The deed of Elisha Wallace to his son, C. A. Wallace, conveys the land in question to said C. A. Wallace, “to have and to hold during his natural lifetime, subject to a life support for the grantors, *161and after tbe death of 0. A. Wallace the land is to descend in fee simple to bis bodily heirs, if any, and if none, to go to his next of kin.” The grantee haying devised the property to his widow, remainder to the children of R. I. Wallace in fee, it becomes .necessary to determine what is the nature and extent of the estate conveyed, the widow insisting that her husband took a fee simple estate under the rule in Shelley’s case. In numerous decisions of the Court? many of them of recent date, this rule has been recognized as existent in this State, and it is held that when a limitation comes under the principle, it operates as a rule of property passing a fee simple both in deeds and wills, and regardless of a contrary intent on the part of the grantor.

In Nobles v. Nobles, 177 N. C., 245, the principle referred to is stated as follows: “So stated, the rule in question has always been recognized with us, and a perusal of these and other like cases will disclose'that when the terms of the instrument by correct interpretation convey the estate in remainder to the heirs of the first taker as a class, To take in succession from generation to generation’ to the same persons as those who would take as inheritors under our canons of descent and in the same quantity, the principle prevails as a rule of property both in deeds and wills and regardless of any particular intent to the contrary otherwise appearing in the instrument,” citing Crisp v. Biggs, 176 N. C., 1; Cohoon v. Upton, 174 N. C., 88; Ford v. McBrayer, 171 N. C., 421; Robeson v. Moore, 168 N. C., 389; Jones v. Whichard, 163 N. C., 241; Price v. Griffin, 150 N. C., 523; May v. Lewis, 132 N. C., 115; Nichols v. Gladden, 117 N. C., 497.

And the same position is approved and impressively illustrated in Leathers v. Gray, 101 N. C., 163, overruling S. c., 96 N. C., 548, and where the rule as understood and more frequently presented and applied in this jurisdiction is thus stated by Merrimon, Judge: “That whenever an ancestor by any gift or conveyance took an estate of freehold, as an estate for life, and in the same gift of conveyance an estate is limited either mediately or immediately to his heirs or to the heirs of his body as a class to take in succession as heirs to him, such words are words of limitation of the estate and convey the inheritance, the whole property to the ancestor, and they are not words of purchase.”

From these and other authorities it will be noted that in order to an application of the rule in Shelley’s case (being contrary as it is to the expressed will of the grantor that the first taker should have a life estate only), the words “heirs” or “heirs of the body” must be taken in their technical sense, carrying the estate to the entire line of heirs, and at this time and in this jurisdiction to hold as inheritors under our canons of descent, and if it appears by correct construction that these words are not used in that sense, but only as words designating certain persons or *162confining tbe inheritance to a restricted class of heirs, the rule does not apply, and the ancestor or first taker will be held to have acquired only a life estate, according to the express words of the instrument.

Thus in the case of Puckett v. Morgan, 158 N. C., 344, a devise to “M. of certain lands during her life, then to her bodily heirs, if any, but if she have none, back to her brothers and sisters,” the Court was of opinion that, from a perusal of the entire devise, the words “heirs of the body, if she have any,” with an ultimate limitation to her brothers and sisters, showed clearly that the words “heirs of the body” were not used in their technical sense, but were, intended to mean children or issue, and the estate by correct interpretation was “to M. for life, remainder to her children in fee and in default of children, over to the brother and sister,” citing numerous cases in support of the position. And in the subsequent case of Jones v. Whichard, 163 N. C., 241, a father conveyed to his son a tract of land, “to have and to hold the same to said Robert M. Jones and Martha M. Jones, his wife, during their natural life, and then to their legal bodily heirs, provided they leave any, and if not, to be equally divided among my nearest of kin,” etc.

