which was a general act, very full and elaborate, “to provide for tbe organization and government of cities, towns, and incorporated villages,” and also enacted chapter 140 (ratified 7 March, 1917), a general act entitled, “An act relating to general municipal *457finance.” The preamble to tbis act specifies that it is required by the constitutional amendment, and reads as follows:

“Whereas, the people of North Carolina, in November, 1916, adopted amendments to the State Constitution which prohibited the enactment of special legislation amending the charter of municipal and other corporations, and made it' the duty of the Legislature to provide by general laws for the organization of cities, towns, and incorporated villages, and to restrict their power of taxation, assessment, borrowing money, contracting debts, and loaning their credit so as to prevent abuses in assessment and in contracting debts by such municipal corporation; and whereas, many of the municipalities of this State require the powers hereinafter mentioned; .now, therefore”—

After this recital there follows a most careful and comprehensive act of 28 pages, covering every phase of the powers and duties conferred upon and “restricting municipal corporations as to taxation, assessment, borrowing money, contracting debts, and loaning their credits.”

Section 5 of this act (ch. 140) provides: “All bonds of the municipality shall be sold by the governing body at not less than par.” This section then goes on to prescribe in gfeat detail the methods for advertising the bonds for sale, deposits by bidders, the award, right to reject bids, private sales, sales of bonds from sinking fund, which bonds only it is directed “may be sold at less than par.”

The amendment strikes out the former section 4, Article VIII, which did not state the manner in which the Legislature should regulate the organization, government, and financial control of municipalities, but left it to that body to do these things, either by special acts or general laws, and substituted therefor the requirement that “it shall be the duty of the Legislature, by general laws,” to do these things. In 8 Oyc., 762 (e), it is said: “All constitutional provisions that designate in express terms the time or manner of doing particular acts and are silent as to their performance in any other manner are mandatory, and must bo followed.”

The same doctrine is well set out, 6 R. C. L., sec. 50, 51 (pp. 55, 56) : “It is the ‘general rule to regard constitutional provisions as mandatory, and not to leave it to the will of the Legislature to obey or to disregard them. This presumption as to mandatory quality is usually followed unless it is unmistakably manifest that the provisions were intended to be directory only. ... So strong is the inclination in favor of giving obligatory force to the terms of organic law that it has been said that neither by the courts nor by any other department of the Government can any provision of the Constitution be regarded as merely directory, but that each and every one of its provisions should be treated *458as imperative and mandatory, without reference to the rules distinguishing between directory and mandatory statutes.”

The Constitution is the “higher law,” enacted by the people themselves as a mandate to the Legislature, and is a restriction upon their powers, which otherwise would be absolute. In view of the contention that this amendment is merely a suggestion to the Legislature, which it may observe or not, as financial interests may find it convenient, let us read against the provisions of this amendment so recently adopted at the ballot box:

“It shall be the duty of the Legislature to provide by general laws for the organization of cities, towns, and incorporated villages, and to restrict their power of taxation, assessment, borrowing money, contracting debts, and loaning their credit so as to prevent abuses in assessment, and in contracting debts by such municipal corporations.”

There is nothing directory in this amendment. The purpose is clearly expressed to prevent abuses in contracting debt by the municipalities, and the means by which such abuses are to be prevented are “by general laws.” It provides that “it shall be the duty of the Legislature” to do those things by “general laws,” which is a restriction to that method. The opportunity for abuse in such matters by special legislation procured by a single member of the Legislature, at the instance of local interests, was well known to all men, and the object was to prevent such legislation by the requirement in the Constitution that all legislation affecting such matters should be uniform and enacted by general laws as to which every member of the General Assembly would be fixed with responsibility, whereas, as is well known, special acts of local application receive no attention. To prevent this very evil, as well as to save the waste of time of the General Assembly in such legislation, the former section of the Constitution which permitted local legislation, as well as general laws, in providing for the regulation of municipalities, was stricken out and this amendment was adopted which made it the duty of the Legislature to enact such regulations of municipalities by general laws.

Referring to this very subject of special acts, Bynum, J., one of the ablest and clearest-headed judges that has ever sat upon this bench, says in Simonton v. Lanier, 71 N. C., 505: “Public laws are founded on the gravest considerations of public benefit. They are deliberately enacted, are permanent in character, are for the benefit of all, and of universal application. Not so with private statutes, these are not of common concern, and do not receive the watchful and cautious scrutiny of the Legislature, which is devoted to those of a public character. They are often procured by agents and for a purpose, who are watchful to take advantage of any relaxation in legislative vigilance.”