The case of Puckett v. Morgan, supra, was held to be controlling, and, stating the principle applicable, the Court said: “In approval and illustration of the rule as stated, there are many decisions here and elsewhere to the effect that, in order to its proper application, the words 'heirs’ or 'heirs of the body’ (these last by reason of our statute, Rev., 1578), must be used in their technical sense, carrying the estate to such heirs as an entire class to take in succession from generation to generation, and they must have the effect to convey the same estate to the same persons, whether they take by descent or purchase,’ and, whenever it appears from the context or from a perusal of the entire instrument that the words were not intended in their ordinary acceptation of words of inheritance, but simply as a descripbio personarum designating certain individuals of the class, or that the estate is thereby conveyed to 'any other person in any other manner or in any other quality than the canons of descent provide,’ the rule in question does not apply, and interest of the first taker will be, as it is expressly described, an estate for life.” Citing, also, for the position, Puckett v. Morgan, 158 N. C., 344; Smith v. Proctor, 139 N. C., 314; Wool v. Fleetwood, 136 N. C., 460-470; May v. Lewis, 132 N. C., 115; Whitesides v. Cooper, 115 N. C., 570; Mills v. Thorne, 95 N. C., 362; Ward v. Jones, 40 N. C., 404.

The same principle was applied in the later case of Blackledge v. Simmons, 180 N. C., 535, the Court being of opinion that, on perusal of the entire instrument, it appeared that the words “heirs of her body” were not intended to be words of general inheritance, but were used in a more restricted sense.

*163Considering the present deed in view of these authorities, the estate being conveyed to C. A. Wallace for life, and after his death “to his bodily heirs in fee simple, if any, and if none, to go to his next of kin,” the limitation comes directly-under the decisions of Jones v. Whichard, 163 N. C., 241, and Puckett v. Morgan, 158 N. C., 344, and that line of cases to the effect that the words “heirs of body” here are used in the sense of children or issue, and the estate conveyed is to C. A. Wallace for life, remainder to his children or issue, if any, and then over. And under May v. Lewis, 132 N. C., 115, the limitation over being to the next of kin of the grantee, should be held as a limitation affecting his estate by confining the descent potentially to a restricted class of heirs, to wit, his “nearest of kin,” and so preventing the application of the rule in Shelley’s case on that ground. This, in our opinion, being the true construction of the deed, 0. A. Wallace, under the primary limitation having only a life estate, could not pass any interest by his will, and for the same reason his widow is not entitled to dower, the husband having never been seized of an estate of inheritance. And considering the facts further, the grantee, 0. A. Wallace, having died without children or issue to take under the deed, the question recurs as to who are entitled under the ulterior limitation to “his next of kin,” the claimants being respectively his ■ three surviving brothers, his widow, and the children of deceased brothers and sisters. On this question it has been held in this jurisdiction, in a long line of cases in which'the question was directly considered, that these words mean “nearest of kin,” and that in the construction of deeds and wills, unless there are terms in the instrument showing a contrary intent, the words “next of kin,” without more, do not recognize or permit the principle of representation. Redmond v. Burroughs, 63 N. C., 242; Harrison v. Ward, 58 N. C., 236; Davenport v. Hassel, 45 N. C., 29; Simmons v. Gooding, 40 N. C., 382; Peterson v. Webb, 39 N. C., 56; Henry v. Henry, 31 N. C., 278.

In Redmond v. Burroughs, supra, the suggestion was made that the term “next of kin” should receive its technical meaning that was usually given it in construing the statute of distribution, so including the principle of representation, but the Court, in rejecting the suggestion, called attention to the fact that the principle of representation as it prevailed in the statute did not arise from the use of the term “next of kin,” but by reason of further words appearing therein, to wit, “next of kin of equal degree, and those who legally represent them.” And to show how consistently the Court has adhered to this ruling as the correct principle of interpretation, in the closing portion of his opinion in Harrison v. Ward, supra, Manly, Judge, speaks to the question as follows: “In the case of Simmons v. Gooding, supra, the Court felt constrained by the weight of authority, and we now feel constrained by that, and the force *164of our own decision, to bold the words ‘next of kin’ in tbe will in question to mean tbe ‘nearest in degree/ and that tbe sister of tbe deceased brother, Benjamin, will take tbe slave property limited to bim for life, to tbe exclusion of tbe nepbew and niece.