*459Tbe mandatory character of tbe provisions of our Constitution, as to municipal indebtedness and to taxation is tersely stated by tbe Court in McGuire v. Williams, 123 N. C., at top of page 356, as follows: “Since tbe opinion in Charlotte v. Shepard, 122 N. C., 602, concurred in by every member of tbis Court, it must be considered a settled rule tbat tbe provisions of tbe Constitution in relation to municipal indebtedness and taxation are mandatory, and will be strictly enforced by tbis Court.”

Tbe provisions of tbis amendment, providing tbat legislation regulating municipal indebtedness and taxation shall be by general laws is too clear upon its face, and tbe purpose of its enactment is too well known, to leave any doubt tbat it was intended to prevent tbe abuses-incident to special legislation, which could be controlled and influenced by local influences in favor of special interests.

One of tbe most familiar rules of construction of both statutes and constitutions is to give effect to tbe intent of' tbe framers and of tbe people who adopted them, and it is especially applicable to all constitutions tbat they are to be construed so as to promote tbe objects for which they are framed and adopted. 8 Cyc., 730 (3a). Tbe same proposition is stated in 6 R. C. L., sec. 45, p. 50, tbat a constitutional provision should not be construed so as to defeat its evident purpose, but rather so as to give it effective operation and suppress tbe mischief at which it was aimed.

If section 4, Article YIII, as it formerly stood, which permitted regulation of municipalities as to taxation and contracting debts by special act, as well as by general laws, was satisfactory and did not admit of abuses, for what purpose did tbe Legislature submit, and tbe people at tbe polls ratify, a constitutional provision, striking out tbe section as it stood, and reenacting it in exactly tbe same words in every respect except tbe insertion of tbe words, making it tbe duty of tbe Legislature to enact such legislation “by general laws”?

It is also said in 6 R. C. L., sec. 45, p. 51, tbat it is settled by tbe highest authority tbat in construing a Constitution or any clause thereof, “tbe Court should look to tbe history of tbe times and examine tbe state of things existing when tbe Constitution, or amendment thereto, was framed or adopted, to ascertain tbe old law, tbe mischief, and tbe remedy,” and tbe text is supported by citations of authorities from U. S. Supreme Court, notably R. I. v. Mass., 12 Pet., 657, and tbe famouse Slaughter Mouse cases, 16 Wall., 36. It.is common knowledge tbat prior to tbe adoption of tbis amendment to tbe Constitution tbe Legislature was overwhelmed with a mass of special and private legislation affecting particular communities, and not tbe State as a whole, such legislation being often procured for tbe benefit of tbe special local interests of individuals.

*460Tbe words of tbis amendment: “It shall be tbe duty of tbe Legislature to provide by general laws” absolutely commands tbe manner in wbicb tbe laws affecting these municipalities and tbe subjects embraced in that section shall be passed, and tbe addition of tbe words of prohibition, directing tbe opposite not to be done, would be redundant and superogatory.

Tbe defendant contends that a- special act enacted by tbe General Assembly at tbe Special Session of 1920, entitled “An act relating to tbe finances of cities, towns, townships, and school districts of Wayne County,” and- authorizing them to sell their bonds “at such place and at such interest basis, whether above or below 6 per cent per annum, as tbe official board or body may determine to be tbe best obtainable,” is valid as to tbe town of Goldsboro notwithstanding tbe above amendment wbicb requires that all such legislation as to municipalities shall be enacted by general laws, and notwithstanding tbe two general statutes of 1917, enacted, as they recite, in consequence of such amendment and covering tbe entire scope of municipal regulation as to tbe matters cited in that amendment. If tbe Constitution is to govern, and tbe legislation of 1917 in accordance therewith, tbe special act of 1920 in regard to Goldsboro is invalid, because it is in conflict with tbe constitutional provision, and with tbe general laws enacted in accordance- therewith.

It is asked, Could not tbe Legislature of 1920 amend or change tbe acts of tbe Legislature of 1917? Certainly. But in tbis matter of regulating municipalities such amendment or change must be made by general laws applying throughout tbe State, and not by special legislation applying only to tbe municipalities in a certain county.

There being two conflicting acts, one a “general law,” as required by tbe Constitution, and tbe other “a special act,” tbe court must bold tbe former and not tbe latter to be valid.

In Atchison v. Barlow, 4 Kan., 144, it appears in that State, as in tbis, formerly municipal corporations were organized and regulated by special statutes. Tbe able opinion in .that case sets out tbe abuses therefrom, and bow local interests and influences profited financially and otherwise by legislation which could not have been enacted if proposed by general laws applying throughout tbe State. We need not repeat tbe details there given, for they are familiar here, and caused tbe adoption of tbe amendment to their Constitution almost identical with our amendment above. Tbe Kansas amendment provided: “Art. 12, sec. 5. Provision shall be made by general law for tbe organization of cities, towns, and villages, and their power of taxation, assessment, borrowing money, contracting debts, loaning their credit shall be restricted so as to prevent tbe abuse of such power.”

In that ease tbe Supreme Court of that State held invalid all special legislation regulating municipalities in said respects, except by general *461laws, and has adhered to such ruling ever- since, greatly to the protection 'and satisfaction of the taxpayers in the municipalities of that State. Subsequently, an ingenious attempt was made to evade this constitutional amendment by amending the general statute, in such way that it could not apply but to three cities therein, and the Court, in Topeka v. Gillett, 32 Kan., 431, promptly held that invalid because in violation of the constitutional provision.

It has been strenuously urged that Goldsboro has made contracts for municipal improvements, and that just at present it cannot sell these bonds at par, and that if not allowed to sell them below par, the work must be stopped, and the banks in that city, which have advanced money on these bonds, will be seriously incommoded. But such considerations surely cannot prevail to set aside the will of the people of the State, as enacted in their Constitution. The provision had a wise, purpose over and above the saving of time of the General Assembly wasted in special legislation. It is common knowledge that there-are a few large bond-buying houses in the Union who purchase municipal bonds at the lowest available figure, and resell them at a large profit. Their local agents in this State can readily combine by agreeing upon a price among them'selves below par (if sales below par are not prohibited by a general act, which cannot be evaded by special legislation), and bonds bought at a low figure in consequence of suppression in competition of the bond buyers, can later be parceled out among the buyers. The effective protection of the general act of 1917, which forbids the sale of municipal bonds below par, has been that such bonds, which have the advantage of being also tax-free, have hitherto sold readily at par. If that protection is nullified as to any one city, it may be removed as to any other whenever, with or without the cooperation of local influences, special legislation can be procured exempting such municipality from the control of the constitutional provision which prohibits local legislation in such matters by requiring general laws.

It is not suggested that in this instance there has been any combination of bond buyers or any ulterior motive on the part of any one! We have under consideration the possibilities of abuse that will be opened up. It will be readily seen that such occasions will occur if the constitutional provision requiring uniform legislation in regulation of the finances of .municipalities and their power of contracting debts is not strictly adhered to. It is true that just at present there is a financial stringency, but it cannot be that the 6 per cent, tax-free bonds of a growing, prosperous, wealthy municipality like the city of Goldsboro can long be without sale at par, and should such condition occur, the Legislature could'respond by a general act giving to all corporations the same power to sell their bonds below par.

*462It would be invidious to allow a few municipalities to sell tbeir bonds below par while forbidding this privilege to all others. If the situation is such that Goldsboro cannot sell its bonds at par, while other towns are forbidden to sell at less than par, doubtless there is local patriotism and financial ability in Goldsboro that will tide over the situation until the city can obtain par for its bonds as is required of other municipalities. We know that Mecklenburg County has recently sold $300,000 of its bonds at 108; that Nash also has recently sold its bonds at 102; Randolph County and the thriving town of Hickory at par and interest, and “there are others.”

Should there be a permanent depression in the market for 6 per cent, tax-free bonds of solvent municipalities, the remedy is for the Legislature to amend the general statute by extending the power to sell at less than par to all municipalities. But to permit this to be done as to few towns by special legislation tends to depress the market for all municipal bonds, and gives unlimited opportunity for a “rake-off” whenever influential combinations can manipulate the bonds of any particular towns. It was to prevent this that the control of the finances of the municipalities was placed with the Legislature, and that the Constitution requires that such legislation shall be by general laws and uniform.

Besides the reasons above given, special acts allowing certain municipalities to sell their 6 per cent, tax-free bonds below par are unconstitutional for another reason. We have a usury law, C. S., 2306, which imposes a penalty for exacting a greater interest than 6 per cent. The Bank of Statesville procured a private act amending its charter, ch. 64, Laws 1869-70, which authorized it “to discount notes and other evidences of debt, and to lend money upon such terms and rate of interest as may be agreed upon,” and it was held in a strong opinion by Bynum, J., in Simonton v. Lanier, 71 N. C., 503, that such act was unconstitutional and invalid, so far as it could be construed to authorize a rate of interest in excess of the general rate of 6 per cent, because it was in violation of the time-honored constitutional provisions: Art. I, sec. 7, of the Constitution, which declares that “No man or set of men are entitled to exclusive or. separate emoluments, privileges, or immunities,” and Art. I, sec. 31, “Perpetuities and monojiolies are contrary to the genius of a free State, and ought not to be allowed.” Judge Bynum, after quoting the above provisions of the Constitution, pertinently asked: “What public service has this bank rendered that it should be granted the exceptional privilege” that it should be exempted from the usury law? and said: “The wisdom and foresight of our ancestors are nowhere more clearly shown than in providing these fundamental safeguards against partial and class legislation — the insidious and overworking foes of free and equal government.” This decision has never been overruled or *463questioned, and its wisdom and justice bas commended it to tbe approval of tbe public and tbe Court as is shown by tbe numerous citations thereto to be found in Anno. Ed., which we need not therefore take tbe space to recapitulate.