“Tbe able argument wbicb bas been addressed to us upon tbis point bas caused us to consider it again more at large tban we might otherwise have done, and we are again brought to tbe same conclusion. We do not feel at liberty to depart from tbe construction heretofore adopted — a construction, it may be added, which bas tbe sanction of tbe most eminent judges, Thurlow, Eldon, Grant, Plumer, and others. Those who are desirous of examining tbe authorities upon tbis vexed question will find them referred to by Jarman in bis treatise on Wills, vol. 2, p. 38.

“Tbe construction which we thus put upon tbe will may disappoint tbe expectations of defendant’s friends, and work a case of hardship not foreseen and not desired by tbe testator, but it cannot be otherwise without unsettling again tbe sense of words wbicb it bas given tbe courts great trouble to fix, and wbicb tbe public interest now requires should remain so.”

Again, in these and other decisions on tbe subject, it is held uniformly so far as examined that tbe term, as tbe equivalent of “nearest of kin,” signifies “nearest of blood-kin,” and that relationship by marriage is not within its proper meaning. Thus, in Jones v. Oliver, 38 N. C., 369, tbe testator died leaving a will in wbicb there was an ulterior limitation to tbe “next of kin of himself and of bis wife.” Tbe widow having remarried and died, her husband made claim to a portion of tbe property as her next of kin, and it was held that tbe limitation was to tbe nearest of kin by blood, and tbe husband was excluded. And it was so directly held in Peterson v. Webb, 39 N. C., 56. Tbe same rule prevailed in England as to tbe meaning of the words “next of kin,” Elmesly v. Young, 2 Myl. K., 780; and courts of the highest authority in tbis country have also approved tbe position. Swazey v. Jacques, 144 Mass., 135; Locke v. Locke et al., 45 N. J. Equity, 97.

In an elementary work of recognized merit, it is said that tbe courts in tbis country have very generally held that “next of kin,” when unexplained by the context, means “next of kin according to tbe statute of distributions,” but we doubt if tbe statement is justified as tbe rule of interpretation for deeds and wills. Thus, in one of tbe authorities sometimes referred to in illustration of such a statement, Blagge v. Balch, 162 U. S., 439, tbe Court, in upholding tbe principle of representation, was passing on tbe distribution of a portion of tbe French spoliation claims dependent and determined on tbe construction of tbe act of Congress controlling in the matter, and in Seabright v. Seabright, 48 W. Va., tbe Court was construing a statute excluding the evidence of certain *165persons in suits against “next of. kin,” and it was held that the scope and purpose of the statute justified and required the interpretation that the term “next of kin” should include all of those who took and held a pecuniary interest under the statute of distributions, but both of these able Courts recognized that in the interpretation of deeds and wills the principle of representation was ordinarily excluded in the use of the term “next of kin.” But however this may be, it is beyond question the settled principle of construction in this State that unless the instrument shows a contrary intent, the words “next of kin” mean “nearest of kin,” and that the principle of representation is excluded.

There is nothing in May v. Lewis, 132 N. C., 115, that is in necessary conflict with this position. That was a case involving the question whether the grantee under the deed could convey a valid title, and dependent on whether the rule in Shelley's case applied, the limitation being to the grantee for life, and then to his heirs, if any, and if none, to revert back to his next of kin. After holding that a good title could not be presently made as the term “next of kin” might serve to withdraw the limitation from our general canons of descent, the Court, in an opinion by our former associate, Justice Connor, and by way of illustration, merely quoted 21 A. & E. Enc. to the effect, “That it was very generally held in the United States that the term 'next of kin’ meant 'next of kin’ according to the statute of distributions, meaning, no doubt, that the term meant only 'nearest of kin/ as our eases construing the statute had uniformly held. And we are well assured that this able and learned judge, who has ever evinced a wholesome regard for established precedent as affording a dependable base line for all intelligent and well ordered progress, had no intent in this casual reference to break, down or set aside a long line of well considered decisions so uniform and consistent as to establish the contrary principle as a rule of property on which many titles must depend.”

In accord with these principles we must affirm the judgment of the court below and hold that C. A. Wallace took only a life estate under the deed from his father, and that under the ulterior limitation to his next of kin the property belongs to his surviving brothers and sisters to the exclusion of the widow and his nephews and nieces.

Judgment affirmed.