Not only is this special legislation authorizing tbe city of, Goldsboro to sell its bonds below par in violation of tbe above quoted sections of tbe Constitution, which require “Equal right to all and special privilege to none,” and in violation of tbe amendment passed for tbe express purpose of requiring uniform legislation as to all municipalities, and in violation of tbe general acts passed, in pursuance thereof by tbe Legislature of 1917, but it is a serious discrimination against other towns and cities which are required to sell their bonds “at not less than par,” and tends to depress the price of all municipal bonds in the State with great loss to the taxpayers, and giving unlimited opportunity for “rake-offs” to powerful combinations of capital which will be formed to depress the price of such bonds, and it is in violation of our usury law, and will inevitably force the repeal of that statute, which for so long a time has been a protection to our people; for who will lend money to a farmer, merchant, or any other legitimate business at 6 per cent if such towns as Goldsboro are allowed to sell 6 per cent, tax-free bonds at 4 to 6 per cent below par, which privilege will be extended to other cities by special act, and we may see the sale price of municipal bonds brought down to a far lower figure still. If the bonds are sold at 94, the present and future citizens of Goldsboro will pay for years to come $6 annually as interest for every $94 received (which is considerably more than 6 per cent on $100), besides the $6 initial “rake-off” to the buyers. Other towns will get similar acts in derogation to the Constitution. Local financial “rings” will be formed to elect boards to sell “bonds at less than par” — which phrase has “depths lower still,” as is held in lively remembrance by those who can recall the time when even State bonds were hawked at 30 and less.

For these reasons I earnestly insist that this special act, giving this special privilege to Goldsboro to sell its bonds at less than par, is in violation of the constitutional provision enacted to prevent, among other things, this very legislation, and opens the doors wide to the very “abuses” which the amendment to require uniform legislation, “by general law,” of municipalities was framed and adopted to prevent.

dissenting: I can add nothing to the forcible dissent of the Chief Justice in this case.

With perfect deference for the opinion of the majority of my brethren, I feel that the decision of the Court is extremely unfortunate, and at one blow strikes down one of the most valuable amendments ever made to *464our Constitution. Tbe decision is destructive to tbe efforts o£ tbe General Assembly to'maintain tbe credit of tbe cities and towns of tbe State by forbidding tbe sale of tbeir securities below par. Tbe general municipal act, enacted strictly in pursuance of tbe Constitution, presents a wise and elaborate scheme for tbe government of cities and towns. It is intended to be uniform, and to govern all alike. If tbe act bad not been destroyed by this Court, it would bave maintained tbe credit of municipalities, and bave prevented gross abuses in disposing of tbeir bonds.

It was this very policy that restored the credit of North Carolina after tbe Civil War. Art. V, sec. 4, of tbe Constitution provided that “until tbe bonds of tbe State'shall be at par tbe General Assembly shall bave no power to contract any new debt or pecuniary obligation in behalf of tbe State, except to supply a casual deficit,” etc- It is well known that at that time tbe obligations of tbe State were hawked about and sold for what they would bring. What money tbe State borrowed, it bad to pay a high rate of interest for. Instead of yielding to existing conditions, tbe people of tbe State resolutely forbade tbe sale of bonds at any price less than par. Tbe consequence was that in a few years tbe State was able to dispose of its bonds without sacrifice. If our municipal act was upheld by this Court, and tbe plainly expressed will of tbe people obeyed, as it should be, tbe credit of our cities and towns would be undoubtedly maintained, and tbeir securities not be placed at tbe mercy of a lot of bond sharks.

Municipal securities are greatly desired by tbe rich as they are free from Federal income tax and afford an absolutely safe investment. A 6 x^er cent bond of such a thriving city as Goldsboro, with such a splendid population, ought not to be allowed to be sold at less than par. It is a great blow to the credit of the city, and if this decision had been otherwise it would be only a short time before its bonds would sell at par. The record of tbe sales of sound municipal bonds in New York at this time shows that such securities sell on a 6 per cent basis, and in some instances less. It is better that Goldsboro should be temporarily inconvenienced than that the policy of the State in providing a uniform law for all cities and towns should be destroyed.

Tbe fate of this wise and valuable amendment of 1916 to tbe Constitution reminds me of tbe epitaph on tbe tombstone of a small child :

“If I am so soon done for, What was I begun for?”